A Case Of Amoebic Colitis With Unusual Presentation

Amoebiasis is a parasitic infection caused by Entamoeba histolytica occurring in populations with low socio-economic status and is transmitted by faeco-oral route. It mainly involves the intestine and liver and presents as acute abdomen and loose stools. A 73 years old female presented with pain in abdomen and loose stools since 2 days. Radiological investigations revealed inflammation of the appendix and thickening of the colonic wall and clinical presentation prompted emergency surgical intervention with a suspicion of Crohn's disease clinically and a postoperative diagnosis of amoebic colitis was made on histopathology

Morphologic study of the effect of iron on pseudocyst formation in Trichomonas vaginalis and its interaction with human epithelial cells

BACKGROUND Trichomonas vaginalis is the aetiological agent of human trichomoniasis, which is one of the most prevalent sexually transmitted diseases in humans. Iron is an important element for the survival of this parasite and the colonisation of the host urogenital tract. OBJECTIVES In this study, we investigated the effects of iron on parasite proliferation in the dynamics of pseudocyst formation and morphologically characterised iron depletion-induced pseudocysts. METHODS We performed structural and ultrastructural analyses using light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. FINDINGS It was observed that iron depletion (i) interrupts the proliferation of T. vaginalis, (ii) induces morphological changes in typical multiplicative trophozoites to spherical non-proliferative, non-motile pseudocysts, and (iii) induces the arrest of cell division at different stages of the cell cycle; (iv) iron is the fundamental element for the maintenance of typical trophozoite morphology; (v) pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are viable and reversible forms; and, finally, (vi) we demonstrated that pseudocysts induced by iron depletion are able to interact with human epithelial cells maintaining their spherical forms. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Together, these data suggest that pseudocysts could be induced as a response to iron nutritional stress and could have a potential role in the transmission and infection of T. vaginalis.

La Toxoplasmosis observada como un problema no resuelto / Toxoplasmosis: an unsolved problem

Un tercio de la población mundial poseen anticuerpos contra Toxoplasma gondii. El hombre se infecta a través de los esporozoitos provenientes de las heces de los gatos que contaminan la tierra, frutas, verduras y al agua; de los bradizoitos presentes en carnes que lo infectan cuando la consume poco cocinada o por su manipulación y por trofozoitos circulantes durante la fase hematógena en el hombre, infecta al feto a través de la placenta y a individuos seronegativos por órganos sólidos trasplantados o transfundidos con elementos formes de la sangre; son los llamados grupos de riesgos los más vulnerables a desarrollar formas graves de esta enfermedad que los puede conducir a la muerte. Estudios resientes corroboran la relación de esta infección con trastornos neurosiquiatricos, en particular con la esquizofrenia, así como su relación con accidentes de tránsito en conductores seropositivos; es de gran importancia tener presente las formas de adquirir la enfermedad y las medidas de precaución sobre todo cuando se ha demostrado que nunca se ha padecido la enfermedad.

One third of the world population have antibodies against Toxoplasma gondii. Human beings may be infected by sporozoites from cat faeces contaminating the ground, fruits, vegetables and water, by bradyzoites present in insufficiently cooked or improperly manipulated meat, or by trophozoites circulating during the hematogenous phase. Fetuses may be infected through the placenta, and seronegative individuals by solid organs transplanted or transfused with formed elements of the blood. These are the risk groups most prone to develop serious, life-threatening forms of the disease. Recent studies confirm the relationship of this infection to neuropsychiatric disorders, particularly schizophrenia, as well as its relationship to traffic accidents among seropositive drivers. It is paramount to bear in mind the ways in which the disease may be acquired and the corresponding prevention measures, especially for persons who have never had the disease.

Evaluación del diagnóstico de amibiasis en laboratorios notificantes del estado Carabobo / Assessing amoebiasis diagnosis in notifying laboratories of Carabobo State

El diagnóstico de la amibiasis ha estado basado por décadas en el análisis microscópico. Sin embargo, conociendo la existencia de amibas no patógenas morfológicamente similares a Entamoeba histolytica, este procedimiento tiene sus criterios de análisis establecidos por la OMS que permiten obtener un diagnóstico más preciso. El desconocimiento de estos criterios ha llevado a una sobreestimación de esta parasitosis. En el marco de una investigación descriptiva, no experimental y transversal, se aplicó una encuesta, previa validación y consentimiento informado al analista presente en el momento de la entrevista, representando la muestra que estuvo conformada por 20 laboratorios distribuidos en 10 municipios del Estado Carabobo. Se pudo constatar, que 65% de los laboratorios cuenta con infraestructura adecuada. El 15% posee equipamiento para el diagnóstico serológico. Ninguno de los laboratorios posee microscopios con un micrómetro. El 65% del personal debe rotar por más de dos áreas de trabajo y 85% procesa las muestras de heces después de dos horas de recibida. El 45% de los encuestados aplica criterios de rechazo de las muestras pero sólo 40% da instrucciones acerca de su recolección. El 100% de los encuestados omite el uso de métodos de concentración, coloraciones especiales y uso del objetivo de inmersión. Sólo 10% afirma reportar el Complejo Entamoeba histolytica/dispar y 20% haber reportado a E. hartmanni. El 75% del personal desconoce las pautas de la OMS. Se concluye que en los laboratorios evaluados, el cumplimiento de la normativa para una adecuado y preciso diagnóstico de E. histolytica es deficiente.

For decades the diagnosis of amoebiasis has been based on microscopic analysis. However, due to the existence of nonpathogenic amoebae morphologically similar to E. histolytica, for a more accurate diagnosis WHO provides some criteria for this procedure. Ignorance about analysis criteria has led to an overestimation of this parasitic infection. Through a descriptive, nonexperimental and cross-sectional survey and prior validation and informed consent, analysts participating in an interview represented the sample which consisted of 20 laboratories distributed in 10 municipalities of Carabobo State. Absolute and relative frequencies obtained by statistical data processing software (SPSS 11.0) showed that 65% of laboratories have appropriate infrastructure and reference material. 15% have equipment for serological diagnosis. None of the laboratories has a microscope with a micrometer. 65% of the staff has to rotate through two work areas, and 85% processes stool samples after two hours of reception. 45% of analysts apply sample rejection criteria and only 40% provide instructions about proper collection. 100% omitted the use of concentration methods, special stains and using immersion objective. Only 10% reported E. histolytica/dispar complex and 20% mentioned reporting E. hartmanni. 75% of analysts are unaware of WHO guidelines. We conclude that in the assessed laboratories, compliance with regulations for a proper and accurate diagnosis of E. histolytica is poor.

A Case of Colitis by Giardia lamblia Infection with Atypical Presentation / 대한내과학회지

Giardia lamblia infection, giardiasis, is the leading waterborne diarrhea-causing disease. It is common in most countries of the world, including South Korea and Japan. Giardia lamblia can cause asymptomatic infection but also acute abdominal discomfort with diarrhea. In addition, it may lead to chronic diarrhea associated with villous atrophy and impaired epithelial barrier in the small intestine. In the present case, a 45-year-old woman presented with lower abdominal discomfort in the absence of diarrhea. Colonoscopy showed diffuse mucosal edema, erythema, and erosions with exudate in the cecum and ascending colon. Colonoscopic biopsy and stool examination revealed trophozoites of Giardia lamblia. Colitis resolved after metronidazole therapy. Our case suggests that giardiasis should be included in the differential diagnosis of colitis, even if the patient does not present with diarrhea.

In vitro ANTIGIARDIAL ACTIVITY OF THE CYSTEINE PROTEASE INHIBITOR E-64 / Atividade in vitro do inibidor de cisteína-proteases E-64 sobre trofozoítos de Giardia

The quest for new antiparasitic alternatives has led researchers to base their studies on insights into biology, host-parasite interactions and pathogenesis. In this context, proteases and their inhibitors are focused, respectively, as druggable targets and new therapy alternatives. Herein, we proposed to evaluate the in vitro effect of the cysteine protease inhibitor E-64 on Giardia trophozoites growth, adherence and viability. Trophozoites (105) were exposed to E-64 at different final concentrations, for 24, 48 and 72 h at 37 °C. In the growth and adherence assays, the number of trophozoites was estimated microscopically in a haemocytometer, whereas cell viability was evaluated by a dye-reduction assay using MTT. The E-64 inhibitor showed effect on growth, adherence and viability of trophozoites, however, its better performance was detected in the 100 µM-treated cultures. Although metronidazole was more effective, the E-64 was shown to be able to inhibit growth, adherence and viability rates by ≥ 50%. These results reveal that E-64 can interfere in some crucial processes to the parasite survival and they open perspectives for future investigations in order to confirm the real antigiardial potential of the protease inhibitors.

As cisteína-proteases estão entre os alvos mais promissores para o desenvolvimento de novos agentes terapêuticos, visto que participam de eventos fundamentais do ciclo de vida de muitos microorganismos, inclusive Giardia. Como a atividade das proteases pode ser controlada por inibidores específicos, essas substâncias têm sido avaliadas quanto ao potencial antiparasitário. Diante disso, o presente estudo teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito in vitro do inibidor de cisteína-proteases E-64 sobre o crescimento, a aderência e a viabilidade de trofozoítos de cepa de Giardia isolada em Botucatu. Nos ensaios de crescimento e aderência, o número de trofozoítos foi estimado microscopicamente em hemocitômetro, enquanto que a viabilidade celular foi avaliada pelo método do MTT. No presente estudo, embora o metronidazol tenha se apresentado bastante efetivo, o E-64 mostrou ser capaz de inibir o crescimento, a aderência e a viabilidade em taxas superiores a 50%, especialmente nos cultivos expostos à concentração de 100 µM. A despeito de preliminares, esses resultados demonstram que o inibidor E-64 pode interferir em processos primordiais para a sobrevivência do parasita, além do que, abrem novas perspectivas para investigações futuras a fim de se avaliar o real potencial giardicida dos inibidores de proteases.

Acanthamoeba keratitis : a case report.

Acanthamoeba Keratitis (AK) is a serious sight threatening infection of the cornea. We report here a case of Acanthamoeba keratitis in a young healthy male. He presented to us with a history of minor trauma in his left eye & immediately he washed his eye with stagnant dirty water. Diagnosis was based on observation of actively motile trophozoites and cyst in normal saline wet mount preparation of the corneal ulcer scraping. Patient was treated with available antiamoebic drugs (Topical Neosporin, Clotrimazol, Tab. Ketaconazal, Polymixin-B). Patient responded extremely well to medical line of treatment.

Descripción de un caso de amebiasis en colon por E. Histolytica en el Hospital San Rafael de Alajuela / Description of a case of colon amebiasis by E. Histolytic at the San Rafael de Alajuela Hospital

Se presenta un caso de amebiasis intestinal en el Hospital San Rafael de Alajuela, en un paciente masculino de 42 años, con un cuadro de diarrea mucosanguinolenta de tres semanas de evolución. Además refiere dolor abdominal difuso, pérdida progresiva de peso y apetito asociado a astenia, adinamia y tenesmo. Se le realiza una colonoscopía con biopsia, la cual reveló una enfermedad inflamatoria intestinal severa, debida a la presencia de trofozoitos de Entamoeba histolytica.

This is a case of intestinal amebiasispresented at the San Rafael deAlajuela Hospital, in a male patientof 42 years old, suffering from abloody diarrhea, with an evolution ofthree weeks. Also be has a diffuseabdominal pain, progressive loss ofweight and appetite associated withasthenia, adynamia and difficultypassing stool. A colonoscopy with abiopsy was performed and revealed an intestinal inflammatory disease dueto of the presence of trophozoites ofEntamoeba histolytica.

Pathologically Diagnosed Giardia Lamblia Enteritis: A case report

Giardiasis is one of the most common causes of infectious diarrhea and it has a worldwide distribution. Although it is a relatively common disorder, histologically confirmed Giardiasis is a rare occurrence and there have been no previous reports in Korea. A 34-year-old man presented with a 2-year history of epigastric discomfort and left flank pain. On stool examination, many cystic forms of Giardia lamblia were noted. In biopsy specimens of the small intestine, there was moderate chronic inflammatory cell infiltration and several trophozoites of Giardia were observed in the intervillous space and luminal surface. The trophozoites were pear shaped symmetrical organisms with two nuclei, and measured 9~10 micrometer in length.