N-butanol combined with turpentine instead of xylene for paraffin embeddin / 解剖学报

Objective To look for a tissue paraffin embedding method that can replace xylene transparent agent. Methods The mixture of N-butanol and turpentine was used to replace the role of anhydrous ethanol and xylene in the process of conventional paraffin embedding. The brain, kidney, stomach, liver and duodenum of multiple cerebral infarction model rats were embedded in paraffin. Finally, the new dehydration procedure was evaluated according to the effect of paraffin section, HE staining and immunohistochemical result . Results The mixture of N-butanol and turpentine could replace not only the dehydration effect of anhydrous ethanol but also the transparency effect of xylene in the conventional paraffin embedding process. The tissue sections treated with the mixture of N-butanol and turpentine were smooth, and the tissue did not become brittle or hard; After HE staining, the nucleus and cytoplasm of the new dehydrated tissue were distinct, and the chromaticity, color and transparency of the tissue were not different from those of the conventional dehydration procedure; Immunohistochemical staining was performed on different tissues of rats, and the comparison result were no different from conventional embedded tissue immunohistochemical staining. Conclusion N-butanol combined with turpentine for tissue dehydration can not only avoid the toxic effect of xylene on human, but also reduce the tissue damage caused by excessive dehydration of anhydrous alcohol.

Actividad insecticida de aceite de trementina modificado en Culex quinquefasciatus y Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae) / Insecticidal activity of modified turpentine oil in Culex quinquefasciatus and Aedes albopictus (Diptera: Culicidae)

Introducción: el estudio de alternativas naturales para el control vectorial es de gran importancia debido a los fenómenos de resistencia a insecticidas sintéticos encontrados en diversas especies de mosquitos. Objetivo: evaluar la actividad insecticida de aceite de trementina modificado en Culex quinquefasciatus y Aedes albopictus. Métodos: se evaluó la actividad larvicida, adulticida e inhibidora del desarrollo de este aceite, según metodologías estandarizadas. Se utilizó para el estudio una cepa de Cx. quinque fasciatus (Regla 2013) y una de Ae. albopictus (Fraga 2012). Resultados: el aceite de trementina modificado mostró actividad larvicida para Cx. quinquefasciatus y Ae. albopictus lo que se evidenció por los valores bajos de concentraciones letales que causaron el 90 por ciento de mortalidad (CL90 = 0,0054 por ciento y CL90 = 0,00115 por ciento), en orden. Al evaluar la actividad adulticida se obtuvo el 100 por ciento de derribo a los 30 minutos de los individuos expuestos de ambas cepas a la concentración de 60 mg/mL. Al exponer larvas a sus respectivas CL90 del aceite de trementina modificado, se observó en Cx. quinque fasciatus una mortalidad 2 veces mayor en la fase de larva que en la fase de pupa. Durante los primeros 5 días la mortalidad fue mayor en los estadios pupa y adulto en Ae. Albopictus.Sin embargo, los resultados difieren con Cx. quinque fasciatus en el mismo período. El sexo femenino fue prevaleciente en la mortalidad pupal. La mayor mortalidad en adultos se observó en machos, por lo que ocurrió una desproporción en los sexos de los sobrevivientes. Conclusiones: los resultados encontrados avalan y permiten recomendar el aceite de trementina modificado como un insecticida de origen natural para el control de Ae. albopictus y Cx. quinque fasciatus(AU)

Ophthalmomyiasis externa by Musca domestica in a case of orbital metastasis.

bone destruction with extension into surrounding sinuses. Over 200 maggots were manually removed after immobilisation with turpentine oil instillation. Entomological examination showed it to be a case of accidental myiasis caused by the common housefly Musca domestica. The patient was managed conservatively and the ulcer cavities filled up with healthy granulation tissue. This case is presented on account of its rarity.

Antiarthritic activity of Majoon Suranjan (a polyherbal Unani formulation) in rat.

Background & objectives: Majoon Suranjan (MS) is a polyherbal formulation used in Unani system of medicine for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The present study evaluates the antiarthritic efficacy of this formulation in three different experimental models. Methods: The anti-inflammatory activity of MS (in doses of 450, 900 and 1800 mg/kg body wt) was evaluated using the turpentine oil induced paw oedema model and the antiarthritic efficacy was evaluated using the formaldehyde and complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA) induced arthritis models. Aspirin (100 mg/kg body wt) was used as the standard drug in all the models. In order to assess the safety of the test drug, oral acute and 28 day toxicity studies were also carried out. Results: MS produced a dose dependent protective effect in all the experimental models. Its antiarthritic efficacy was comparable to aspirin in formaldehyde induced arthritis and was superior to aspirin in turpentine oil induced paw oedema and CFA induced arthritis. MS also inhibited the delayed increase in joint diameter as seen in control and aspirin treated animals in CFA induced arthritis. Oral LD50 of MS was found to be >5000 mg/kg in rats. Chronic administration did not produce any significant physiological changes in the tested animals. Interpretation & conclusions: Results of the present study suggest that the antiarthritic activity of MS was due to the interplay between its anti-inflammatory and disease modifying activities, thus supporting its use in traditional medicine for the treatment of RA.

Efecto inhibidor del aceite de trementina sobre el desarrollo de larvas de Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) / Inhibitory effect of turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) larvae growth

INTRODUCCIÓN: en la lucha por la protección del medio ambiente es de vital importancia encontrar formas alternativas de control para el combate de insectos vectores de importancia médica. Una fuente de ello lo constituyen las plantas que posean principios activos potentes y con alta estabilidad química con acción insecticida. OBJETIVO: evaluar la posible existencia de un efecto inhibidor del desarrollo en larvas de Aedes aegypti de un aceite de trementina modificado fotoquímicamente. MÉTODOS: se utilizaron larvas de Ae. aegypti de una cepa susceptible a insecticida criada en el insectario del Instituto de Medicina Tropical. Diariamente durante una semana después de la exposición a la concentración letal que provoca 90 por ciento de mortalidad se contó la mortalidad de larvas y pupas, la cantidad de adultos emergidos y su sexo, además de los adultos que quedaban adheridos a las exuvias. RESULTADOS: se observó una alta mortalidad larval y pupal en los sobrevivientes a la concentración letal que provoca 90 por ciento de mortalidad una semana después a la exposición, se alcanzó 39,46 por ciento de mortalidad. Las larvas que completaron su desarrollo hasta adultos correspondieron a 60,54 por ciento del total de larvas sobrevivientes. La proporción de hembras y machos en el control se comportó de forma muy similar, mientras que en los expuestos se obtuvo un número mayor de machos que de hembras. Al calcular el porcentaje de inhibición de la eclosión, este resultó 36,47 por ciento. CONCLUSIONES: se demostró la actividad del aceite de trementina como larvicida e inhibidor del crecimiento en Ae. aegypti.

INTRODUCTION: in the fight for environmental protection, finding out alternative ways to control vectors that are important from the medical viewpoint is a must. Those plants having potent active principles and high chemical stability to act as pesticides can contribute to this end. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the possible inhibitory effect of photochemically-modified turpentine oil on Aedes aegypti larvae growth. METHODS: Aedes aegypti larvae of an insecticide-sensitive strain from the insect breeding site located in the Institute of Tropical Medicine were used. During a week after the exposure to the lethal dose causing 90 percent mortality, the mortality indexes of larvae and pupas were recorded as well as the number of emerged adults and their sex in addition to adults stuck to the exuvias. RESULTS: high larval and pupal mortality was observed in the survivors to the lethal dose causing 90 percent mortality after one week of the exposure; mortality index was 39,46 percent. Larvae which managed to grow to become adults amounted to 60,54 percent of the surviving larvae. Female to male ratio was very similar in the control whereas the exposed group showed a higher number of male adults. On estimating the hatching inhibition percentage, it got 36,47 percent. CONCLUSIONS: the activity of turpentine oil as larvicide and Ae. aegypti growth inhibitor was demonstrated.

Utilización de aceites esenciales de pinaceas endémicas como una alternativa en el control del Aedes aegypti / Use of essential oils from endemic pinaceae as an alternative for Aedes aegypti control

INTRODUCCIÓN: Pinus caribaea y Pinus tropicalis son especies de plantas endémicas de Cuba y en su composición química presentan estructuras que se reportan en otras especies de plantas con fuerte actividad insecticida. OBJETIVO: evaluar el efecto larvicida de dos Pinaceas y sus derivados (aceites de trementina) en, Aedes aegypti, además de determinar el efecto ovicida de estos últimos en huevos de esta especie. MÉTODOS: se utilizó una cepa susceptible de referencia Rockefeller, suministrada por el Centro de Control de Enfermedades de San Juan de Puerto Rico y los bioensayos se realizaron según metodología de la Organización Mundial de la Salud para determinar resistencia y(o) susceptibilidad a insecticidas en mosquitos. El aceite de Pinus tropicalis fue obtenido por hidrodestilación y el aceite de Pinus caribaea se obtuvo por arrastre al vapor. El aceite de trementina (AT01) fue obtenido destilando la resina de pinos y una parte de este fue sometido a un tratamiento fotoquímico (AT02) de izomerización del a-pineno y b-pineno como componentes mayoritarios. RESULTADOS: el aceite de P. tropicalis mostró una concentración letal CL50= 42 mg/L y una CL95= 57 mg/L, y para P. caribaea la CL50= 51 mg/L y CL95= 181 mg/L. Los 2 aceites de trementina utilizados AT01 y AT02 mostraron alta acción larvicida al obtenerse las CL50 más bajas de este estudio (21,4 mg/L y 23,9 mg/L). El mayor efecto ovicida se mostró con la dosis diagnóstico del aceite de trementina AT02, con 94 % de no eclosión. CONCLUSIONES: los aceites foliales y sus derivados son candidatos para el control de esta especie de insecto, tanto por actividad insecticida como por su factibilidad, extracción y escalado.

INTRODUCTION: Pinus caribaea and Pinus tropicalis are endemic plants of Cuba and their chemical composition exhibits structures similar to those reported in other plant species with strong insecticidal action. OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the larvicidal effect of two pinaceae and their derivatives (turpentine oils) on Aedes aegypti in addition to determine the ovicidal effect of the latter on this species' eggs. METHODS: a reference susceptible strain called Rockefeller supplied by the Center of Disease Control in San Juan, Porto Rico was the choice whereas bioassays were conducted according to the World Health Organization methodology to ascertain resistance and (or) susceptibility of mosquitoes to insecticides. Water distillation allowed obtaining Pinus tropicalis oil and vapour dragging. Turpentine oil (AT01) was obtained by distilling pine resin and one part of it (AT02) underwent photochemical treatment of izomerization of a-pinen y b-pinen as main components. RESULTS: P. tropicalis showed lethal concentration LC50= 42 mg/L and LC95= 57 mg/L, and for P. caribaea, LC50= 51 mg/L and LC95= 181 mg/L. The two turpentine oils AT01 and AT02 exhibited high larvicidal action since they recorded the lowest LC50 of this study (21,4 mg/L and 23,9 mg/L). The greatest ovicidal effect went to diagnostic dose of AT02 turpentine oil, with 94% of hatching-deterrent action. CONCLUSIONS: leaf oils and their derivatives are candidates for the control of this species, because of their insecticidal action and also their feasibility, extraction and scaling.