Antibacterial effects of sodium tripolyphosphate against Porphyromonas species associated with periodontitis of companion animals

Porphyromonas species are closely associated with companion animal periodontitis which is one of the most common diseases in dogs and cats and leads to serious systemic diseases if left untreated. In this study, we evaluated the antimicrobial effects and mode of action of sodium tripolyphosphate (polyP3, Na5P3O10), a food additive with proven safety, using three pathogenic Porphyromonas species. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of polyP3 against Porphyromonas gulae, Porphyromonas cansulci, and Porphyromonas cangingivalis were between 500 and 750 mg/L. PolyP3 significantly decreased viable planktonic cells as well as bacterial biofilm formation, even at sub-MIC concentrations. PolyP3 caused bacterial membrane disruption and this effect was most prominent in P. cangingivalis, which was demonstrated by measuring the amount of nucleotide leakage from the cells. To further investigate the mode of action of polyP3, high-throughput whole-transcriptome sequencing was performed using P. gulae. Approximately 30% of the total genes of P. gulae were differentially expressed by polyP3 (> 4-fold, adjusted p value < 0.01). PolyP3 influenced the expression of the P. gulae genes related to the biosynthesis of thiamine, ubiquinone, and peptidoglycan. Collectively, polyP3 has excellent antibacterial effects against pathogenic Porphyromonas species and can be a promising agent to control oral pathogenic bacteria in companion animals.

Investigation of the parameters affecting the release of flurbiprofen from chitosan microspheres

ABSTRACT Flurbiprofen (FLB), a NSAID, widely used for preventing pain generally for arthritis or dental problems. In this study, FLB loaded chitosan microspheres were prepared by ionotropic gelation method. In this method, microspheres were formed by dropping chitosan solutions containing FLB into sodium alginate solutions including sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP). A variety of formulation parameters like drug:polymer ratio, drug concentration, polymer's molecular weight, polymer concentration, pH and the concentration of TPP solutions, drying method and stirring time were analyzed. The dissolution studies were performed in a shaking water bath in pH 7.4 phosphate buffer saline (PBS) at 37 °C. Laser diffractometer was used for particle size analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used for morphological properties. Drug loading and loading efficiency were calculated by using UV spectrophotometer. The particles obtained were spherical with 0.7-1.3 mm size range, and the loading efficiency was approximately 21-79%. The dissolution studies conducted revealed that drug:polimer ratio and the polymer type and concentration affected the drug release from microspheres. It was observed that increasing the polymer concentration, polymer's molecular weight and TPP concentration decreased the FLB release from microspheres, which was according to Higuchi kinetics.

In Vitro Performance of Injectable Chitosan-Tripolyphosphate Scaffolds Combined with Platelet-Rich Plasma

This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro biological effectiveness of chitosan microparticles crosslinked with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in combination with activated pure platelet-rich plasma (aP-PRP) as an injectable composite scaffold for growth factors release, cell proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. Two main novelties were addressed in the field of scaffolds in regenerative medicine: the first is the approach including simultaneously the three vertices of the proliferation triangle formed by the capabilities genic progenitor cells, conductive scaffolds and inductive growth factors, which are provided by platelet rich plasma (PRP); secondly, the approach of an injectable composite scaffolds formed by the fibrin network from aP-PRP and the chitosan microparticles crosslinked with TPP. The microparticles were prepared by vortexing the chitosan and TPP solutions. The ionic crosslinking of chitosan with TPP was made at mass ratios of 2:1, 5:1, and 10:1 at pH 4.0. P-PRP was obtained via the controlled centrifugation of whole blood. The composite scaffolds were prepared by adding the microparticles to immediately activated P-PRP. The results showed that the microparticles had adequate physicochemical and mechanical properties for injection. Furthermore, the microparticles controlled the release of growth factors from P-PRP. The proliferation of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells was lower than in aP-PRP alone but significant at a 2:1 chitosan-TPP mass ratio. Osteogenic differentiation was stimulated at all studied mass ratios, as indicated by the alkaline phosphatase activity. These results offer perspectives for optimizing the composite scaffold, and to prove its potential as an injectable scaffold in regenerative medicine.

Applying multicriteria analysis for choosing the best marination for pork / Aplicación de análisis multicriterio para elegir el mejor marinado para la carne de cerdo

Objective. This research aimed to choose a best marination solution using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP). Materials and methods. Pork meat samples were collected in a commercial slaughterhouse, and they were randomly distributed in four treatments with three different salt contents blend. Color, pH, retention of the solution, exudate and cooking loss, shear force and sensory attributes were assessed and evaluated. Multicriteria analysis using AHP was applied to the results in order to choose the best overall marination solution. Criteria used for selection were the physical and sensory characteristics of meat, and based on these criteria were classified solutions marination. Results. Results showed that the combination of the salts was the best alternative (Na2CO3+NaCl+Na5P3O10), followed by the solutions of (Na2CO3 + NaCl), and (Na5P3O10 + NaCl). Conclusions. All tested solutions with the salts used alone or in combination led to better physical and sensory attributes than the meat not marinated.

Objetivo. Esta investigación tuvo como objetivo elegir la mejor solución para los productos marinados, utilizando el Proceso Analítico Jerárquico (AHP). Materiales y métodos. Las muestras de carne de cerdo fueron recogidas en un beneficiadero comercial, y fueron asignadas aleatoriamente a cuatro tratamientos con tres contenidos diferentes de soluciones salinas. Color, pH, solución de retención, pérdida de exudado, pérdida de peso por cocción, fuerza cortante y atributos sensoriales fueron analizados y evaluados. Fue utilizado el análisis multicriterio AHP jerárquico con el fin de elegir la mejor solución de marinado. Los criterios adoptados para la selección fueron las características físicas y sensoriales de la carne y con base a estos criterios se clasificaron las soluciones del marinación. Resultados. Los resultados mostraron que la mejor combinación de sales fue la alternativa (Na2CO3 + NaCl + Na5P3O10), seguida por (Na2CO3 + NaCl + NaCl y Na5P3O10). Conclusiones. Todas las soluciones ensayadas con sales usados sólos o en combinación dieron lugar a los mejores atributos físicos y sensoriales de que la carne sin marinar.

In vitro biomimetic remineralization of dentin collagen by phosphorylated chitosan/amorphous calcium phosphate compound and tripolyphosphate / 天津医药

Objective To investigate the remineralizing therapy of deep caries and in vitro biomimetic remineralization of demineralized dentin by phosphorylated chitosan/amorphous calcium phosphate compound (P-chi/ACP) and tripolyphosphate (TPP). Methods Thirty-two extracted human molars were cut and completely demineralized. Two samples were used to show the characteristics by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The other 30 samples were divided into two groups:fifteen samples were treated by P-chi/ACP and TPP (P-chi/ACP+TPP group), the other fifteen samples were not treated by TPP (P-chi/ACP group). All of the samples were distinguished into experimental side and control side, and then they were set on the in vitro model for 1 week. Micro-computed tomography (μCT) and TEM were used to assess the effects of remineralization. Results μCT detection revealed that the mineral density were higher in the experimental sides (125.42±12.16 and 119.39±8.64) than that of control sides (96.96±10.56 and 105.27±9.42) in both groups (P＜0.01). TEM figures showed that hierarchical intrafibrillar remineralization was realized in samples of P-chi/ACP+TPP group, while trace amounts of hierarchical remineralization was detected in P-chi/ACP group. Conclusion Fully demineralized dentin appears to have the potential to be remineralized with the application of P-chi/ACP. The ultrastructure of samples is better in P-chi/ACP+TPP group than that of P-chi/ACP group.

Thermodynamic analysis for synthesis of aspirin catalyzed by aluminum tripolyphosphate / 中国生化药物杂志

Objective To explore the feasibility using aluminum tripolyphosphate as the synthesis of aspirin model instead of sulfuric acid catalyst. Methods The thermodynamic functions of the reaction system of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride were calculated according to the Benson group contribution method and Joback group contribution method.The enthalpy change,entropy and Gibbs free energy along with the change of temperature as well as the influence of the molar rate of reactants on the equilibrium conversation rate were also studied.Results In the temperature range of 298.15 K to 358.15 K,the reaction enthalpy was less than zero,and was exothermic reaction,and increase of temperature was not conducive to the reaction.The improvement of mole ratio of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride was helpful to improve the equilibrium conversation rate.The theoretical conversion rate could reach 99.58% when the mole ratio of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride was 3.Conclusion From the viewpoint of thermodynamics, the reaction is practical and feasible.

Preparation and in vitro characterization of chitosan nanoparticles containing Mesobuthus eupeus scorpion venom as an antigen delivery system

Hydrophilic nanoparticles have been widely investigated in recent years as delivery systems for therapeutic macromolecules such as antigens. In the present study Mesobuthus eupeus venom-loaded chitosan nanoparticles were prepared via ionic gelation of tripolyphosphate (TPP) and chitosan. The optimum encapsulation efficiency (91.1 percent) and loading capacity (76.3 percent) were obtained by a chitosan concentration of 2 mg/mL, chitosan-to-TPP mass ratio of 2 and M. eupeus venom concentration of 500 µg/mL. The average nanoparticle size at optimum conditions was determined by Zetasizer (Malvern Instruments, UK). The nanoparticle size was about 370 nm (polydispersity index: 0.429) while the zeta potential was positive. Transmission electron microscope (TEM) imaging showed a spherical, smooth and almost homogenous structure for nanoparticles. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy confirmed tripolyphosphoric groups of TPP linked with ammonium groups of chitosan in the nanoparticles. The in vitro release of nanoparticles showed an initial burst release of approximately 60 percent in the first ten hours, followed by a slow and much reduced additional release for about 60 hours. It is suggested that the chitosan nanoparticles fabricated in our study may provide a suitable alternative to traditional adjuvant systems.(AU)

Evaluación del tripolifosfato de sodio como anticoagulante en determinaciones hematológicas en seres humanos / Assessment of anticoagulant sodium tripolyphosphate used in hematologic determinations in human being

El propósito del presente estudio fue evaluar la utilidad del tripolifosfato de sodio (TPF) como anticoagulante en diferentes determinaciones hematológicas en seres humanos. Muestras de sangre venosa procedentes de adultos sanos de ambos sexos fueron anticoaguladas con TPF, sales dipotásicas del ácido etilendiaminotetraacético (EDTA) y citrato de sodio. Las muestras anticoaguladas con EDTA y citrato de sodio fueron utilizadas como controles. Al comparar los valores obtenidos en todas las pruebas realizadas se encontró que la sangre anticoagulada con TPF ofreció resultados similares a las tratadas con los anticoagulantes usados como controles. Los resultados muestran que es posible la utilización del TPF para la determinación de los parámetros de hematología completa y tiempos de coagulación, permitiendo el uso de una sola muestra con menos volumen sanguíneo, lo cual resultaría beneficioso para los pacientes en quienes la extracción de importantes volúmenes de sangre es en ocasiones difícil y molesta.

The aim of present study was to assess the usefulness of anticoagulant sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) in different hematologic determinations in human beings. Venous blood samples from healthy adults of both sexes were anticoagulated with TPP, dipotassium salts of ethylenediaminetetra-acetic acid (EDTA) and sodium citrate. Anticoagulated samples with EDTA and sodium citrate were used as controls. Verifying the values achieved in all tests performed we noted that anticoagulated blood with TPP offered results similar to those treated with anticoagulant used as controls. Results show that it is possible the use of TPP to determine the parameters of total hematology and coagulation times, allowing the use of only one sample with less blood volume, which could be beneficial for patients in which blood collection in significant volumes in occasions is difficult and annoying.

Tripolifosfato de sódio e hexametafosfato de sódio na prevenção do cálculo dentário em cães / Sodium tripolyphosphate and sodium hexametaphosphate in preventing dental calculus accumulation in dogs

Avaliou-se o efeito de dois fosfatos, tripolifosfato de sódio (TPF) e hexametafosfato de sódio (HMF), incorporados à ração seca sob diferentes formas, como cobertura do grânulo da ração e no interior da massa da ração, na prevenção do desenvolvimento de cálculo dentário em 25 cães. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e cinco repetições. Os tratamentos experimentais foram: 1) ração seca; 2) ração seca com TPF incorporado na cobertura do grânulo da ração; 3) ração seca com TPF incorporado na massa da ração; 4) ração seca com HMF incorporado na cobertura do grânulo da ração; 5) ração seca com HMF incorporado na massa da ração. Os animais receberam as dietas por um período experimental de 90 dias e, após esse período, foram submetidos à avaliação da área de cálculo dentário formado. A inclusão do HMF na ração seca, tanto na cobertura dos grânulos como no interior da massa, e do TPF, como cobertura dos grânulos, reduziu o acúmulo de cálculo dentário em cães, comparada à dieta sem adição de fosfatos. O HMF foi o fosfato mais eficiente, ao reduzir o acúmulo de cálculo dentário em até 47 por cento. As formas de inclusão do HMF na ração não influenciaram o acúmulo de cálculo dentário. Houve redução do desenvolvimento de cálculo dentário pela incorporação do TPF como cobertura do grânulo da ração, comparada à inclusão deste fosfato no interior da massa da ração. Conclui-se que os fosfatos incorporados na ração seca reduzem o acúmulo de cálculo dentário em cães.

The effect of dry food treated with sodium tripolyphosphate (TPP) or sodium hexametaphosphate (HMP), as kibble coated or added into the interior of the kibble on the accumulation of dental calculus in 25 dogs was evaluated. The study used a completely randomized design with five treatments and five repetitions. The experimental treatments were: 1) dry food; 2) dry food coated with TPP; 3) dry food with TPP incorporated into the interior of the kibble; 4) dry food coated with HMP; 5) dry food with HMP incorporated into the interior of the kibble. The animals received the diets for a 90-day experimental period, and then, the teeth were clinically examined for the presence of calculus. The inclusion of HMP in the dry food, as kibble coated or added into the interior of the kibble, and the inclusion of TPP as kibble coated reduced the accumulation of dental calculus compared to the control group without anti-calculus agents. HMP was the most efficient phosphate, reducing the accumulation of dental calculus in 47 percent. The forms of HMP inclusion in the dry food exerted no significant effect upon calculus formation. However, there was a reduction of calculus accumulation when TPF was incorporated as coating of the kibble, compared to the inclusion of this phosphate into the interior of the kibble. It was concluded that phosphates incorporated in the dry food reduce the accumulation of dental calculus in dogs.

Eficácia dos coadjuvantes de higiene bucal utilizados na alimentação de cães / Effectiveness of buccal hygiene coadjutant used in the dogs feeding

Avaliou-se a utilização de coadjuvantes na diminuição da placa bacteriana e formação do cálculo dentário em 16 cães. O delineamento experimental foi casualizado com quatro tratamentos (T) e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: T1- controle, T2- coadjuvante com ação mecânica, T3- coadjuvante com tripolifosfato de sódio e T4- coadjuvante com hexametafosfato de sódio. Após sete dias de adaptação, no dia anterior ao início dos tratamentos, os animais foram submetidos à remoção de cálculo dentário. O experimento teve duração de 21 dias e ao final realizaram-se as medições das placas bacterianas formadas com o uso de marcadores (fucsina). O coadjuvante somente com ação mecânica não foi efetivo em retardar o aparecimento da placa bacteriana. Os coadjuvantes com polifosfatos apresentaram uma ação efetiva e significativa na diminuição da formação do calculo dentário

The use of coadjutants in the decrease of the bacterial plate and formation of the dental calculus was evaluated in 16 dogs. The experimental design was randomized with four treatments (T) and four repetitions. The treatments were the following: 1- control; 2- coadjutant 1 (one) with mechanical action; 3- coadjutant 2 (two) with tripolyphosphate of sodium and 4- coadjutant 3 (three) with hexametaphosphate of sodium. After seven days of adaptation, on the day previous to the beginning of the treatments, the animals were submitted to the removal of dental calculus and after twenty-one days of treatment a measurement of the bacterial plaque formed through the use of markers (fucsin). The coadjutant only with mechanical action was not effective in delaying the appearance of the bacterial plaque. The coadjutant containing polyphosphates presented an effective and significant action decreasing the formation of the dental calculus

A study on the chitosan-tripolyphosphate sodium complex matrix Pellets / 中国海洋药物

VE: Chitosan and sodium tripolyphosphate were used as Complex matrix material for preparing pellets loading sodium diclofenac and its properties were studied. METHODS Chitosantripolyphosphate sodium polyelectrolyte was prepared according to the principle of static electricity polymerization. Its properties and structure characteristics were further investigated. The preparation process, effective factors and the optimal condition for the pellets loading sodium diclofenac were studied. RESULTS IR indicated that the structure of compound contained -NH3+-O-P group. DTA demonstrated that polyelectrolyte had an exothermic peak. There was no interaction between the drug and expedient. SEM showed that the surface of the pellets was regular, dense and the structure of the surface wasn't consistent with the inner. The pellets prepared by this method were uniform, round, well-distributed, hardy, good-mobility and its average diameter was about 10mm. CONCLUSION Chitosan-tripolyphosphate sodium polyelectrolyte could be used as a good matrix material for preparing pellets.