RESUMEN
The effect of manganese(Mn) on broad bean (Vicia faba L.) was studied with regard to growth, Mn accumulation in root and shoot, chlorophyll, proline content and peroxidase activity. Seeds were treated with Mn (10, 20, 40, 80,120,160 μM) and grown hydroponically up to 15 days. Manganese level in both root and shoot increased progressively in response to increasing concentration and it was high in roots (13 fold) over the shoots (8 fold). The reductions in root (52%) and shoot (62.92%) development were evident for the maximum Mn concentration (160 μM). The chlorophyll amount gradually declined with increasing Mn concentrations and attained its maximum (42%) at 160 μM. By contrast, the guaiacol peroxidase activity was high (71%) along with the accompanying rise in proline content (75%) in shoots of the highest Mn concentration (160 μM). However, there was about 2 fold increase in total glutathione content at 40 μM than the basal level and further declined to 21.65 Cg g-1 fresh wt. at 160 μM Mn. The alterations in overall reflected Mn concentration- dependent changes in the parameters studied. The results suggest that the plant Vicia faba L. copes with Mn exposure through enhanced production of antioxidants.
RESUMEN
The present study was carried out to evaluate the cytotoxic effects of refinery wastewater collected from different stations of the Kizilirmak river on Vicia faba L. root tip cells. For this aim, we used the germination percentage, root length, weight gain and micronucleus (MN) frequency as indicators of cytotoxicity. Additionally to the cytological analysis, DNA analyses were performed in root tips meristems of Vicia faba seeds treated with refinery wastewater. Heavy metal concentrations in the water samples were determined using atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS). The concentrations of heavy metals in the water were in the order of Pb>Zn>Fe>Cu>Ni>Cd>Hg. The highest germination percantage was observed in the control group (in proportion as 96%). Heavy metals in the water samples collected from Station I, II and III caused a decrease in the germination percentage as 48, 18 and 30%, respectively. The highest root length and weight gain was observed in the control group at the end of the experimental period. The least root length and weight gain was observed in seeds treated with wastewater collected from Station I. In the control group, the weights of all the seeds increased about 4.08 g when compared with initial weight. The root lengths of the control seeds were determined as 6.38 cm at the end of the experimental period. The weights of the seeds exposed to wastewaters obtained from Station I, II and III increased about 1.08, 3.03 and 2.01 g according to initial weight, respectively. Microscopic examination of V. faba root tip meristem cells showed that any example of the MN formation was not seen in the control group. The highest frequency of MN was observed in group treated with wastewater collected from Station I and least frequency of MN was observed in group treated with wastewater collected from Station II. It was also observed that the yields of DNA in the seeds exposed to wastewater were lower than recorded in the controls. Hence, DNA yields exposed to wastewater were run ahead on agarose gel according to the control group. The results clearly indicate that refinery wastewater had important cytotoxic effects on V. faba root tip cells. It was also observed that V. faba seeds are very sensitive and useful biomarkers for monitoring these effects in waters contaminated with heavy metals.
RESUMEN
Se estudió los caracteres relacionados con el ambiente, la planta y la semilla, que considera el campesino en la selección de variedades de haba (Vicia faba L.) y se analizó el proceso de generación y transmisión del conocimiento campesino, así como su importancia en el uso, manejo y conservación de la semilla. Se usó un enfoque cuantitativo mediante un cuestionario y el método descriptivo de encuesta muestral, y un enfoque cualitativo mediante observación y entrevista directa a 74 campesinos del grupo étnico náhuatl del Municipio de Tlatlauquitepec, Sierra Norte de Puebla, México. El tamaño de muestra se determinó por componente de marco de lista. Los principales caracteres relacionados con el ambiente en el cultivo de haba, considerados por el campesino, son humedad (80%), color (74%) y fertilidad del suelo (62%); en planta, resistencia a heladas (81%), sanidad (76%) y precocidad (55%); y en grano, sanidad (93%), y sanidad y tamaño (55%). Los campesinos que seleccionan cuatro o más caracteres relacionados con ambiente, planta y semilla, son quienes contribuyen al mejoramiento genético de la especie, por integrar una mayor cantidad de conocimientos y ejercer mayor presión selectiva. El conocimiento campesino sobre los caracteres de haba se genera por un proceso complejo de interrelaciones, en que se conjugan saberes sobre su entorno, el comportamiento de la especie en determinada condición y un conocimiento heredado perfeccionado por la experimentación. En este proceso va implícita la conservación de la diversidad de recursos genéticos locales de la especie.
This study is aimed at documenting the characters related with the environment, the plant and the seed that peasants take into account in the selection of local varieties of faba bean (Vicia faba L.). The process of generation, and transmission of rural knowledge and their use importance, handling and seed conservation were analyzed. A quantitative approach was used through a questionnaire and the descriptive method of sampling survey; a qualitative approach was also used, by observation and direct interviews to 74 peasants from the Municipality of Tlatlauquitepec, Sierra Norte de Puebla, Mexico. The main characters related with the environment in the faba bean crop that are considered by the peasant are soil humidity (80%), soil colour (74%) and fertility (62%); in relation to the plant features, cold resistance (81%), plant health (76%), and precocity (55%); and in relation to grain aspect, grain health (93%), and grain health and size (55%). The peasants selecting four or more characters of the beans, in relation to the environment, plant and seed, contributed more to the improvement of the species, as they integrated more knowledge and exerted higher selective pressure. The rural knowledge about the characters in faba bean is created through a complex process of interrelations, where knowledge is conjugated with environment and species behaviour at one particular condition, and an inherited knowledge transmitted by generations that is constantly improved by experimentation. In this process is implicit the conservation of local genetic resources of the species.
Foram estudados os caracteres relacionados com o ambiente, a planta e a semente, considerados pelo camponês na seleção de variedades de fava (Vicia faba L.) e se analisou o processo de geração e transmissão do conhecimento camponês, bem como sua importância no uso, manejo e conservação da semente. Utilizou-se um enfoque quantitativo mediante um questionário e o método descritivo de pesquisa amostral, e um enfoque qualitativo mediante observação e entrevista direta a 74 camponeses do grupo étnico nahuatl do Município de Tlatlauquitepec, Serra Norte de Puebla, México. O tamanho da amostra foi determinado por componente de marco de lista. Os principais caracteres relacionados com o ambiente no cultivo de fava, considerados pelo camponês, são umidade (80%), cor (74%) e fertilidade do solo (62%); em planta, resistência a geadas (81%), sanidade (76%) e precocidade (55%); e em grão, sanidade (93%), e sanidade e tamanho (55%). Os camponeses que selecionam quatro ou mais caracteres relacionados com ambiente, planta e semente, são aqueles que contribuem ao melhoramento genético da espécie, por integrar una maior quantidade de conhecimentos e por exercer maior pressão seletiva. O conhecimento camponês sobre os caracteres da fava é gerado por um processo complexo de inter-relações, nas que se conjugam saberes sobre seu entorno, o comportamento da espécie em determinada condição e um conhecimento herdado aperfeiçoado pela experimentação. Neste processo vá implícita a conservação da diversidade de recursos genéticos locais da espécie.
RESUMEN
Objective To evaluate the genotoxicity of europium nitrate to the Vicia faba L root-tip cells. Methods The primary roots of Vicia faba L were cultured for 6 hours in the solution of Eu series(64,32,16,8,4,2,1 ?g/ml) at 25℃.And then the roots were repair-cultured in double distilled water for 24 h. The root tips of Vicia faba L were dissected and fixed,stained and the micronucleus rate,mitotic index and the rate of chromosomal aberrations were determined. Results From 1 ?g/ml to 32 ?g/ml,the rate of micronucleus increased with the increasing of the europium nitrate dosage(D),presented a dosage-effect relationship(r=0.949). From 2 ?g/ml to 64 ?g/ml,mitotic index decreased with the increasing of the europium nitrate dosage,presented a dosage-effect relationship(r=-0.852). From 1 ?g/ml to 64 ?g/ml,chromosome fragments(CF) and frequency of chromosomal aberrations(FCA) increased with the increasing of the europium nitrate dosage with a dosage-effect relationship significantly(rD-CF=0.915,rD-FCA=0.872). Conclusion Europium nitrate has the certain genetic toxicity to the Vicia faba L root-tip cells. The chromosome fragments may be one of the reasons to produce micronucleus.
RESUMEN
49 rhizobia strains,isolated from root nodules of broadbean(Vicaia faba L.) in 11 provinces of China were studied by analysis of 138 phenotypic characteristics.All the strains collected together at the boundary of 59% similarity.At the similarity of 80% there were 6 groups which were all composed of strains isolated from the root nodules of broadbean except the cluster 4 included one reference strain.Based on the results of numerical taxonomy,25 strains as the representation of the broadbean rhizobia with 11 reference strains were selected to PCR-RFLP of 16S rDNA analysis.The strains were clustered into 4 groups at the similarity of 85% with another 1 unattached embranchment.The cluster status of 16S rDNA PCR-RFLP was in good agreement with that of numerical taxonomy on the similarity level of 80%.Overall the results demonstrated a high phenotypic and phylogenetic diversity of rhizobia strains nodulating broadbean.