Virus de la hepatitis E

Resumen El virus de la hepatitis E (VHE) es uno de los principales agentes etiológicos de hepatitis entérica en el mundo. En países en vía de desarrollo, la seroprevalencia oscila entre 20 y 50% y en países desarrollados entre 4,4 y 21%. Clínicamente los casos de infección por VHE en individuos inmunocompetentes cursan como una hepatitis viral aguda auto limitada; por el contrario, en mujeres embarazadas, individuos receptores de trasplantes de órganos e individuos que conviven con el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), la infección puede manifestarse como una hepatitis crónica y grave. En América Latina, sólo Brasil y Argentina reportan cifras en individuos que conviven con el VIH. Se requieren más estudios en nuestra región que permitan determinar la prevalencia del VHE en individuos inmunosuprimidos, donantes de sangre y población general para adoptar medidas que garanticen un diagnóstico oportuno, acceso a la atención y el control de la transmisión.

Abstract The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is one of the main etiological agents of enteric hepatitis in the world. In developing countries its sero-prevalence ranges from 20 to 50% and in developed countries from 4.4% to 21%. Clinically, cases of HEV infection in immunocompetent individuals present as self-limited acute viral hepatitis; conversely, in pregnant women, transplanted individuals, and individuals living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), the infection can manifest as chronic and severe hepatitis. In Latin America, only Brazil and Argentina report figures for individuals living with HIV. More studies are required in our region to determine the prevalence of HEV in immunosuppressed individuals, blood donors, and the general population to adopt measures that guarantee timely diagnosis, access to care, and control of transmission.

Tuberculosis esofágica asociada con inmunosupresión por VIH: reporte de caso / Esophageal tuberculosis associated with HIV immunosuppression: Case report

Resumen Introducción: la tuberculosis es una enfermedad infecciosa que suele afectar a los pulmones y es causada por Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Se transmite de una persona a otra a través de gotículas generadas en el sistema respiratorio de pacientes con enfermedad pulmonar activa. La tuberculosis esofágica es una afección rara (representa solo el 2,8% de todos los casos de tuberculosis gastrointestinal). Por lo general, ocurre como resultado de la diseminación directa desde los ganglios mediastínicos (rara vez desde los pulmones o el torrente sanguíneo). Su diagnóstico definitivo requiere el aislamiento de los bacilos tuberculosos, lo que rara vez se logra en la práctica clínica; aun así, clínicamente los pacientes presentan síntomas de disfagia, odinofagia y adelgazamiento. Caso clínico: se presenta un paciente de 40 años de edad con cuadro clínico de 6 meses de evolución con disfagia progresiva exacerbada a disfagia para líquidos, astenia, adinamia, hiporexia, dolor pleurítico, epigastralgia y tos con expectoración blanquecina; se realizó una endoscopia de vías digestivas altas que mostró una mucosa gravemente inflamada con ulceraciones irregulares de hasta 2 cm de profundidad, lesiones que sugirieron tuberculosis esofágica, confirmada por el estudio histopatológico: esofagitis crónica granulomatosa; por tanto, se inició el tratamiento tetraconjugado: rifampicina, isoniazida, pirazinamida y etambutol. Conclusiones: La tuberculosis con afección del tubo digestivo es una entidad de baja frecuencia; adicionalmente, es importante recordar que la gravedad del cuadro clínico usualmente está relacionada con la coinfección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana (VIH), y que la asociación de ambas patologías es frecuente.

Abstract Introduction: Tuberculosis is an infectious disease that usually affects the lungs and is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It is transmitted from one person to another through droplets generated in the respiratory system of patients with active lung disease. Esophageal tuberculosis is a rare condition (accounting for only 2.8% of all cases of gastrointestinal tuberculosis). It usually occurs as a result of the direct spread from the mediastinal nodes, but rarely from the lungs or bloodstream. Its definitive diagnosis requires the isolation of tuberculous bacilli, which is rarely achieved in clinical practice. However, clinically speaking, patients present with symptoms of dysphagia, odynophagia, and weight loss. Case study: This is the case of a 40-year-old patient with symptoms of 6 months of evolution with progressive dysphagia exacerbated to dysphagia for liquids, asthenia, adynamia, hyporexia, pleuritic pain, epigastric pain, and cough with whitish sputum. An endoscopy of the upper digestive tract was performed, showing severely inflamed mucosa with irregular ulcerations up to 2 cm deep, which suggested esophageal TB. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology, which reported chronic granulomatous esophagitis. Tetraconjugated treatment was initiated, including rifampicin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. Conclusions: Gastrointestinal tuberculosis is a rare entity. It should be noted that the severity of the symptoms is usually associated with HIV co-infection, and their association is a frequent occurrence.

Necrosis retiniana por citomegalovirus: como presentación inicial de un caso de SIDA / Cytomegalovirus retinal necrosis: as initial presentation of AIDS

La retinitis por CMV es la infección ocular oportunista más frecuente en los pacientes con SIDA. La necrosis retiniana aguda suele corresponder a infecciones por VVZ o VHS, y sólo en un pequeño porcentaje de casos es secundaria a infección por CMV. El tratamiento (dosis de mantenimiento) con valganciclovir no descarta completamente la posibilidad de desarrollo de enfermedad por CMV, además que se asocia a otras infecciones oportunistas, en este caso asociado a herpes zoster y molusco contagioso. Presentamos un Caso Clínico de un paciente VIH positivo, sin tratamiento, con necrosis retiniana aguda por CMV del ojo izquierdo como forma inicial de presentación de la etapa de SIDA y retinitis por CMV de su ojo derecho varios meses después, a pesar de estar en tratamiento con valganciclovir a dosis de mantenimiento.(AU)

The CMV retinitis is the most frequent opportunistic eye infection in AIDS patients. Acute retinal necrosis usually corresponds to VZV or HSV infections, and only in a small cases is it secondary to CMV infection. The treatment (maintenance dose) with valganciclovir does not completely rule out the possibility of developing CMV disease, in addition to being associated with other opportunistic infections, in this case associated with herpes zoster and molluscum contagiosum. We present a Clinical Case of an HIV positive patient, without treatment, with acute retinal necrosis due to CMV of the left eye as an initial form of the presentation of the AIDS stage and CMV retinitis of his right eye several months later, despite being treated with valganciclovir at maintenance dose.(AU)

Virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana en la era TARGA. Experiencia en un hospital de referencia / Human immunodeficiency virus in the intensive care unit in the targa era. Experience in a referral hospital

INTRODUCTION: The cause of ICU admission of HIV patients has changed during the HAART era. OBJECTIVE: To analyze HIV + patients admitted in the ICU of a tertiary university hospital, reference in HIV patients, during the HAART era. To describe the epidemiology of the disease in the ICU, cause of admission and comorbidities. Material and METHODS: Descriptive, retrospective study. HIV + patients admitted to the ICU from May 2013 to November 2017. Collected data: HIV diagnosis, HIV related previous illnesses, previous admissions, HBV coinfection, HCV, lymphocytes, CD4, adherence to treatment, cause of admission, microbiological isolation, severity scores (SOFA, SAPS II, APACHE II), mechanical ventilation, vasoactive drugs, albumin, intra ICU mortality). RESULTS: 1,511 patients were analyzed, 27 had previous diagnosis of HIV +, 5 (18.9%) were not adherent to treatment. Cause of admission: 13 patients altered level of consciousness. 7 patients acute respiratory failure. Seven patients shock. DISCUSSION: Patients who were not adherent to treatment or coinfected with HCV-HBV had lower average of CD4, lymphocyte, albumin and hemoglobin values which were associated with higher mortality and need for vasoactive drugs. (p < 0.005). Non treatment adherent HIV patients admitted to the ICU with infection have higher mortality percentages than those who comply with treatment (p < 0.005).

INTRODUCCIÓN: La causa en ingreso en UCI de los pacientes VIH ha cambiado durante la era TARGA. OBJETIVO: Analizar los pacientes VIH+ que ingresan en UCI de un hospital terciario universitario, referencia de pacientes VIH, durante la era TARGA. Describir la epidemiología de la enfermedad en UCI, motivos de ingreso, comorbilidades. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo. Pacientes VIH+ que ingresan en UCI desde mayo de 2013 hasta noviembre de 2017. Se recoge: diagnóstico VIH, enfermedades previas relacionada, ingresos previos, coinfección VHB, VHC, linfocitos, CD4, cumplimiento de tratamiento, causa de ingreso, aislamiento microbiológico, scores de gravedad (SOFA, SAPS II, APACHE II) ventilación mecánica, fármacos vasoactivos, albúmina, mortalidad intra UCI). RESULTADOS: Se analizan 1.511 pacientes, 27 presentan diagnóstico previo VIH+, 5 (18,9%) no eran cumplidores de tratamiento. Causa de ingreso: 13 pacientes con alteración del nivel de conciencia. Siete pacientes con insuficiencia respiratoria aguda. Siete pacientes shock. DISCUSIÓN: Los pacientes no cumplidores o coinfectados con VHC-VHB, presentan valores medios de CD4, linfocitos, albúmina y hemoglobina menores que se asocian a mayor mortalidad y necesidad de fármacos vasoactivos (p < 0,005). Los pacientes VIH no cumplidores que ingresan en UCI con infección, presentan porcentajes de mortalidad mayores que los cumplidores de tratamiento (p < 0,005).

Significados del trabajo en personas que viven con vih / The meaning of work for people living with HIV / Significados do trabalho nas pessoas que vivem com VIH

Resumen Introducción: De los 36 millones de personas que viven con vih en el mundo, el 63 %, aproximadamente, son activas a nivel laboral, pero poco se sabe de los significados que el trabajo representa para ellas. Objetivo: Comprender los significados que el trabajo tiene para un grupo de trabajadores con vih y que viven en la ciudad de Bogotá. Metodología: Estudio de tipo cualitativo, hermenéutico e interpretativo, en el que participaron voluntariamente once trabajadores (seis mujeres y cinco hombres), seleccionados según criterios de pertinencia y adecuación. La muestra se definió por saturación teórica, y la recolección de datos se dio mediante una entrevista semiestructurada. El análisis siguió la técnica hermenéutica propuesta por Diekelman, Allen y Tanner. Resultados: Para los participantes del estudio, el significado del trabajo, cuando se vive con vih, se encuentra sustentado bajo tres categorías: 1) "Empleabilidad, tipo de empleo y manejo de horarios", 2) "Salud, trabajo y vih" y 3) "Entorno social y laboral del vih". Conclusiones: El vih significa una disminución en las posibilidades laborales, que afecta las condiciones extra- e intralaborales del trabajador, principalmente debido al estigma que se impone a la infección, lo cual lleva a acciones de discriminación e influye en las opciones de empleo. Trabajar es un determinante fundamental en el acceso a la salud y, por ende, en su mantenimiento.

Abstract Introduction: Out of the 36 million of people living with hi vworldwide, approximately 63 % are actively working, yet very little is known about the meaning work has for them. Ob jective: To understand the meaning that work has for a group of workers with hiv living in the city of Bogota. Methodolo gy: A qualitative, hermeneutic, interpretive study in which 11 workers (six Women and five men) voluntarily participated, chosen based on relevance and adequacy criteria. The sample was defined by theoretical saturation, and data was collected using a semi-structured interview. This analysis followed the hermeneutic techniques proposed by Diekelman, Allen and Tanner. Results: For the people participating in the study, the meaning of work, when you live with hiv, is supported under three categories: 1) "employability, type of job and schedu les", 2) "health, work and hiv" y 3) "the social and work envi ronment of hiv". Conclusions: Living with hiv means having less work opportunities, and it affects the worker's conditions both in and out of work, mainly because of the stigma surroun ding the infection, which leads to discriminatory actions and influences job opportunities. Working is a fundamental deter minant to have access to healthcare and thus, maintaining it.

Resumo Introdução: Dos 36 milhões de pessoas que vivem com vih neste mundo, o 63 %, aproximadamente, são ativas no nível laboral, porém pouco se sabe dos significados que o trabalho representa para aquelas. Objetivo: Compreender os significa dos que o trabalho tem para o time de trabalhadores com vih e que moram na cidade de Bogotá. Metodologia: Estudo de for mato qualitativo, hermenêutico e interpretativo, no qual par ticiparam voluntariamente onze trabalhadores (seis mulheres e cinco homens), escolhidos segundo critérios de pertinência e adequação. A amostra se definiu por saturação teórica, e a coleta de dados se deu mediante uma entrevista semiestrutu rada. A análise seguiu a técnica hermenêutica proposta pelos Diekelman, Allen e Tanner. Resultantes: Para os participantes do estudo, o significado do trabalho, quando se vive com vih, se encontra suportado sob três categorias: 1) "Empregabilida de, jeito de emprego e uso de horários", 2) "Saúde, trabalho e vih" e 3) "Redor social e laboral do vih". Conclusões: O vih significa uma diminuição nas possibilidades laborais, que afeta as condiciones extra- e intra laborais do laborista, primordial mente devido ao estigma que se impõe contra a infeção, o qual leva a ações de segregação e influem nas opções de emprego. Trabalhar é um determinante fundamental no acesso na saúde e, decorrerá, no seu mantimento.

El papel de las bifidobacterias en el funcionamiento del organismo humano / Role of bifidobacteria in the function of the human body

Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bb12 is a probiotic strain that has received considerable attention from the scientific community. It has tolerance to higher temperatures and lower, acidic pH than other bacteria. When administered for 12 months to infants and children together with S. thermophilus this was associated with lower incidences of acute diarrhea. Studies in different countries and with different experimental designs confirmed these results. It was also shown that its administration did not interfere the growth or the normal weight gain of the children. Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bb12 was associated with decreases of the fecal excretion of rotavirus during episodes of diarrhea, a fact that represents an epidemiological benefit. Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bb12 exerts positive effects on manifestations of atopy/eczema, with decreases of the parameters of inflammation such as CD4 in blood serum and eosinophil protein X in urine. This was associated with changes in the extension and severity of the skin lesions. No modifications of the normal growth parameters were observed when Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis CNCM I-3446 was given. Administration of Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bb12 is associated with higher levels of fecal sIgA and calprotectin, which are considered parameters of immune responses and ofthe capacity to launch inflammatory responses. The statements made by some groups that infants under 4 months of age who are not breastfed should not receive probiotics have weak support if it is considered that maternal milk contains a large number and variety of strains of bacteria which may be considered as probiotics. These may not only protect from acute diarrhea but also from upper respiratory infections. Although cases of septicemia due to probiotic have been reported these represent an infinitely small proportion of the total numbers of consumers. No outbreaks have been reported that would point to invasive properties in a strain. It is not advisable to administer any living bacteria to individuals in shock or with innate or severe defects of immunity. However, carriers of HIV or patients with AIDS benefit from probiotic agents. A study carried out in Chile showed that although without evident clinical benefits L. rhamnosus HN001, significantly increased fecal sIgA as a manifestation of improved mucosal defense in the digestive tract.

Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bb12 es una de las cepaBifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bb12 es una de las cepas probióticas más estudiadas. Posee ventajas que la hacen útil para el uso industrial: tolerancia a ambientes ácidos y a temperaturas superiores a las de los demás probióticos. En un estudio de 12 meses Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bb12 fue administrada por un año asociada con S. thermophilus y se observó que los niños experimentaron menos episodios de diarrea aguda. Estudios con seguimientos de distinta duración y diseño refrendaron estos resultados y su administración no ejercía influencias negativas en el crecimiento. Esta bifido-bacteria inducía disminuciones de la excreción de rotavirus durante episodios de diarrea, lo que disminuye la posibilidad de contagios. Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bb12 ejerce efectos positivos sobre las manifestaciones de atopia como el eccema con el descenso de marcadores de inflamación tales como CD4 en el suero y de la proteína X de los eosinófilos en la orina; y mejorías de las alteraciones de la permeabilidad. Estudios con Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis CNCM I-3446 administrada con ARA y DHA mostraron alteraciones de los parámetros de crecimiento y bioquímicos en lactantes y preescolares en seguimientos entre 14 y 119 días. La administración de Bifidobacterium animalis ssp lactis Bb12 junto con inmunizaciones se asociaba con niveles más elevados de sIgA específica anti-poliovirus y de calprotectina, cuyos niveles estarían asociados con los de esta inmunoglobulina. Se ha sostenido que no existe justificación para administrar probióticos a menores de 4-6 meses no amamantados, el hecho que la leche materna los proporciona en cantidad y variedad apoya las posibles ventajas de su administración. Los probióticos protegerían no sólo de infecciones del tracto gastrointestinal sino también de las respiratorias altas. Hay casos aislados de sepsis en individuos con diversas afecciones, pero la proporción de afectados es mínima. No se han comunicado brotes epidémicos que indicarían cepas probióticas con capacidades invasoras. Probablemente no es aconsejable administrarlos a sujetos en shock o con defectos de la función de barrera intestinal. Los portadores de VIH y los pacientes con SIDA experimentan mejorías al recibir probióticos. En un estudio en Chile se demostró que aunque sin efectos clínicamente evidentes, administrar L. rhamnosus HN001 produjo aumentos del la IgA secretoria fecal, que representa un aumento de las defensas del tubo digestivo.

Coinfección VIH-hepatitis B y C en la provincia de Cienfuegos / HIV/hepatitis B and C co-infection in Cienfuegos province

Objetivo: identificar la prevalencia de la infección por los virus de la hepatitis B (VHB) y C (VHC) en individuos infectados por VIH en la provincia de Cienfuegos. Métodos: se realizó un estudio de corte transversal hasta el mes del abril de 2005 y se analizaron variables clínicas y el recuento de linfocitos TCD4+ (LTCD4+). Resultados: la prevalencia de la infección por el VHB resultó 14,4 por ciento y por el VHC 20 por ciento. La frecuencia del SIDA fue superior en los pacientes con hepatitis B (77,8 por ciento) respecto a los infectados por el VHC (28,6 por ciento). El porcentaje de casos con menos de 500 LTCD4+ resultó superior en los coinfectados por el VHC (57,4 por ciento); 4 enfermos (14,8 por ciento) tenían realizado estudio histológico hepático. Conclusión: la coinfección de los VHB/VHC y el VIH es un problema frecuente en la provincia, sin embargo, se desconocen aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos que ameritan nuevos estudios.

Objective: To identify the prevalence of hepatitis B and C virus infections (HVB) and (HVC) in individuals infected by HIV in Cienfuegos province. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed till April 2005 in which clinical variables and TCD4+ lymphocyte count were analyzed. Results: the prevalence of HVB infection was 14,4 percent and of HVC was 20 percent. AIDS frequency was higher in patients suffering from hepatitis B (77,8 percent) than in those with hepatitis C (28,6 percent). Percentage of cases under 500 TCD4+ count was higher in patients coinfested with HVC (57,4 percent); also 4 patients (14,8 percent) had been performed a hepatic histological study. Conclusion: HVB/HVC co-infection and HIV is a common problem in the province; however, clinical and epidemiological aspects that are yet unknown call for new studies.

Evaluación de la depresión, ansiedad e ira en pacientes con VIH/SIDA

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Summary Introduction. HIV infection is a chronic-character illness which implies a high level of uncertainty for patients. Indeed, HIV infection involves confronting an illness surrounded by social stigma and refusal. There following are some of the situations that suppose big emotional repercussions: When an individual does not know whether he/she is infected, when he/she receives HIV diagnosis, or when he/she must say to other people that he/ she is HIV positive. The emotional effects are depression, anxiety, and anger, which are frecuent emotional reactions among HIV infected patients. These reactions disappear when the patient adapts to his/her condition of HIV infected. Likewise, the uncertainty that produces HIV infection is related both to high levels of anxiety and depression because patients do not know how their infection will evolve. Anger and depression constitute other emotional factors related to a faster evolution of HIV infection. In addition to that, depression has effects over the fullfillment of the HIV infection treatment guidelines. Considering the importance of emotional aspects in HIV infection, this research's aims were to verify the differences in the sample of patients with HIV that has been evaluated regarding characteristics of depression, state of anxiety, state of anger, trait of anger, and expression of anger according to gender, stage of HIV infection, CD4 cells, viral load, transmission way, and the presence of lipodystrophy. Another aim was to verify if there were any differences between the sample of persons with HIV/AIDS that has been evaluated and the normative group in symptoms of depression, state of anxiety, state of anger, trait of anger, and expression of anger. Method. In the present research paticipated 100 HIV/AIDS-infected patients; 37 of them were women and 63 were men. The patients attended medical visits in different hospitals of Andalusia (Spain). The age rank of these patients was between 18 and 70 years. The average age was 39.55 years and the standard deviation was 7.49. The instruments used for the assessment were the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the subscale of state of anxiety of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI-2). The data were collected in three hospitals of the Andalusian region by the same investigator and the confidentiality of the data was guaranteed. Another information collected were clinical data of the patients from the case histories. The statistic program SPSS 11.0 was used for the analysis of the data. This study has an ex post facto retrospective design. Results. The results showed statistically significant differences in state of anxiety according to the viral load and lipodystrophy, with higher levels of state of anxiety in the group that had a halfway point in viral load and in the group that did not show lypodistrophy. On the other hand, there were statistically significant differences in the state of anger according to the stage of HIV infection, with higher levels of anger in the group that was in the symptomatic stage of HIV infection. In this study it has been found that most men with HIV/AIDS showed symptoms of depression that were between slight, moderate, and severe depression. In contrast, a big part of the group of women did not show characteristics of depression. With regard to anxiety, an important proportion of men showed a state of anxiety, while women did not show it in most cases. Most men and women presented a low level of state of anger. In the variable trait of anger, it has been found that approximately half of the men was in the normal rank. In the group of women, the majority was in the normal rank of trait of anger too. Finally, with regard to expression of anger, more of a third of the men and women with HIV/AIDS did not express anger. Discussion. The stage of the HIV infection could be a factor that explains the high presence of characteristics of depression in men. Women could have better ways to confront the illness than men. The high levels of depression symptoms and anxiety in the group of men could be explained by the ignorance about how the infection will evolve. Other results indicated that patients infected by heterosexual relationships showed higher anxiety than patients infected by the intravenous use of drugs. This fact could be explained by a higher presence of cognitions related to the evolution of the HIV infection or risk behaviors in people who were infected by heterosexual intercourse. Patients with a halfway point in viral load showed higher levels of state of anxiety and state of anger than patients with low viral load, because people with halfway point in viral load were more aware of the deterioration produced by the HIV infection and they did not assume it. The stage of HIV infection could be a factor that explains the higher levels of state of anger in patients in the symptomatic stage. The presence of lipodystrophy implies a deterioration of corporal image in patients that suffer this syndrome. It has been found that patients who did not have lipodystrophy showed higher levels of state of anxiety than the patients with lipodystrophy. This result is incongruent with other studies that have been made. It is suggested that this is an effect of a small sample. However, two explanations can be advanced about this result. On the one hand, lipodystrophy has nowadays a subjective diagnosis, and it could be the case that many patients' lipodystrophy has not being diagnosed, when they actually have the syndrome. On the other, it has been observed that there are delays when the data related to lipodystrophy must be gathered in case histories and thus it is not known if a patient endures lipodystrophy exactly. It could be the case that a patient suffers lipodystrophy and this fact does not appear in the case history. Considering that depression and anxiety are frequent disorders in patients with HIV/AIDS and that these factors influence the immune system, the results obtained could be used for the design of intervention programs whose aims would be the assessment and the intervention of depression and anxiety. Some aspects which would be important to assess in future researches with HIV/AIDS patients are social support, levels of perceived stigma, and the perception of health control.