RESUMEN
Volatiles compounds are involved in defensive induction against insects, playing an important role in insect-plant interaction being induced by response to mechanical damage. However, they could decrease according to the domestication degree in cultivated plants. Currently, it has been established that secondary metabolites are reduced due to the domestication process in murtilla. Hence, the follow question emerges: Are volatile organic compounds induced by mechanical damage reduced in cultivated murtilla plants in relation to wild plants? Two cultivated ecotypes and their respective wild counterparts were sampled. Volatiles compounds were obtained using Porapak-Q columns and analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed that compounds as 2-hexanone, α-pinene, 2-thujene, 3-thujene and 1,8- cineole were more abundant in wild plants exposed to a mechanical damage than cultivated plants. Hence, these compounds have been associated to induced defense, these results suggest that domestication reduced the induction of defensive volatiles in cultivated murtilla in response to mechanical damage.
Los compuestos volaÌtiles estaÌn implicados en la defensa inducida contra insectos, desempenÌando un papel importante en esta interaccioÌn. Sin embargo, estos compuestos podriÌan disminuir seguÌn el grado de domesticacioÌn. Actualmente, se ha reportado que algunos metabolitos secundarios son reducidos en plantas de murtilla domesticadas. Por lo tanto, surge la siguiente pregunta de investigacioÌn: ¿Los compuestos orgaÌnicos volaÌtiles inducidos por el danÌo mecaÌnico son reducidos en plantas cultivadas de murtilla en comparacioÌn con plantas silvestres? Para dos ecotipos cultivados y sus respectivas contrapartes silvestres, los compuestos volaÌtiles fueron capturados usando columnas de Porapak-Q y las muestras analizadas por cromatografiÌa gaseosa. Los resultados mostraron que compuestos tales como 2- hexanona, α-pineno, 2-tujeno, 3-tujeno y 1,8-cineol fueron maÌs abundantes en plantas silvestres expuestas a danÌo mecaÌnico que en cultivadas. Debido a que estos compuestos se han asociado a defensa inducida, estos resultados sugieren que la domesticacioÌn reduce la induccioÌn de volaÌtiles en plantas cultivadas sometidas a danÌo mecaÌnico.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Aceites Volátiles/metabolismo , Myrtaceae/metabolismo , Myrtaceae/microbiología , Domesticación , Insectos/fisiología , Sesquiterpenos/análisis , Sesquiterpenos/metabolismo , Aceites Volátiles/química , Myrtaceae/química , Monoterpenos/análisis , Monoterpenos/metabolismo , Vida Silvestre , Larva/fisiología , Cromatografía de Gases y Espectrometría de MasasRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to assess the differences in qualitative-quantitative composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic contents, together with anti-inflammatory activity of Ugni molinae leaves obtained from ten genotypes. The ethyl acetate (EAE) and ethanol extracts (ETE) were obtained and analyzed. The plant genotypes were grown under same soil and climate conditions and under same agronomic management; the leaves were also harvested under the same conditions. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by mice ear edema induced by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) at a single dose of 200 mg/kg BW of each extract. Composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic contents was determined by HPLC-DAD and Folin-Ciocalteu method, respectively. Ugni molinae leaves of different plant genotypes exhibited significant differences in regard to their anti-inflammatory activity, as well as in qualitative-quantitative composition of triterpenoids and total phenolic content.
El objetivo de este estudio fue establecer las diferencias en la composición cualitativa y cuantitativa de triterpenoides y en los contenidos totales de fenoles, junto con la actividad antiinflamatoria de las hojas de Ugni molinae provenientes de diez genotipos. Los extractos de acetato de etilo (EAE) y etanólicos (ETE) fueron obtenidos y analizados. Los genotipos fueron cultivados bajo las mismas condiciones edafo-climáticas y con el mismo manejo agronómico; las hojas fueron cosechadas bajo las mismas condiciones. La actividad antiinflamatoria fue evaluada en ratones a los que se les indujo un edema en la oreja mediante la aplicación del 12-O-tetradecanoilforbol-13 acetato (TPA) y los extractos fueron evaluados a una dosis única de 200 mg/kg de peso corporal. La composición en triterpenoides y los contenidos de fenoles totales fueron determinados por CLAE-DAD y por el método de Folin-Ciocalteu, respectivamente. Las hojas provenientes de los diferentes genotipos de U. molinae, exhibieron significativas diferencias en sus actividades antiinflamatorias, así como, en el contenido cualitativo y cuantitativo de triterpenoides y en el contenido de fenoles totales.
Asunto(s)
Animales , Ratones , Antiinflamatorios/química , Antiinflamatorios/uso terapéutico , Edema/tratamiento farmacológico , Myrtaceae/química , Extractos Vegetales/química , Triterpenos/análisis , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Extractos Vegetales/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
Introduction: Ugni molinae Turcz., (Myrtaceae) is a plant that is distributed in central-southern of Chile, including Juan Fernández Islands. The leaves have been used in folk medicine for diarrhea and oral infections due to their astringent and antiseptic properties. Objective: antioxidant activity of two extracts (ethyl acetate and methanol) from U. molinae leaves was assessed in several assays. Methods: HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) for chemical analysis and in vitro antioxidant methods. Results: HPLC profiling of both extracts showed the presence of flavan-3-ols (catechin) and gallic acid, flavonoids and caffeic acid derivates as main constituents. These extracts showed significant activity on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC) and hydroxyl radical assays. It is noteworthy that bleaching of b-carotene-linoleate liposomes and copper-induced oxidation of human LDL were prevented by both extracts. Conclusions: results suggest that polyphenol-rich extracts of U. molinae could slow down lipid peroxidation and limit free radical damage.
Introducción: Ugni molinae Turcz. (Myrtaceae) es una planta que se distribuye en el centro-sur de Chile, incluido el archipiélago de Juan Fernández. Las hojas se han utilizado en medicina popular para diarreas e infecciones bucales, por sus propiedades astringentes y antisépticas. Objetivo: la actividad antioxidante de los dos extractos (acetato de etilo y metanólicol) de las hojas de Ugni molinae se evaluó mediante diferentes ensayos. Métodos: HPLC (high performance liquid chromatography) para el análisis químico y los métodos antioxidantes in vitro. Resultados: los perfiles HPLC de ambos extractos mostraron la presencia de flavan-3-oles (catequinas) y ácido gálico, flavonoides y derivados del ácido cafeico como constituyentes principales. Estos extractos mostraron actividad significativa frente a 2,2-difenil-1-picrilhidrazilo (DPPH), capacidad reductora del ión cobre (CUPRAC) y ensayos frente al radical hidroxilo. Es importante destacar que el blanqueamiento de liposomas de b-caroteno-linoleato y la oxidación producida por cobre de LDL (low density lipoprotein) humana fueron evitados por ambos extractos. Conclusiones: los resultados sugieren que los extractos de Ugni molinae ricos en polifenoles podrían evitar la peroxidación lipídica y el daño de radicales libres.
RESUMEN
In the present work we carried out a comparative study of total phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of aqueous leaf extracts of Ugni molinae Turcz., Myrtaceae (infusion and Soxhlet extracted) prepared from continent and Juan Fernández Island samples. The results revealed that total phenol content (TPC), tannins (TTC) and flavonoids (TFC) for U. molinae extracts (infusion and Soxhlet extracts) from island leaves were 38.5, 56.7 and 37.5% higher than those obtained with leaves from the continent, respectively. Also, HPLC profiles showed important differences between U. molinae populations. In vitro antioxidant capacity (scavenging of DPPH radical) for 1% infusion and aqueous extract (Soxhlet method) of U. molinae from island samples, was 15% greater than from continent samples. Further, in vivo impact of U. molinae intake (1% infusion) was studied in plasma samples obtained from healthy volunteers. Participants that consumed tea prepared with leaves from island population showed higher TBARS reduction and plasma antioxidant capacity (TEAC-CUPRAC) than those who consumed tea prepared with leaves from continental population. The conditions of the territory in which U. molinae populations growth could explain the differences in their composition and activity. According to results, island U. molinae populations could be an important source of study for the development of an antioxidant supplement, and thereby contribute to the use of this species that has becoming an ecological problem in the island.