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[Abstract] Objective To explore underwater shock wave-induced injuries of the lung and brain in canines. Methods Eighteen Beagle dogs were randomly divided into six groups according to the distances to the explosion source: control group and 5 experimental groups (5 m, 7 m, 9 m, 11 m and 13 m groups). The animals were exposed to underwater shock wave via a self-designed underwater explosive instrument. The dynamic explosive process was recorded by the underwater high-speed camera. Computed tomography (CT) scans of brain and chest were performed 6 h after injury. Pathological examination and H-E staining for hippocampus and lung were conducted 24 h after injury. The expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, IL-10, tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) in the hippocampus were measured by immunohistochemical staining. Results The underwater high-speed camera showed that the injury process included blast wave and bubble pulsation. The total mortality of the animals was 40.0% (6/15) in the experimental groups. CT examination revealed no major alterations in the brain of the animals, while there were pleural effusion and pneumothorax in the chest of animals in the experimental groups. H-E staining showed inflammatory cells infiltration in the hippocampal tissue and erythrocyte deposition in the alveoli of animals in the experimental groups. The expression levels of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α, and TGF-β in the hippocampus of animals in the experimental groups were significantly elevated compared with those in control group (all P0.05). Conclusion Brain and chest are damaged significantly after underwater explosion, which may be the main causes for the death of animals. It is important to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of brain injury caused by underwater explosive wave for the protection of underwater blast injuries.
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Objective The expression of TNF-α was detected in sera of rabbits treated by ulinastatin with acute lung injury in duced by underwater explosion.Methods Rabbits were randomly divided into two groups such as the injured group and ulinastatin therapy group.Established underwater explosion device was used to cause acute lung injury in rabbits.TNF-α in sera of the rabbits were measured by ELISA at 4,12 and 24 hours after the explosion.The SPSS17.0 software was used to analyze the data and P＜0.05 was considered to be significant.Results There was no significant difference between the concentrations of TNF-α in the sera of rabbits in the injure group (538.20±201.43 ng/L) and that of in the ulinastatin group (386.90± 109.22 ng/L,t=2.088,P=0.051) at 4 hours after burst.However,there was evidently decreased in the level of TNF-α in the ulinastatin group (400.60 ± 78.98 ng/L) compared with the injury group (573.80 ± 178.24 ng/L,t =2.809,P =0.012) at 12 hours after burst.Moreover and TNF-α in the ulinastatin group (356.10 ± 130.99 ng/L) was also decreased compared to the injure group (552.30± 169.64 ng/L,t=2.895,P=0.010) at 24 hours after burst.Conclusion The TNF-α expression in sera of the rabbits in ulinastatin group were dramatically decreased than thai of in injury group at 12 hours after burst,which may be benefit to rabbits with acute lung injury induced by underwater explosion.
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Objective The concentration of NE and TNF-α was detected for elucidating the change of them in sera and bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of rabbits with acute lung injury interposed by XueBiJing therapy in underwater explosion.Methods Underwater explosion decive was applied to cause acute lung injury of rabbits.The 20 rabbits were randomly divided into two groups which were injury group and XueBiJing therapy group,respectively.The concentration of NE and TNF-α in sera and BALF were detected by ELISA method in 24 hours after bursting.Results The concentration of TNF-α in sera (353.30±166.86 ng/L) of rabbits in therapy group were significantly lower than those in injury group (552.30± 169.64 ng/L;t=2.645,P =0.016).The concentration of NE in sera (63.40 ± 36.09 ng/ml) were lower than that of rabbits in injury group (97.60 ± 36.20 ng/ml;t=2.116,P=0.049).At the same time the concentration of NE in BALF (102.10± 9.50 ng/ml) of rabbits in therapy group were significantly lower than those in injury group (136.70± 13.60 ng/ml;t=6.593,P=0.000).Conclusion The expression of TNF-α in sera and NE in sera and BALF in rabbits with acute lung injury interposed by XueBiJing in underwater explosion were lower than those of injury group.
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Underwater weapons have been widely used and their applications have become a main characteristic of modern naval battles. It imposes a severe threat to the combatants above or below water surface. The injury mechanism and characteristics of underwater explosion are quite different from those of the land explosion, which has become a research focus of military medicine around the world. In this paper we systematically reviewed the literatures and the current status of biological effect of underwater explosion injury and discussed its future development, hoping to improve our understanding and promote further in-depth studies.