RESUMEN
O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar se a sinalização (legenda) e a organização espacial das lixeiras influenciam o modo de utilizá-las pelos usuários de um restaurante universitário. Participaram 600 usuários, de ambos os sexos, que frequentavam o restaurante, cuja idade variava entre 16 e 25 anos. Foram realizadas três sessões de observação direta. Na primeira sessão estabeleceu-se uma linha de base, na segunda interviu-se na configuração das lixeiras com a colocação de legendas para indicar o tipo de lixo a ser depositado e, na terceira, as condições foram iguais às da linha de base. Os resultados mostram que as legendas colocadas nas lixeiras influenciaram o comportamento de separar lixo, ou seja, as porcentagens de comportamentos apropriados aumentaram consideravelmente no período de intervenção e os inapropriados diminuíram. A intervenção aponta para a necessidade de mudar o ambiente de maneira que facilite o comportamento desejado. Mostra-se também a necessidade de construir programas de educação ambiental que gerem mudanças efetivas e duradouras nos comportamentos pró-ambientais.
This study shows the influence of signaling through captions behavior separate waste at a restaurant in a public university. Attended by 600 users of both sexes, who frequented the restaurant, whose age ranged between 16 and 25 years. Were three sessions of direct observation. In the first session established a baseline, in the latter intervened in the configuration of the dumps with the placement of captions to indicate the type of waste to be deposited, and the third, the conditions were the same as the baseline. The results show that the key is placed in landfills influenced the behavior of separating garbage, ie, the percentage of appropriate behaviors increased significantly during the intervention and decreased inappropriate. The intervention points to the need to change the environment so as to facilitate the desired behavior. We also show the need to build environmental education programs that manage effective and lasting changes in pro-environmental behaviors.
El objetivo de este estúdio fue verificar si la señalización (legenda) y la organización espacial de los basureros influencian el modo de utilizarlos por los usuarios de un restaurante universitario. Participaron 600 usuarios de los dos sexos que frequentabam el restaurante, cuya edad variaba entre 16 y 25 años. Fueron realizadas tres sesiones de observación directa. En la primera sesión se estableció una línea de base, en la segunda se intervino en la configuración de los basureros con la colocación de legendas para indicar el tipode basura a ser depositado y en la tercera, las condiciones fueron iguales a las de la línea de base. Los resultados muestran que las legendas colocadas en los basureros influenciaron el comportamiento de separar la basura, es decir, los porcientos de comportamientos apropiados aumentaron considerablemente en el período de intervención y los inapropiados disminuyeron. La intervención apunta para la necesidad de cambiar el ambiente de manera a facilitar el comportamiento deseado. Se muestra tambiém la necesidad de construir programas de educación ambiental que generem câmbios efectivos y duradoros en los comportamientos pró-ambientales.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: We can usually see the yawning at induction of anesthesia, however, it has not been studied as such an indicator of anesthesia. The yawning is one means of changing arousal level, and a sign or marker that such a change is occurring, although its functions are not well understood. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the yawning whether it could be used as an indicator of induction of anesthesia, using its property as a marker of changed arousal level. METHODS: In 60 adult patients, group 1 was done propofol target controlled infusion (TCI) with Stelpump software, while group 2 was done thiopental TCI similarly. Clinical indicators of induction of anesthesia were measured as follows: loss of verbal control (LOV), loss of eyelash reflex (LOE), the yawning. In addition, the occurrence of apnea (OOA) were measured, too. We assessed the hypnosis levels of indicators of induction of anesthesia including the yawning and demonstrate their effect site concentrations and elapsed time. Furthermore, we compared the incidences of yawning and apnea between both groups. RESULTS: Clinical indicators of induction occurred in the order of LOV > LOE > the yawning >> OOA in both groups. With respect to BIS, the yawning showed the lowest BIS and the highest effect site concentrations except OOA in both groups. The incidence of the yawning in group 2 was higher than in group 1 (about 82 vs 63%). On the contrary, the incidence of apnea in group 1 was higher than in group 2 (about 79 vs 53%). CONCLUSIONS: As far as the yawning could be shown, we could observe, it approximated most closely to their clinical impression of the 'true' induction in terms of the hypnosis level and its effect site concentration.