COVID-19: una oportunidad para revitalizar la autonomía alimentaria en comunidades indígenas / COVID-19: an opportunity to revitalize food autonomy in indigenous communities / Covid-19: uma oportunidade para revitalizar a autonomia alimentar nas comunidades indígenas

Resumen La autonomía alimentaria permite a las comunidades determinar sus prácticas alimentarias, comenzando con la producción agrícola en sus territorios garantizando la economía propia y la armonía con la madre tierra, en este contexto, la pandemia por COVID-19 generó cambios en las practicas sociales en las comunidades indígenas, incluidas sus prácticas alimentarias. Objetivo: Describir prácticas de autonomía alimentaria revitalizadas a partir del confinamiento por COVID-19 en una comunidad indígena Nasa del sur de Colombia. Método: Estudio cualitativo orientado en investigación participativa basada en comunidad (CBPR) realizado en una comunidad indígena Nasa del sur de Colombia. La recolección e interpretación de información se efectuó con técnicas de la investigación cualitativa: codificación abierta y axial y hasta llegar a la descripción de categorías emergentes. Resultados: Se fortalecieron prácticas ancestrales del sistema alimentario para mejorar el acceso a los alimentos sanos producidos en sus territorios, dentro de las que se destacan: tul (huerta familiar), trueque, mano-cambio, mercado Nasa y recetas tradicionales. Conclusiones: El confinamiento representó una oportunidad para retomar y revitalizar las prácticas alimentarias ancestrales de la comunidad que respondieron a necesidades concretas de salud y de alimentación, fortaleciendo el tejido social y la identidad indígena, acciones que pueden trascender a políticas públicas, planes de vida y aspiraciones de buen vivir.

Abstract Food autonomy allows communities to determine their food practices, starting with agricultural production in their territories, guaranteeing their own economy and harmony with Mother Earth. In this context, the COVID-19 pandemic generated changes in social practices in the communities. indigenous communities, including their food practices. Objective: Describe food autonomy practices revitalized following the COVID-19 confinement in a Nasa indigenous community in southern Colombia. Method: Qualitative study oriented on community-based participatory research (CBPR) carried out in a Nasa indigenous community in southern Colombia. The collection and interpretation of information was carried out with qualitative research techniques: open and axial coding and until reaching the description of emerging categories. Results: Ancestral practices of the food system were strengthened to improve access to healthy foods produced in their territories, among which the following stand out: tul (family garden), barter, hand-exchange, Nasa market and traditional recipes. Conclusions: Confinement represented an opportunity to resume and revitalize the community's ancestral food practices that responded to specific health and food needs, strengthening the social fabric and indigenous identity, actions that can transcend public policies, life plans and aspirations for a good life.

Abstract A autonomia alimentar permite que as comunidades determinem suas práticas alimentares, começando pela produção agrícola em seus territórios, garantindo sua própria economia e harmonia com a Mãe Terra. Nesse contexto, a pandemia da Covid-19 gerou mudanças nas práticas sociais nas comunidades indígenas, incluindo suas práticas alimentares. Objetivo: Descrever as práticas de autonomia alimentar revitalizadas após o confinamento da COVID-19 em uma comunidade indígena Nasa no sul da Colômbia. Método: Estudo qualitativo orientado à pesquisa participativa de base comunitária (CBPR) realizada em uma comunidade indígena Nasa no sul da Colômbia. A coleta e interpretação das informações foram realizadas com técnicas de pesquisa qualitativa: codificação aberta e axial e até chegar à descrição das categorias emergentes. Resultados: As práticas ancestrais do sistema alimentar foram fortalecidas para melhorar o acesso aos alimentos saudáveis produzidos em seus territórios, entre os quais se destacam: tul (horta familiar), escambo, troca de mãos, mercado Nasa e receitas tradicionais. Conclusões: O confinamento representou uma oportunidade para retomar e revitalizar as práticas alimentares ancestrais da comunidade que respondiam às necessidades específicas de saúde e alimentação, fortalecendo o tecido social e a identidade indígena, ações que podem transcender as políticas públicas, os planos de vida e as aspirações por uma vida boa.

Household symptomatic contact screening of sputum smear positive tuberculosis patients at the DOTS clinic of SGT hospital, Gurugram

Background: Contact screening was conducted under ICMR (REFERENCE ID: 2019-07811) programme in villages near SGT hospital, Gurugram. Objective: To evaluate risk factors, extent of spread of tuberculosis among household contacts of tuberculosis cases and to create awareness. Methods and Material: Address of TB cases were taken from RNTCP register at DOTS clinic, SGT medical college. Then all household contacts of positive cases were screened, counselled and advised to approach ASHA Workers if such symptoms appear. Data was analysed using appropriate statistical methods. Results:21 Index cases along with 94 household contacts were screened. 61.90% families still use chullahs for cooking. 76.1% families have overcrowding. 3) 61.90% families had inadequate ventilation 4) 19.05%families were aware about the spread of this disease. 5)Only 23.80% families practised adequate sanitation methods and precautions6) 42.8% Index cases had a history of smoking. 7) 44.4% 4 continue to smoke with infection. The association of adequate sanitation with presence of awareness was found to be statistically significant. (p-value<0.05). Other factors were not significantly associated with level of awareness regarding prevention of tuberculosis spread among study participants. Conclusions: Contact screening is an effective tool and it gives the real-time picture of TB in India.

Calidad de vida y salud en pueblos indígenas amazónicos durante la pandemia COVID-19 / Quality of life and health in Amazonian indigenous peoples during the COVID-19 pandemic / Qualidade de vida e saúde em povos indígenas da Amazônia durante a pandemia de COVID-19

La investigación tuvo como propósito comprender la calidad de vida y salud de las familias pertenecientes a los pueblos indígenas de la amazonia peruana en tiempos de COVID-19. Es una investigación cualitativa con diseño descriptivo fenomenológico, la población en estudio son 47 pueblos indígenas y se tomó muestra a las 16 estudiantes que imparte la educación superior en la Universidad Nacional Intercultural de la Amazonía, el muestreo fue no probabilístico intencional. La técnica para la recolección de datos que ayudó recoger la experiencia vivida es la observación y entrevista, siendo los instrumentos la guía de entrevista y guía de observación para obtener resultados sobre la experiencia vivida en tiempos de pandemia, como resultado la mayor preocupación fue la calidad de vida y la salud sana en la población amazónica, más resalta recuerdos negativos sobre posible contagio, vivir con Covid-19, e incierto sobre post pandemia. En conclusión, la mayoría de personas han experimentado los rezagos de pandemia al contagiarse, porque, generó dolor corporal, miedo, sentimientos bajos, tristeza, soledad, desmotivación, traumas psicológicos, distanciamiento social, contracción de otras enfermedades y muchos cambios en la vida personal y familiar.

The purpose of the research was to understand the quality of life and health of families belonging to the indigenous peoples of the Peruvian Amazon in times of COVID-19. It is qualitative research with a phenomenological descriptive design, the population under study is 47 indigenous peoples and a sample was taken of the 16 students who teach higher education at the National Intercultural University of the Amazon, the sampling was intentional non-probabilistic. The technique for data collection that helped collect the lived experience is observation and interview, the instruments being the interview guide and observation guide to obtain results on the experience lived in times of pandemic, as a result the greatest concern was quality of life and healthy health in the Amazonian population, more highlights negative memories about possible contagion, living with Covid-19, and uncertain about post-pandemic. In conclusion, most people have experienced the lags of the pandemic when infected, because it generated bodily pain, fear, low feelings, sadness, loneliness, demotivation, psychological trauma, social distancing, contraction of other diseases and many changes in personal life. and familiar.

O objetivo da pesquisa foi compreender a qualidade de vida e saúde das famílias pertencentes aos povos indígenas da Amazônia peruana em tempos de COVID-19. Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa com delineamento fenomenológico descritivo, a população em estudo é de 47 povos indígenas e foi retirada uma amostra dos 16 alunos que lecionam no ensino superior da Universidade Nacional Intercultural da Amazônia, a amostragem foi intencional não probabilística. A técnica de coleta de dados que auxiliou na coleta da experiência vivida é a observação e entrevista, sendo os instrumentos o roteiro de entrevista e o guia de observação para obter resultados sobre a experiência vivida em tempos de pandemia, como resultado a maior preocupação foi qualidade de vida e saúde saudável na população amazônica, mais destaca memórias negativas sobre possível contágio, convivendo com a Covid-19 e incertas sobre o pós-pandemia. Concluindo, a maioria das pessoas vivenciou as defasagens da pandemia ao se infectar, pois gerou dores corporais, medo, sentimentos baixos, tristeza, solidão, desmotivação, trauma psicológico, distanciamento social, contração de outras doenças e muitas mudanças na vida pessoal. familiar.

Effect of peer support education on the survival quality of urbanized type 2 diabetes patients in rural areas / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To explore the effect of peer support education on self-management ability and survival quality of urbanized type 2 diabetes patients in rural areas. Methods From January to September 2015, a total of 117 patients with type 2 diabetes were selected from three large-scale living communities of Fengxian District.Then,they were randomly divided into observation group(58 cases)and control group (59 cases) using random number method, respectively. And the same health education contents were conducted for the patients in both two groups.The patients in control group were educated by the diabetic nurse in classroom. Additionally, the peer support education was conducted for these patients in observation group for 6 months on this basis.The diabetes patient's self-management behavior scale and 36-item Short-Form Health Survey Questionnaire(SF-36)were used to assess the patients before intervention and 6 months later,respectively.Besides,the level of glycosylated hemoglobin was measured by the automatic biochemical analyzer. The self- management ability and survival quality and glycometabolism level were assessed as well. Results 6 months later after intervention, the survival quality score in observation group was as following:physical function(PF) 73.6±11.5,role physical(RP) 86.7 ± 14.5, body pain (BP) 76.3 ± 12.3, general health (GH) 64.5 ± 13.6, vitality (VT) 67.5 ± 12.3, social function (SF) 87.1 ± 16.2, role emotional (RE) 81.1 ± 14.2, mental health (MH) 68.9 ± 12.6, while that in control group was as following:physical function(PF)51.3±10.6,role physical(RP)62.1±12.1,body pain (BP)51.3±10.8,general health(GH)51.1±11.6,vitality(VT)56.4±12.1,social function(SF)70.1±14.1, role emotional (RE) 71.2 ± 13.9, mental health (MH) 56.1 ± 10.8 (t=2.316-6.365, P<0.05). The self-management score in observation group was following:diet management 5.79±0.98,exercise management 5.41 ± 0.57, blood glucose monitoring 4.01 ± 0.90, foot care 5.26 ± 0.89, drug administration 4.47 ± 0.90, smoking 0.86 ± 0.34, while that in control group was following: diet management 3.62 ± 0.99, exercise management 3.66 ± 0.94, blood glucose monitoring 1.90 ± 0.84, foot care 2.54 ± 0.62, drug administration 3.73 ± 0.80, smoking 0.76 ± 0.42 (t=4.659-19.137, P of rest was less than 0.01 except that of smoking equaled to 0.172 and t=1.375). Conclusions Peer support education can improve the quality of life, enhance self-management ability, control the level of glucose metabolism and has a strong operability. Therefore,it is worthy of promotion.

Analysis of general survey results of iodine content in drinking water of Shanxi Province / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To understand the distribution of water iodine in the external environment of Shanxi Province, and to provide a basis for redefining and implementation of scientific iodine supplementation in iodine deficiency, iodine adequate or iodine high areas. Methods In 2012 - 2016, administrative villages (neighborhood committees)in 119 counties(cities,districts)in 11 cities of Shanxi Province were selected as the investigation units, and 1 to 5 drinking water samples were collected. Water iodine content was detected using arsenic-cerium catalytic spectrophotometry. Areas standard was designated: water iodine content < 10 μg/L as iodine deficiency areas, > 100 μg/L as iodine high areas. Results A total of 26 213 administrative villages (neighborhood committees) of 1 362 townships (towns) of 119 counties (cities, districts) were surveyed, covering 2 850.94 ten thousand people. A total of 32 766 water samples were collected and the median iodine was 5.2 μg/L. There were 18 199 villages with water iodine < 10 μg/L, accounting for 69.4% (covering 1 812.17 ten thousand people, accounting for 63.6%), 6 471 villages with water iodine 10-<50 μg/L,accounting for 24.7%(covering 787.44 ten thousand people,accounting for 27.6 %),1 166 villages with water iodine 50 - < 100 μg/L,accounting for 4.4% (covering 181.46 ten thousand people, accounting for 6.4%), 377 villages with water iodine ≥100 μg/L, accounting for 1.4%(covering 69.87 ten thousand people, accounting for 2.5%).In 1 362 townships (towns), 71.1% (969)water iodine median was<10 μg/L,24.2%(330)water iodine median was in 10-<50 μg/L,3.4%(46)water iodine median was in 50-<100 μg/L,and 1.2%(17) water iodine median was ≥100 μg/L. In 119 counties(cities,districts),there were 90 counties(accounting for 75.6%) with the water median < 10 μg/L, there were 26 counties (accounting for 21.8%) with the water median 10 - < 50 μg/L. Conclusions Most parts of Shanxi Province(or the resident population) are iodine deficiency areas, the external environment water iodine contents in the rest of the regions are different, we should adopt different iodine supplement or iodine reduction measures in regions with different water iodine levels.

Recursos hídricos: calidad y procesos de gestión en la región pampeana argentina / Water resources: quality and management processes in the pampean region of argentina

El objetivo es analizar la situación de los recursos hídricos subterráneos en un área del sudeste de la región pampeana argentina. A través de estudios de caso, se presenta un diagnóstico de la calidad del agua para consumo humano en dos pueblos rurales de la Provincia de Buenos Aires, mostrando los modos de uso, los procesos de gestión y los impactos potenciales que las transformaciones socioterritoriales por las que atraviesan aquellos pueblos podrían generar sobre los recursos hídricos. Las pequeñas localidades -María Ignacia y Gardey- funcionan como centros que prestan servicios básicos al entorno rural. Investigaciones recientes ponen de manifiesto que los vínculos que mantienen con la ciudad cabecera de Tandil, han activado en ellos un conjunto de transformaciones cuyo origen y dinámica no obedecen únicamente a su rol de prestación de servicios rurales, sino que se entroncan con las demandas de espacios y actores urbanos. La expansión residencial y la presencia de nuevos usos de suelo como los emprendimientos recreativo-turísticos inducen presión sobre los recursos naturales en general, y sobre la disponibilidad y calidad de agua para consumo, en particular, abriendo nuevos desafíos para los procesos de gestión y gobernanza del agua a escala local.

This work is aimed to analyze the groundwater resources in the southeast area of the pampean region in Argentina. A diagnosis of water quality in two rural villages of Buenos Aires province is presented through study cases. This work shows the ways of water use, the management processes and the potential impacts that territorial transformation could cause on water resources. The small rural villages -María Ignacia and Gardey - function as centers which provide basic services to the rural scope. Recent research works demonstrated that the links between these villages and the head city of Tandil have activated a set of territorial transformations whose origin and dynamic are not only related to the role of bringing rural services, but also are based on the demand of urban activities and stakeholders. The residential expansion and the presence of new land uses, as recreational and tourist activities, make pressure on natural resources and also press on water availability and quality for human consumption. These transformations generate new challenges for water management processes and its governance at local scope.

Research on the space environment characteristic and the development of the traditional village in China: Taking Pengzhuang in the northern Jiangsu province as an example

ABSTRACT Traditional villages in the northern Jiangsu province have a local character and history unique artistic style, traditional culture and art Jiangsu indispensable part. How to make achieving sustainable and harmonious for development in rural areas, it is a major problem currently in these places. In this paper, field research and theoretical analysis a multidisciplinary approach, the traditional villages of northern Jiangsu space environment features, including location and spatial pattern are elaborated, analyzed the current conditions of rural development. Then taking Pengzhuang Village in the northern Jiangsu as example, discuss the current situation as well as its architectural characteristics of the space environment group and architectural types. Discussing the necessity of architectural features traditional villages in Northern implementation of conservation is proposed as the main ecological environmental protection and rural development policy space. Beautiful traditional village development should be coordinated development of economic and social environment, especially in the process of our socialist new rural construction, village spatial patterns of Jiangsu for basic research has positive practical value and far-reaching historical significance.

A road to new healthy countryside:Policy design and initial effects of China's healthy rural re-construction / 中国卫生政策研究

Healthy rural reconstruction is a widely explored intervention implemented by China Rural Health Devel-opment Project with the support of the World Bank and UK Department for International Development. By using initial pro-ject baseline data survey, mid-term evaluation and supervision, terminal evaluation of acquired qualitative and quantitative data,this paper analyzes the intervention policy design and initial effects of China's healthy rural reconstruction. With transforming the living environment in rural areas as the starting point, the project has relatively achieved good results, by using different policy measures such as improving the environment, creating a social environment conducive to villagers' health, expanding and providing high-quality health services, foster healthy behaviors and lifestyles, etc. The main results include the expansion of the project to cover 745 administrative villages, the environment of healthy villa-ges is much better than other neighboring villages, villagers' health knowledge has been greatly increased, lifestyle be-haviors of villagers have improved, the attitudes and participation rate of residents in cultural and sports activities have improved, etc. This paper suggests implementing the healthy rural reconstruction nationwide. It is very important to in-tegrate the concept of healthy village throughout the connotation of all kinds of new rural reconstruction, so the concept of health is deeply rooted in rural areas and imperceptibly change people's living behaviors and habits.

Use of Verbal Autopsy as a Proxy to Determine the Possible Cause of Neonatal Deaths.

Introduction: Information on causes of death is extremely important for policy making, planning, monitoring, field research, future management statergies and epidemic awareness. The best method of finding the cause of death is by post mortem examination but since this is difficult, post death analysis by verbal autopsy is a good method to determine the same. Objective: To asses the role of verbal autopsy method in the investigation of neonatal death and to determine the probable, causes of neonatal death. Materials and Methods: A pre-tested questionnaire in Hindi was administered to 50 mothers and/or next of kin or other care givers of the deceased residing in villages around 200 Kms. of Bhopal and in urban slums of Municipal Corporation, Bhopal. Results: 84 % of the total death occurred with in seven days of birth, 88 % of death occurred in villages where health facilities were available. As per verbal autopsy 36 % and 20 % of the infants died because of Birth asphyxia and Respiratory Distress Syndrome respectively and further 2%, 4% and 6% because of neonatal tetanus, hypothermia and other causes respectively. Conclusion: Verbal autopsy could be one of the possible cost effective and a reliable tool for determining the causes of neonatal deaths at present.

Abundance & distribution of muscoid fl ies in tsunami - hit coastal villages of southern India during post-disaster management period.

Background & objectives: In the tsunami (December 2004) affected coastal villages located on southern parts of Coramandel Coast of India, seawater intrusion has created serious problems for the people. In order to assess the risk of outbreak of fl y-borne diseases, a longitudinal study for one year was carried out to investigate muscoid fl y abundance and their distribution in relation to various phases of relief measures in disaster-hit villages. Method: Muscoid fl y density was monitored in devastated human settlements, temporary shelters, garbage dumping yards and open defaecation yards in seawater intrusion and indoors and outdoors of seawater non intrusion areas using scudder grill and sweep net at monthly intervals from February 2005 to January 2006. Results: Muscoid fl y density recorded in the seawater incursion area was signifi cantly higher, compared to that observed in the seawater non incursion area with scudder grill sampling (F= 57.896, df = 1, P<0.01) or sweep net sampling (F= 63.6, df = 1, P<0.01). Fly density in seawater non incursion area was higher during hotter months (June-July 2005) and lower during cooler months. On the contrary, the fl y density in the seawater incursion areas was higher during the cooler months than in hotter months, indicating that the normal trend was upset by the tsunami. Interpretation & conclusion: Seawater incursion, crowding of tsunami victims at relief camps, accumulation of solid waste at centralized relief kitchen and temporary shelters were responsible for the sudden increase in the number of fl ies. However, the post-disaster relief efforts kept the situation under control, without outbreak of any vector-borne diseases.

Controle populacional de cães e gatos em dez Vilas Rurais do Paraná, Brasil / Dog and Cat Population Control in Ten Rural Villages, Parana, Brazil / Control poblacional de perros gatos en diez villas rurales en Paraná, Brasil

Este trabalho teve como objetivo principal o controle da população de CG em Vilas Rurais (VR) do noroeste do Paraná, através da oferta de esterilização cirúrgica e palestras educativas. Os moradores das VR trabalhadas assistiram a uma palestra sobre o controle populacional de cães e gatos e, em seguida, foram convidados a inscrever seus cães e gatos para desverminação e esterilização cirúrgica. As cirurgias foram realizadas por acadêmicos do curso de medicina veterinária supervisionados e o pós-operatório foi acompanhado pelos proprietários. Foram visitadas todas as residências das 10 VR, totalizando 330 moradias, com uma média de 1,6 animal por habitação. Do total de moradias, 67 possuíam pelo menos um animal, das quais participaram voluntariamente 66, atingindo 261 animais esterilizados. Com a elevação do índice de esterilização cirúrgica de 2,9 para 52,9, houve uma alteração na relação proprietário/animal, com aumento da valorização destes por parte de seus donos.

ABSTRACT: This work has as main objective the control of cat and dog population in ten Rural Villages (RV) of northwestern Parana, through surgical sterilization and educative lectures. Dwellers of the selected RV were offered a lecture on populationcontrol of cats and dogs, and were invited to subscribe their animals to deworming and surgical sterilization. The surgeries were performed by the supervised veterinary students and post-surgical care was followed by the owners. All homes within the 10 RV were visited, in a total of 330 households. There was an average of 1.6 pet per home, and 67% of all homes own at least one pet. The voluntary participation reached 66% of the houses which had animals and 261 animals were surgically sterilized, and castration index increased from 2.9% to 52.9%. An alteration in pet/owner relationship was achieved, with an increase in value that owners give their pets.

RESUMEN: Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo principal el control de la población de perros y gatos en 10 VR del noroeste de Paraná, a través de esterilización quirúrgica y conferencias educativas. Los habitantes de las VR trabajadas recibieron una conferencia sobre el control poblacional de perros y gatos y, enseguida, fueron invitados a inscribir sus animales para desparacitación y esterilización quirúrgica. Las cirugías fueron realizadas por estudiantes del curso de medicina veterinaria supervisados y el cuidado postoperatorio fue acompañado por los propietarios. Todas las residencias de las 10 VR fueron visitadas, totalizando 330 residencias. El promedio de animales por residencia fue de 1,6. Del total 67% tenía al menos un animal. La participación voluntaria alcanzó el 66% de las casas que tenían animales y 261 animales fueron esterilizados El índice de esterilización se incrementó de 2,9% para 52,9%. Se logró una alteración en la relación propietario/animal, con aumento de la valorización de estos por parte de sus dueños.

Elderly Women's Health Care Experience at Doctorless Farm Villages / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study investigated elderly women's health care at doctorless farm villages based on information-about the perception and management of their health. METHOD: Grounded theory method as mapped out by Strauss and Corbin-was used to record and transcribe open-ended interviews. The data from these interviews were analyzed. RESULT: We found 18 categories and 28 sub-categories. In data analysis, the core phenomenon was named "movement in pain". Causal condition as essential prerequisites were aging symptoms, bad state of health, comfortable life to live alone, longevity, deficiency of health care resources, and sub-categories of the phenomena revealed acceptance of discomfort, enduring pain, continuity of movability. Elderly women's health-related activities included enduring as it is, movement consciously, applying resources, difficult in using health medical institutions. Family support, economic level, disease condition, support system of community were influenced to their health-related activities. Consequently, the results indicated that they wanted to accept given life, expected easy death, held out remaining life. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that the most important factor of elderly women's health care was "movement in pain". On the basis of this study, we needed to develop diverse nursing implementation plans for maintaining and improving' movability without pain'.

Training for Primary Eye Care in Leprosy

We developed a primary eye care training programme for community-based leprosy control workers. The 20-hour training emphasized the detection and management of lagophthalmos(and its complications) and chronic iridocyclitis. Following training leprosy patients in four resettlement villages were examined independently by the health workers and ophthalmologist. The findings reveal good agreement between most signs(lagophthalmos, acute iridocyclitis, and chronic iridocyclitis). Based on these result, we recommend excluding the detection of abnormal blink pattern from future training programmes and including the detection of posterior synechia.