Feasibility in the use of the UV-Visible region for the characterization of glucose in deionized water using Arduino 1 / Viabilidad en el uso de la región UV-Visible para la caracterización de glucosa en agua desionizada mediante Arduino 1

ABSTRACT With an estimated approximately 2 million deaths per year, diabetes is one of the top 5 deadliest noncommunicable diseases globally. Although this disease is not fatal, the degradation of the patient's health due to a bad plan to control their glucose levels can have a fatal outcome. In order to lay the foundations for the development of a device that allows estimating glucose levels in some body fluid, we present the results obtained not only for the estimation of glucose in deionized water, but also describe the development and configuration of the created device. After analyzing 50 signals obtained from 5 different glucose concentrations, the feasibility of using the developed device for the analysis is evident, since, considering the K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN) algorithm, all the signals were associated correctly to the glucose group to which they belong.

RESUMEN Con un estimado de aproximadamente 2 millones de muertes por año, la diabetes es una de las 5 enfermedades no transmisibles más mortales a nivel mundial. Aunque esta enfermedad no es mortal, el deterioro de la salud del paciente por un mal plan para controlar sus niveles de glucosa puede tener un desenlace fatal. Con el fin de sentar las bases para el desarrollo de un dispositivo que permita estimar los niveles de glucosa en algún fluido corporal, presentamos los resultados obtenidos no solo para la estimación de glucosa en agua desionizada, sino que también describimos el desarrollo y configuración del dispositivo creado. Luego de analizar 50 señales obtenidos a partir de 5 concentraciones de glucosa diferentes, se evidencia la factibilidad de utilizar el dispositivo desarrollado para el análisis, ya que, considerando el algoritmo K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), todas las señales se asociaron correctamente al grupo de glucosa al que pertenecen.

Mosquito larvicidal potential of Solanum xanthocarpum leaf extract derived silver nanoparticles and its bio-toxicity on non-target aquatic organism

Background & objectives: Mosquitoes are insects of public health importance that act as a vector to transmit various vector-borne diseases in humans including dengue, malaria, filariasis and yellow fever. The continually employed synthetic insecticides have developed resistance in mosquitoes. Nano-based botanical insecticides can be considered as the best alternative due to several advantages like being simple, non-pathogenic, biodegradable and safe to the environment. The present work reported the maximum larvicidal potential of green synthesized silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) derived from the leaf extract of Solanum xanthoearpum against the third instar larvae of Anopheles stephensi, Aedes aegypti, and Culex quinquefasciatus over its crude leaf extract. Methods: The synthesis of AgNPs was done by adding leaf extract into silver nitrate solution in a conical flask. The characterization of AgNPs was done using different techniques such as UV-Vis, SEM, TEM, XRD, DLS and SAED. FT-IR analysis was done to find out the compound responsible for bio-reduction of silver nitrate. Larvicidal activity of AgNPs was checked against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus according to WHO standard protocol and toxicity was evaluated against Poecilia reticulate. Results: A change in colour was observed indicating the synthesis of AgNPs which was further confirmed by a strong surface plasmon resonance peak at 421nm under the UV-Vis spectrum. SEM and TEM micrographs exhibited that the most common shape of AgNPs was spherical. XRD spectrum showed crystalline nature of silver nanoparticles. FT-IR spectrum showed the presence of various functional groups such as carboxyl and hydroxyl which might be responsible for bio-reduction and capping of silver nanoparticles. Further, silver nanoparticles were very effective against An. stephensi, Ae. aegypti, and Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50 and LC90 values of 1.90, 2.36, 2.93, 3.82, 4.31 and 7.63 ppm, respectively, as compared to aqueous leaf extract after 72 h of exposure and were non-toxic against non-target organism P. retieulata. Interpretation & eonelusion: From the above finding, it can be concluded that fabricated AgNPs can be promising eco-friendly tools for controlling mosquito vectors.

Chemical denaturants induced folding unfolding pathway of the recombinant zebrafish dihydrofolate reductase

Denaturation of proteins plays a crucial part in cellular activities. In this study, we have investigated the folding unfolding pathways of zebrafish dihydrofolate reductase (zDHFR) in presence of different chemical denaturants which were found to be an influential factor for the refolding yield by UV-visible spectrophotometric analysis. The activity change of zDHFR has been observed in presence of three different denaturants like Acetic Acid (AcOH), Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS), and Ethanol (C2H5OH). Spectrophotometric analysis reveals that protein unfolded completely at different concentrations and times by these denaturants. The spontaneous refolding experiments of chemically denatured zDHFR were also conducted to verify the spontaneous refolding yield. These investigations have helped us to decipher a picture about the denaturants contributing to achieving the refolding yield. We observed that acetic acid is a stronger denaturant among all, and the spontaneous refolding yields were higher from SDS denaturation. In the light of the above findings, higher spontaneous refolding yields were obtained from the low concentration of denaturants.

Using Mobile– iPhone as New Visible Colour Detector for Determination of Pharmaceutical (Potassium Permanganate)

In this work the use of a mobile phone as a spectrophotometer using camera resolution by installing the software (application store AAP) on the phone (i Phone 6), which analyzes the colour images (RGB) in results with a colour length where it was possible to calculate the colour value of each image representing a specific concentration of the solution under study. A calibration curve with a range of (1 × 10-3-6.25 × 10-4) mmole.L-1 using optical image analysis with the concentration of the preparation of potassium permanganate (KMnO4). A calibration curve for statistical correlation range of 0.993 (R2) was found

Analytical Method Development And Its Validation For Estimation Of Chlorhexidine Gluconate

In the present work, Independent method was developed for estimation of Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Metronidazole benzoate,Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and Salicylic Acid in bulk and dosage form by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry. In this method the determination ofmaximum absorbance (λmax) of the drugs were found to be 259 nm, 285.8 nm, 263 nm and 304 nm. The validation parameters were studiedaccording to ICH guidelines. On the basis of % agreement criteria, therefore Average % agreement found to be 100.05 at 259 nm, 99.32 at285.8 nm, 100.001 at 304 nm and 99.70 at 263 nm. Specificity study shows the good agreement with results, indicating that excipients did notinterfere with the analyte. Repeatability study showed a % R.S.D of 0.2486 at 259 nm, 0.2605 at 285.8 nm, 0.403174 at 304 nm and 0.880817at 263 nm for Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Metronidazole benzoate, Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and Salicylic Acid. Thus it is concluded that theanalytical technique has a good repeatability precision as R.S.D are less than 5.3% (Specified) and less than 2% (desired). So it can be said thatthe proposed method is precise. Intraday study were showed a % R.S.D of 1.246918, 0.984763, 0.775939 and 1.022045 respectively forChlorhexidine Gluconate, Metronidazole benzoate, Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and Salicylic Acid. So it can be said that the proposed method isprecise. Interday study were showed a % R.S.D of 1.358486, 0.829325, 1.273356 and 0.968196 respectively for Chlorhexidine Gluconate,Metronidazole benzoate, Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and Salicylic Acid. So it can be said that the proposed method is precise. Limit of detectionwere found to be 0.097, 0.117, 0.010 and 0.074 g/ml at 259, 285.8, 304and 263 nm. Limit of quantification were found to be 0.29, 0.35, 0.030and 0.418 g/ml at 259, 285.5 304, and 263nm. The accuracy of the methods was proved by performing recovery studies in availableformulations. Since the % recovery 98.07 to 101.28 at 259 nm, 98.29 to 101.02 at 285.8 nm, 99.99 to 101.25 at 304nm and 99.10 to 101.78 at263nm are within the desirable confidence interval of 98-102%. So it can be said that the proposed method is accurate. The percent meanrecovery is 98.46, 101.42 (1:3), 98.20 and 99.78% of labeled amount, which is within specified limits of 98-102%. It can be said that proposedmethod can satisfactory be applied for analysis of Chlorhexidine Gluconate, Metronidazole benzoate, Lignocaine Hydrochloride, and SalicylicAcid in dosage form. The developed method is precise, accurate and do not suffer from any interference due to common excipients. It isevident from this study that the developed method is simple, sensitive, specific, precise and accurate and economic. Hence it can be employedfor routine analysis in quality control laboratories.

Development And Validation Of Uv-Visible Spectrophotmetric Method For The Simultaneous Estimation Of Emtricitabine And Tenofovir Alafenamide In Bulk And Tablet Dosage Form

Abstract: A simple, rapid, accurate and economical method has been developed for thesimultaneous estimation of Emtricitabine and Tenofovir Alafenamide in tablet dosage form.The linearity of the method was found to be in the range of 10.8µg/ml- 12.8µg/ml forTenofovir Alafenamide and 86.4µg/ml-102.4µg/ml for Emtricitabine. From the developedmethod the drugs showed maximum absorbance at 263 and 281nm for Tenofovir Alafenamideand Emtricitabine respectively. The percentage purity of the drugs was found as 96.8 and97.6%w/w for Tenofovir Alafenamide and Emtricitabine respectively. The method was alsofound to be accurate, precise, robust and rugged. The limit of detection and the limit ofquantification were found to be 0.234µg/ml and 0.710µg/ml for Tenofovir Alafenamide and2.25µg/ml and 6.83µg/ml for Emtricitabine respectively..

In vitro biological activities of silver nanoparticles synthesized from Scedosporium sp. isolated from soil

One of the important fields in nanotechnology is the development of an environment friendly method for the synthesis of nanoparticles. Many approaches show that microorganisms are the most reliable tools for biosynthesis of nanoparticles compared to physical and chemical methods. In our study, fungi have been exploited for extracellular production of metal nanoparticles. It was observed that in Scedosporium, silver ions are reduced to silver nanoparticles, which was confirmed by UV-visible spectrophotometry and AFM. Optimization studies showed that as the concentration of AgNO3 used for synthesis increased, particles' size also increased. Size of the particles at different concentrations of AgNO3 was observed to be 79-107 nm with particles being ellipsoidal to spherical in shape. Silver nanoparticles synthesized from 2.0 mM silver nitrate, showed maximum antimicrobial activity compared to all antibiotics tested including synergistic effects. In vitro cytotoxicity of silver nanoparticles against MCF 7 and PC 3 showed that as the concentration of silver nanoparticles increased, a decrease in the percentage cell viability was observed with IC50 values being 60.09 and 57.43 µg/ml respectively. Therefore, through this study, it could be said that extracellular synthesis of silver nanoparticles from Scedosporium was simple, ecofriendly, proving excellent antimicrobial and anticancer agents.

Study on Quality Standard of Chailing Hugan Granules / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish the quality standard of Chailing hugan granules. METHODS:TLC was used for qualitative identification of Radix bupleuri,Atractylodes macrocephala and Glycyrrhiza uralensis. The content of total flavonoids (by rutin) in preparation was determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry. The moisture, dissolubility and granularity of preparation were determined. RESULTS:TLC spots of R. bupleuri ,A. macrocephala and G. uralensis were clear and well-separated without interference from negative control. The linear range of rutin was 0.050-0.300 mg/mL(r＝0.999 8). RSDs of precision, stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 2%. The recoveries were 97.89%-100.01%(RSD＝0.68%,n＝9). The content of samples were 1.920-2.018 mg/g. The contents of moisture in 3 batches of samples were 1.54%,1.62% and 1.57%;all samples dissolved within 5 min. The sum of granules not passing through No.1 sieve and passing through No.5 sieve were 2.13%, 2.51%,2.38%,which were all in line with the requirements of Chinese Pharmacopeia (2015 edition,Vol Ⅳ). CONCLUSIONS:The content of total flavonoicle in Chailing hugan granules should be no less than 1.57 mg/g (by rutin). Established quality standard is simple,rapid,accurate and reproducible,and can be used for quality control of Chailing hugan granules.

Similarity Evaluation of the Dissolution Curves of Generic and Original Preparation of Losartan Potassium Tablets / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To evaluate the dissolution curves similarity of generic and original preparation of Losartan potassium tablets,and to provide reference for improving quality evaluation of the preparation.METHODS:Using hydrochloric acid solution (pH 3.0),phosphate buffer solution(pH 4.5),phosphate buffer solution (pH 6.8) and water as medium,paddle method was adopted for dissolution test with dissolution medium volume of 900 mL and rotation speed of 50 r/min.UV-visible spectrophotometry was adopted to determine accumulative dissolution of generic and original preparation of Losartan potassium tablets with the detection wavelength of 256 um.The similarity of dissolution curves were evaluated by calculating similarity factor(f2).RESULTS:The linear range of losartan potassium was 12.11-35.96 μg/mL (r≥0.999 7).RSDs of precision,stability and reproducibility tests were all lower than 5.0％.The recoveries of 4 dissolution media were 98.66％-100.84％ (RSD=0.77％,n=9),98.91％-100.59％ (RSD=0.49％,n=9),98.33％-101.39％ (RSD=0.85％,n=9),99.46％-101.32％ (RSD=0.55％,n=9).In 4 dissolution media,f2 of the dissolution curves of 3 batches of generic and original preparation of Losartan potassium tablets were all higher than 70.CONCLUSIONS:The dissolution curves of self-made and original preparation of Losartan potassium tablets show good similarity.

Content Determination of Total Flavonoids in Morus alba / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To establish a method for the content determination of total flavonoids in Morus alba. METHODS:UV-visible spectrophometry was performed with Al(NO2)3-NaNO2-NaOH color-test at the wavelength of 510 nm with the reference of rutin. RESULTS:The linear range of rutin was 0.031 2-0.156 mg/ml(r=0.999 9);RSDs of precision,stability and reproduc-ibility tests were lower than 2%;recovery was 95.7%-101.0%(RSD=2.1%,n=6). CONCLUSIONS:The method is simple,sta-ble and reproducible,and can be used for the content determination of total flavonoids in M. alba.

Comparative study on the total flavonoids content in different species of bupleurum in different growth period on the site / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To study variation of total flavonoids from nine different Bupleurum chinense introduced of different ground parts of different organs in different growth period, and explore the best harvest period and the optimal varieties. METHODS: The extraction conditions were optimized by microwave assisted method, UV-visible spectropholometry was used to determine the contents of total flavonoids. RESULTS: The optimum extraction conditions: the concentration of ethanol was 80%, each microwave time 40 s, microwave 10 times; the content of total flavonoids was difference in different growth period, fluctuated trend. The flower was the highest, with an average of 7.59% in the range of 4.65%-16.75%, the content of total flavonoids in nutrition growth phase; leaf>stem, in flowering stage; flower>leaf>stem; in fruiting stage; the content of Gansu Longxi, Liaoning Shenyang, Shandong Heze and Hebei Anguo Bupleurum: fruit>leaf>stem, other Bupleurum; leaf>stem>fruit; The higher the content of total flavonoids was in the flowering and fruiting of nine different Bupleurum chinense introduced, Gansu Longxi Bupleurum (flowering stage) was the highest, up to 27.41%. CONCLUSION: It is suggested that harvested in the flowering or fruiting stage, and carried on the comprehensive development and utilization.

UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl in Combined Dosage Form.

Aims: UV Spectrophotometric Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl in combined Dosage form. Study Design: A simple, rapid and specific UV spectroscopic method with good sensitivity was developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage form. Place and Duration of Study: Department of pharmaceutical Analysis & Quality Assurance, School of Pharmacy, Anurag Group of Institutions, Venkatapur, R.R Dist, Andhra Pradesh, India during February 2013 and April 2013. Methodology: Vierodt’s (Simultaneous equation) method was performed for Estimation of Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl in Pharmaceutical dosage form. Results: In Ethanol the max of Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl was fixed as 240 and 258 nm respectively using a Shimadzu UV-Visible spectrophotometer. In this proposed method both drugs obeyed linearity within the concentration range of 5-30 g/ml and 80-800 g/ml for Desloratidine and Pseudoephedrine HCl respectively. The low RSD values indicate good precision and high recovery values indicate accuracy of the proposed method. The proposed method has been applied to the determination of drugs in commercial formulations. Assay results were in good agreement with label claim. The method was validated as per ICH guidliness. Conclusion: The developed method was simple, accurate, precise, specific, sensitive and reproducible which can be efficiently and easily applied to pharmaceutical dosage forms.

Total Phenolic Content Estimation of Murraya Koenigii by Colorimetry.

Objective:- Murraya koenigii commonly known as curry patta is used in the ancient medicine for curing different ailments. The aim of the present work is to estimate total phenolic content found in the leaves of Murraya koenigii. Method:- Total phenolic content of Murraya koenigii was assessed by Folin-Ciocalteu reagent by using gallic acid as calibration standard. Result:- The total phenolic content was measured by Folin-Ciocalteu was found to be 5.32. Conclusion:- From the findings it may be concluded that this drug may find use in diabetes and liver related problems.

Interaction between ciprofloxacin and ferric-ion binding protein from pathogenic bacteria / 第二军医大学学报

Objective: To investigate the interaction between ciprofloxacin (CIP) and ferric-ion binding protein (FBP) from pathogenic bacteria, so as to determine whether FBP is the target of CIP. Methods: Reactions between ciprofloxacin and FBP from N. gonorrhoeae, which was expressed in E. coli, were monitored by UV-visible and NMR spectroscopy. Results: Fe3+ was removed from holo-FBP by CIP in 10 mmol/L Tris-Cl buffer, pH 7.40, at 298 K, and half of the loaded Fe3+ was taken off when 50 molar equivalence of CIP was present. Conclusion: CIP can remove Fe3+ from holo-FBP, indicating that CIP can interfere with the Fe3+ capture of the bacteria and influence the growth and virulence of the bacteria.

Determinação espectrométrica dos flavonóides das folhas de Maytenus (Celastraceae) e de Passiflora (Passifloraceae) e comparação com método CLAE-UV / Spectrometric determination of flavonoids from Maytenus (Celastraceae) and Passiflora (Passifloraceae) leaves and comparison with an HPLC-UV method

Este trabalho apresenta uma modificação dos procedimentos descritos nas Farmacopéias Francesa e Européia para a análise de flavonoides de Passiflora incarnata L., Passifloraceae, por espectrometria UV-Visível e propõe a sua aplicação na determinação dos flavonoides totais das folhas da espinheira-santa (Maytenus aquifolium Mart. e Maytenus ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch., Celastraceae) e do maracujá (Passiflora edulis Sims. e Passiflora alata Curtis, Passifloraceae). Os resultados obtidos por espectrometria no UV-Visível foram comparados aos obtidos por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE-UV), encontrando-se resultados estatisticamente similares entre os métodos espectrométrico modificado da Farmacopéia Francesa e CLAE-UV.

This paper reports on a modification of the spectrometric procedures originally described in the French and European Pharmacopoeia for the analysis of Passiflora incarnata L. (Passifloraceae) flavonoids, proposing its application in the determination of total flavonoids from "espinheira-santa" (Maytenus aquifolium Mart. and Maytenus ilicifolia (Schrad.) Planch., Celastraceae) and "maracujá" leaves (Passiflora edulis Sims and Passiflora alata Curtis, Passifloraceae). A comparison was made of the results obtained by the spectrometric procedure with those obtained by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC-UV), which demonstrated complete compatibility between the modified French Pharmacopoeia (spectrometric) and HPLC-UV methods.

Preparation and Quality Control of Nicotinamide Gel / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE: To prepare Nicotinamide gel and to establish its quality control method.METHODS: Nicotinamide gel was prepared using nicotinamide as main ingredient,and the content of nicotinamide was determined by UV-visible spectrophotometry.RESULTS: Preparation was colorless gel,and its identification and test were all in conformity with the related regulation stated in Chinese Pharmacopoeia(2010 edition).The linear range of nicotinamide was 6.24～16.64 ?g?mL-1(r=0.999 5) with an average recovery rate of 102.0%(RSD=0.33%,n=5).CONCLUSION: The preparation procedure is simple and feasible,and the quality of the preparation is stable and controllable.

UV-Visible Spectrophotometric Assay for Saikosaponins in Bupleurum Chinense DC / 医学研究杂志

Objective To set up a simple and accurate method for the determination of saikosaponins in Bupleurum chinense DC. by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry. Methods The content of saikosaponins was determined by UV-Visible Spectrophotometry. The absorbency was measured at 536nm. Results The calibration curves was linear within 194~1940mg/L(r=0.9996). The average recovery was 97.35%,and the RSD was 1.02%(n=9). Conclusion The method was proved to be simple, precise and reproduciable. It can be used for the quantitative determination of B upleurum chinense DC.