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The urinary system of healthy people harbors residential urinary microbiota which closely related to human health.The changes of urinary micro-ecology are associated with the occurrence、development and prognosis of various urinary diseases.This review shows the basic procedure of studying the microbiome of the urinary system, and the correlation between the urinary diseases and the microbiome of the urinary tract.By focusing on the relationship between urinary microbiome and recurrent urinary tract infection in children, new ideas would be found for diagnosis and treatment of children’s recurrent urinary tract infection.
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Objective To characterize the urinary microbial profile of male non-muscle invasive bladder cancer patients compared to healthy controls.Methods Between March,2017 and September,2017,mid-stream urine from 26 non-muscle invasive bladder cancer and 18 non-neoplastic controls were collected by the clean method,then centrifuged and processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Sequencing reads were processed for evaluating alpha diversity and beta diversity using QIIME.LEfSe algorithm was performed to identify potential bacterial genera biomarker.Results The smoking cases were more in tumor group than those in control group(21 vs.7,P ＜ 0.01).The urinary microenvironment of bladder cancer was characterized by increased bacterial richness (Observed species index,Chaol index and Ace index,125.77 ± 69.64 vs.80.38 ± 46.24;142.82 ± 76.74 vs.90.68 ± 47.62;and 147.92 ± 77.68 vs.88.19 ± 45.38,all P ＜ 0.05) and by the enrichment of some bacterial genera (e.g.,Acinetobacter and Anaerococcus).Significant difference in β diversity was found between cancer and non-cancer group (ANOSIM,P =O.009).A clear hierarchical clustering of cancer samples was observed,suggesting a common dysbiosis associated to bladder cancer.Conclusions Patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer exhibit a different microbial community compared to non-neoplastic controls,suggesting a possible pathophysiological correlation between microbiome and bladder cancer.Urinary microbial community may be associated with the prognosis of NMIBC.
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Objective To explore the relationships among the central nervous system,the lower urinary tract and urinary microbiome by a rat model of stress-induced voiding dysfunction.Methods Rats were randomly assigned to stress group (exposure to water-avoidance stress for 10 days),stress-withdrawal group (exposure to the stress and then withdrawal for 2 weeks) or control group.On day 11 for stress and control groups or 2 weeks after day 11 for stress-withdrawal group,the Light-dark box transition test,lower abdominal pain threshold,micturition frequency and cystometry measurements were determined.Urine specimens were collected and processed for 16S rDNA gene sequencing.Results Compared to control group,the water-avoidance stress dramatically decreased in the time spent in the light area (P ＜0.01) and decreased mechanical pain threshold in stress group,which were reversed in stress-withdrawal group.While there was no significant difference in the micturition frequency between the control and stress-withdrawal groups,the stress group (20.33 ± 3.77) showed significantly more micturition frequencies than control (8.14 ± 2.23) and stress-withdrawal group (9.67 ± 1.89) (P ＜ 0.01).The stress dramatically increased voiding contractions in both the stress (7.33 ± 1.79) and stress-withdrawal (4.83 ± 1.06) groups compared to control rats (2.71 ± 1.38) (P ＜ 0.05).However,the stress-withdrawal group showed less voiding contractions than the stress group (P =0.03).The bacteria diversity in stress group were dramatically higher than those of the other two groups (P ＜ 0.01).Almost all specimens of the control rats were dominated by Enterococcacae,whereas samples from the stress group contained more diverse bacteria.The diversity of microbiota in the stress-withdrawal group was between those of the other two groups.LEfSe identified genera differed significantly among groups:Lactococcus and Proteus were significantly increased in in the stress-withdrawal group;Halomonas,Aggregatibacter,Haemophilus,Pseudomonas and Streptococcus were significantly higher in the stress group.Conclusions Water-avoidance stress experiments demonstrated the impact of stress on bladder function and urinary microbiome,which tended to be ameliorated after a two-week withdrawal from stress.Further research is needed to understand the connections between central nervous system,bladder and urinary microbiome.
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Objective To characterize the female urinary microbiome associated to OAB (overactive bladder) and investigate relationships between urinary microbiome and psychological factors.Methods 30 women with OAB and 25 asymptomatic controls were recruited and required to finish the overactive bladder symptom score,self-rating anxiety scale,self-rating depression scale and quality of life questionaires.Urine specimens were collected by transurethral catheterization and processed for 16S rRNA gene sequencing.Sequencing reads were processed using QIIME.Analyses for bacterial genera biomarker was used LEfSe algorithms.Bivariate correlations were assessed using Pearson's correlation.Results The two cohorts showed no significance difference in their demographic characteristics.OAB patients had significantly higher scores on overactive bladder symptom score,self-rating anxiety scale,self-rating depression scale and quality of life than controls (P ＜ 0.001).We found that bacterial diversity (Chao1 index:1 854.09 ± 1 239.34) and richness (Simpson index:0.75 ±0.23) were decreased in OAB samples than those of controls (Chao1 index:2 866.27 ± 1 795.22;Simpson index:0.86 ± 0.12;P =0.02).At the family level,Enterobacteriaceae and (17.6％ vs.8.1％;P =0.03) Bifidobacteriaceae (14.8％ vs.3.6％;P =0.01) were significantly more abundant in the OAB samples than the controls.Compared to controls,7 genera increased in OAB patients (e.g.,Proteus and Aerococcus) and 13 reduced (e.g.,Lactobacillus and Prevotella).There are negative correlations between scores on Self-Rating Depression Scale and both Chao1 (r =-0.458,P =0.011) and shannon indexes (r =-0.516,P =0.003) in OAB patients,which indicates that OAB patients with depression have further reductions in bacterial diversity and richness.Conclusions The aberrant urinary microbiome may serve as disease biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets of OAB.A negative correlation between depression scores and both bacterial richness and diversity in OAB patients indicated that there might be a connection between central nervous system and urinary microbiome.