Objective structured viva voce examination versus traditional viva voce examination - Comparison and students’ perception as assessment methods in pharmacology among second M.B.B.S students

Background: Viva voce examination is an integral part of our assessment system. The traditional viva examination can be unstructured one. It is, therefore, essential to explore new assessment methods, which are objective, reliable, and valid. Aim and Objectives: The aim of the study was (1) to compare objective structured viva voce examination (OSVVE) with traditional viva voce examination (TVVE) as assessment methods and (2). to study the perception of students’ regarding objective structured viva examination as a tool of assessment. Material and Methods: Quasi-experimental education project, to compare OSVVE with traditional viva voce. Two viva sessions conducted; course content for both the sessions was different. Marks allotted for both the viva voce was 10. Students assigned to four groups. For OSVVE, two sets of questionnaires were prepared for two sessions, each having ten questions with increasing difficulty levels and validated by subject experts; 10 min allotted for each student. Feedback of students at the end of both viva sessions obtained about the OSVVE. Statistical analysis: Non-parametric test Wilcoxon signed-rank test and paired sample t-test. Results: There was significant difference observed between marks obtained in both the formats. Majority of students strongly agree and agree with OSVVE in terms of easy to understand questions (95%), well organized system (90%), time allotted was adequate (82.5%), and cover most of topics (77.5%). While 62% of the students responded that, it will be included in formative assessment. Conclusions: The study showed positive perception toward OSVVE in terms of its acceptability as an assessment tool.

The analyst's vitalizing function and the living word in the analysis room: from Thomas Ogden / A função vitalizadora do analista e a palavra viva na sala de análise: reflexões a partir de thomas ogden

RESUMO: O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar algumas ideias de Thomas Ogden sobre a importância dada aos sentimentos de vitalidade e desvitalização, como medida fundamental para o entendimento do que ocorre no processo analítico. Com o uso de duas vinhetas clínicas de uma das autoras, pretendeu-se a articulação com as ideias de Ogden, destacando-se o encaminhamento para um encontro vitalizado entre analista e paciente por meio de uma linguagem viva, visando a busca da verdade emocional conectada à vitalidade da sessão.

Abstract: This article aims to present some ideas by Thomas Ogden on the importance given to feelings of vitality and devitalization, as a fundamental measure for understanding what happens in the analytical process. With the use of two clinical vignettes by one of the authors, the intention was to articulate with Ogden's ideas, highlighting the referral to a vitalized encounter between the analyst and the patient through a living language, aiming at the search for connected emotional truth to the vitality of the session.

Los microbios de Linneo / Linnaeus' microbes

Resumen Uno de los grandes genios de la biología fue el médico sueco Carlos Linneo (1707-1778). Se lo denominó princeps botanicorum por su gran aporte a la clasificación de las plantas. Sin embargo, su fama imperecedera se debe a su obra Systema Naturae en que crea un sistema taxonómico binomial para clasificar a todos los seres vivos y no vivos en tres reinos: el reino mineral, el reino vegetal y el reino animal. En su esquema taxonómico, los animalículos o microorganismos descubiertos por el sabio neerlandés Antoine van Leeuwenhoek en 1676, fueron clasificados tentativamente en el reino animal, dentro de la clase Vermes o Gusanos. La idea de que estos animalitos fueran la causa de las enfermedades infecciosas fue planteada por Linneo y desarrollada en profundidad por Johannes C. Nyander y Johannes Carolus Roos, dos de sus discípulos, quienes publicaron esta idea en sus tesis Exanthemata viva en 1757 y Mundus invisibilis en 1767, respectivamente.

Abstract One of the great geniuses of biology was the Swedish physician Carlos Linnaeus (1707-1778). He was called princeps botanicorum for his great contribution to the classification of plants. However, his undying fame is due to his work Systema Naturae in which he creates a binomial taxonomic system to classify all living and non-living beings into three kingdoms: the mineral kingdom, the plant kingdom and the animal kingdom. In his taxonomic scheme, the animalicles or microorganisms discovered by the Dutch scholar Antoine van Leeuwenhoek in 1676, were tentatively classified in the animal kingdom, within the class Vermes or Worms. The idea that these little animals were the cause of infectious diseases was imagined by Linnaeus and developed in depth by Johannes C. Nyander and Johannes Carolus Roos, two of his disciples, who published this idea in their theses Exanthemata viva in 1757 and Mundus invisibilis in 1767, respectively.

Comparison of Objectively Structured Viva Voce and Modified Objectively Structured Viva Voce as Assessment Tool during Formative and Summative Examination in Dentistry

Assessment is an essential part of any curriculum, including that of dentistry. Assessment of knowledge is currently done through examination and thus examination is an inherent part. Examination and assessment of knowledge is done so as to promote the students to the next level. Currently, two types of methods are used for the assessment and performance of students, subjective and objective. Recently objective methods are preferred over 24 subjective methods. Student’s performance can be accessed via relevant feedback. During summative examinations at the end of course, the assessment now has been supplemented by the formative ones. The skill assessment is subjective in nature as well as lacks possibility for direct assessment of the presentation of skills by the evaluator. METHODS50 students from I BDS class, were selected randomly. These students were subjected to conventional OSVV in the subject of dental anatomy and dental histology. The viva voce was taken using predesigned templates having 10 questions with various difficulty levels - easy, difficult and very difficult. The questions were from must know, desirable to know as well as nice to know areas. Same students were subjected to modified OSVV with prior consent and after IEC clearance was obtained. The scores were obtained from the students after viva voce with modified templates and modified difficulty levels. The study was done during second PCT as well as preliminary examinations. The scores were compared. RESULTSThere were 5 students who scored high in modified OSVV pattern during formative (II PCT) and 6 students who scored high during summative (preliminary) examinations. There was no significant difference in the mean scores between the two methods. CONCLUSIONSStudents who scored high marks when subjected to the modified OSVV were rapid learners and modified pattern of OSVV can be useful to improve the score of students.

Being Evaluator of Peer in Physiology Practical - Does it Improve Academic Performance of Students? – A Pilot Study

Introduction: In Physiology practical examination, studentsoften don’t realize what is lacking in their answers. Thispilot study makes students, the evaluator for their own peers,with guidance of key, helping them realize shortcomings inanswers of peers and in the process help to improve their ownperformance.Material and methods: Consenting first MBBS students atGovernment T.D. Medical College, Alappuzha, attended thequestionnaire based sessions; 3 Pretests each for Haematologyand Clinical experiments. Ten questions were answered aspretest by students, key discussed by investigator, alongsidestudents evaluated answer papers of their peers, later evaluatedby teacher also. Post tests were conducted and evaluated byteacher alone.Results: The average Pretest scores of students remainedsignificantly higher than teacher, in spite of guidance usingprovided key with marks distribution (Paired t test, p<0.001). Different students had attended different sessions socomparisons for improvement from Pre test to Post test wereinconclusive. Depending on session attended by student,either initial (end of section) or later (end of study) Post testor average of both was taken as Post test score. This whencompared with Pretest score of Teacher/ Student, showed nosignificant improvement.Conclusion: Peer evaluation scores by student are higher,though under guidance. As same students did not attend allthe successive pretest sessions, actual comparisons wereinconclusive and the expected improvement was not seenin post test scores. So before and after comparison for eachsession, is recommended to pursue actual improvements insuch educational studies involving peer assisted learning.

Regressão à dependência e o brincar: novos sentidos da transferência em Winnicott / Regression to dependency and play: new meanings of transference in Winnicott

O texto reflete sobre o significado da transferência para Winnicott. Apoiado num caso, o texto busca articular esse conceito aos de regressão à dependência, brincar e presença viva do analista como suportes da análise.

The text reflects on the meaning of the transference to Winnicott. Supported in one case, the text seeks to articulate this concept with those of regression to dependency, play and the analyst's living presence as support for analysis.

Competency based assessment in pharmacology: implications of changed recommendations in viva voce and internal assessment

The competency based assessment (CBA) is an integral part of competency based medical education (CBME). It is important to discern the similarities and differences between CBME and traditional curriculum for developing effective implementation schedules and to identify opportunities for best use of the CBA in pharmacology training. CBA relies on assessment of core competencies and attitudes. The viva marks, to be decided at university level, are excluded from theory marks. An advantage of CBA is early entry of failed students into next phase of study. The areas of concern are, viva marks are included in practical marks further reducing ratio of practical to theory marks despite increase in total marks, and non-contribution of internal assessment marks to university marks for rank or grades. Multiple assessments using multiple tools in limited duration of 11 months would pose logistic problems and would require concerted efforts of faculty members for accomplishment.

Pathogenic potential of Brucella ovis field isolates with different genotypic profile and protection provided by the vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA against B. ovis field isolates in mice / Vacina viva atenuada Brucella ovis Δ abcBA encapsulada protege camundongos frente a desafios de B. ovis isoladas de campo

Brucella ovis causes economic and reproductive losses in sheep herds. The goal of this study was to characterize infection with B. ovis field isolates in a murine model, and to evaluate protection induced by the candidate vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA in mice challenged with these field isolates. B. ovis field strains were able to colonize and cause lesions in the liver and spleen of infected mice. After an initial screening, two strains were selected for further characterization (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266 L). Both strains had in vitro growth kinetics that was similar to that of the reference strain B. ovis ATCC 25840. Vaccination with B. ovis ΔabcBA encapsulated with 1% alginate was protective against the challenge with field strains, with the following protection indexes: 0.751, 1.736, and 2.746, for mice challenged with B. ovis ATCC25840, B. ovis 94 AV, and B. ovis 266 L, respectively. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that B. ovis field strains were capable of infecting and inducing lesions in experimentally infected mice. The attenuated vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA induced protection in mice challenged with different B. ovis field isolates, resulting in higher protection indexes against more pathogenic strains.(AU)

Brucella ovis é responsável por perdas econômicas e reprodutivas em rebanhos ovinos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a infecção com as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis em modelo murino e avaliar a eficiência vacinal da mutante B. ovis ΔabcAB para proteção contra desafio com as cepas isoladas de campo. Foram utilizadas sete cepas isoladas de campo foram capazes de colonizar e provocar lesões no fígado e no baço de camundongos após sete dias pós-infecção. Após triagem, duas cepas foram selecionadas para a melhor caracterização (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266L). Ambas apresentaram crescimento em placa de cultivo semelhante ao da cepa de referência B. ovis ATCC 25840. A vacinação com a cepa de Brucella ovis ΔabcBA encapsulada com alginato a 1% foi capaz de proteger camundongos desafiados com as cepas isoladas de campo, com os seguintes índices de proteção: 0,751, 1,736 e 2,746, para camundongos desafiados com B. ovis ATCC 25840, B. ovis 94 AV e B. ovis 266 L, respectivamente. Estes resultados demonstraram que as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis são capazes de infectar e induzir lesão em camundongos experimentalmente infectados. O uso da cepa mutante atenuada B. ovis ΔabcBA para vacinação de fêmeas C57BL/6 desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis induziu proteção nos camundongos desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis. Deste modo, mostrando-se eficiente na proteção das cepas de campo de B. ovis.(AU)

Evaluación del periodo de llenado y evacuación intestinal de Brachionus calyciflorus alimentado con Chlorella sp / Evaluation of the period of filling and intestinal evacuation of Brachionus calyciflorus fed on Chlorella sp / Avaliação do período de enchimento e evacuação intestinal de Brachionus calyciflorus (Rotifera: Brachionidae) alimentado com Chlorella sp

Resumen Con el fin de determinar la viabilidad del rotífero de agua dulce Brachionus calyciflorus utilizado como alimento vivo en la fase de larvicultura de especies ícticas, se evaluó el periodo cronológico de llenado y evacuación intestinal, mediante la alimentación con diferentes concentraciones de microalga Chlorella sp. en estado condensado. Los tratamientos fueron, T1: 1,2×106 células/mL, T2: 5,2×106 células/mL, T3: 10,4×106 células/mL y T4: 15,4×106 células/mL, en una densidad de 40 rotíferos/mL para cada tratamiento. Se realizó análisis de imagen, se aplicó una prueba de varianza ANOVA y test múltiple de Tukey a los resultados donde se establecieron diferencias significativas entre los tratamientos (P≤0.05); las variables analizadas fueron: volumen del cuerpo, volumen del intestino, volumen intestinal expresado en porcentaje y tiempo de tránsito intestinal. Para el análisis morfométrico el rango de volumen del cuerpo fue de 0,7×106µm3a 2,6 ×106µm3. El tiempo mínimo de llenado y evacuación fue de 60 minutos. Los porcentajes intestinales en su máxima repleción para cada tratamiento fueron T1: 5,55%, T2:8,62% T3:10,53% y T4: 8,08%, en consecuencia, el tiempo idóneo para suministrar el rotífero B. calyciflorus como alimento vivo en larvicultura, es de 105 - 225 minutos, después de iniciado la ingesta de la microalga.

Abstract In order to determine the viability of the freshwater rotiferBrachionus calyciflorusused as alive food in the phase of larviculture of ictic species,there was evaluated the chronological period of filling and intestinal evacuation, by means of the supply with different concentrations of microalgae Chlorella sp. in condensed condition. The treatments were, T1: 1.2 × 106 cells / mL, T2: 5.2 × 106 cells / mL, T3: 10.4 × 106 cells / mL and T4: 15.4 × 106 cells / mL, all of them with a density of 40 for each treatment. Analysis of image was realized, and it was applied a test of variance ANOVA and Tukey›s multiple test to the results where significant differences between the treatments were established (P≤0.05); the variables analyzed were: volume of body, bowel volume, intestinal volume expressed in percentage and intestinal transit time. For morphometric analysis, the volume rank of the body was of 0,7×106 µm3 to 2,6 ×106 µm3. The minimum filling and evacuation time were 60 minutes. The intestinal percentages in their maximum repletion for each treatment were T1: 5.55%, T2: 8.62% T3: 10.53% and T4: 8.08%, consequently, the suitable time to supply the rotiferB. Calyciflorusas alive food in larviculture it is of 105 - 225 minutes, after initiated the ingestion of the microalgae.

Resumo A fim de determinar a viabilidade do rotífero de água doce Brachionus calyciflorus utilizado como alimento vivo na fase de larvicultura, foi avaliado o período cronológico de enchimento e evacuação intestinal através da alimentação com diferentes concentrações de microalga Chlorella sp. em estado condensado. Os tratamentos foram, T1: 1,2×106 células/mL, T2: 5,2×106 células/mL, T3: 10,4×106 células/mL e T4: 15,4×106 células/mL, numa densidade de 40 rotíferos/mL para cada tratamento. Foi realizado um analise de imagem e aplicado um teste de variância ANOVA e o teste múltiplo de Tukey aos resultados dos tratamentos onde foram estabelecidas diferenças significativas (P≤0.05); as variáveis analisadas foram: volume corporal, volume intestinal, volume intestinal expresso em porcentagem e tempo de trânsito intestinal. Para a análise morfométrica, a faixa de volume corporal foi de 0,7×106 µm3 a 2,6 ×106 µm3. O tempo mínimo de enchimento e evacuação foi de 60 minutos. As porcentagens intestinais em sua repleção máxima para cada tratamento foram T1: 5,55%, T2: 8,62% T3: 10,53% e T4: 8,08%. Em consequência, o tempo ideal para fornecer o rotífero B. calyciflorus como alimento vivo na larvicultura é de 105 - 225 minutos, após o início da ingesta da microalga.

A comparative evaluation of structured and unstructured forms of viva voce for internal assessment of undergraduate students in Pharmacology

Background: The study was designed to identify value of structured viva (SV) as an assessment tool, to ascertain its correlation with unstructured viva (UV) and to find relationship between viva and theory examination results.Methods: This prospective and observational study was conducted on a total of 135 students of the 2nd professional MBBS. All students faced two viva sessions (SV and UV), each of 10 marks on same topics in general pharmacology and autonomic nervous system. Time limit per student was 10 minutes. SV was conducted on pre-validated, standardized cards (n=40) with 5 questions in each card and 0.5 marks of each question. By draw of lots to be performed by students themselves, each student was given 4 cards. One week prior to the viva, the theory examination of 40 marks on same topics was conducted.Results: The mean marks of all students in SV (3.46�44) were significantly lower (P <0.0001) than those of UV (4.61�02). There was significant less deviation of mean marks in all groups of SV (P <0.05). The mean percentage marks of SV (34.63�.37%) had similarities with results of theory examination (34.67�.49%) (P=0.9720), while the difference between mean percentage marks of UV (46.15�.19%) and theory was statistically highly significant (P <0.0001).Conclusions: SV increases objectivity and reduces subjectivity as compared to UV because of similar pattern of questions, difficulty levels and standardised scoring system. SV provides an opportunity to measure how well students can apply knowledge. Thus, SV can be used for formative and summative assessment.

" A la conquista de la opinión pública! ": eugenesia latina a través de la revista Viva Cien Años, Argentina, 1934-1947 / " Conquer public opinion!: " Latin American eugenics as seen in the magazine Viva Cien Años, Argentina, 1934-1947

Resumen La eugenesia como disciplina desembarcó en Argentina a principios del siglo XX. Contó con una amplia recepción entre intelectuales y profesionales de la salud, en medio de una serie de acciones tendientes a fortalecer redes tanto dentro del mundo académico como político. Entre las iniciativas surge, en 1934, la revista Viva Cien Años, como una publicación de carácter científico y popular, en intenciones. Este artículo presenta las posibilidades del corpus documental referido a la revista, publicada en Argentina hasta 1947. El eje central propone vincular la aparición de la publicación con la impronta de la eugenesia de los años 1930 en la Argentina y las estrategias tendientes a la conquista de la opinión pública.

Abstract Eugenics arrived in Argentina as a discipline at the beginning of the twentieth century. It was widely embraced by intellectuals and healthcare professionals, in the midst of a series of actions undertaken to strengthen networks within the academic and political worlds. One of those initiatives was the magazine Viva Cien Años, founded in 1934 as a popular science publication. This article presents the possibilities of the body of documentation relating to the magazine, which was published in Argentina until 1947. The central thesis argues that the appearance of this publication shows the impact of eugenics in the 1930s in Argentina, and its strategies for conquering public opinion.

Sobre A história dos ossos: uma história de desenlutamento / On The history of the bones: a tale of unmourning / Sobre La historia de los huesos: una historia de desenlutamiento / Sur L'histoire des os: une histoire de désendeuillement

Desenlutamento é um conceito apresentado por Jean-Claude Rolland, em conferência na Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise de São Paulo em agosto de 2017. Enlutamento e desenlutamento, segundo Rolland, são neologismos que permitem explorar o processo desde a introjeção do objeto que organizou a melancolia até o trabalho de luto que desligará a libido. O trabalho de enlutamento melancólico "conserva" o objeto e investe a dor como equivalente a uma libido do objeto, a dor tornando-se o substituto do objeto que a gerou, tendo como primeiro efeito uma grande restrição da subjetividade. O desenlutamento dá continuidade ao trabalho de luto e desfaz a condensação melancólica do sujeito com o objeto ao criar entre eles uma interlocução. No presente texto a autora tece articulações entre estas formulações e a novela A história dos ossos, de Alberto Martins, cujo enredo versa sobre o filho lidando com a perda do pai.

Unmourning is a concept that was introduced by Jean-Claude Rolland during the Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise (Brazilian Psychoanalysis Society) Conference in São Paulo in August, 2017. According to Rolland, mourning and the unmourning are recently coined terms that explore the process from the introduction of the object that organized the melancholy up to the work of mourning that will turn off the libido. The work of melancholic mourning "preserves" the object and employs pain as an equivalent of the object's libido, where the pain becomes a substitute of the object which caused it, having a significant restriction of subjectivity as its first effect. The unmourning allows the work of mourning to be continued and undoes the melancholic condensation of the subject with the object by establishing a dialog between them. In the present paper, the author articulates insights between these formulations and A história dos ossos (The history of the bones), novel written by Alberto Martins, in which a son is dealing with the loss of his father.

Desenlutamiento es un concepto presentado por Jean-Claude Rolland en una conferencia impartida en la Sociedad Brasileña de Psicoanálisis de São Paulo, en agosto de 2017. Los términos enlutamiento y desenlutamiento, según Rolland, son neologismos que permiten explorar el proceso desde la introyección del objeto que organizó la melancolía hasta el trabajo de duelo que desligará la libido. El trabajo de enlutamiento melancólico "conserva" el objeto e inviste el dolor como equivalente a una libido del objeto, convirtiéndose el dolor en el substituto del objeto que lo generó y teniendo como primer efecto una gran restricción de la subjetividad. El desenlutamiento da continuidad al trabajo de duelo y deshace la condensación melancólica del sujeto con el objeto al crear una interlocución entre ellos. En el presente texto, la autora teje articulaciones entre estas formulaciones y la novela de Alberto Martins, A história dos ossos (La historia de los huesos), cuya trama versa sobre un hijo que lidia con la pérdida de su padre.

Le désendeuillement est un concept présenté par Jean-Claude Rolland, à l'occasion d'une Conférence de la Sociedade Brasileira de Psicanálise de São Paulo (Société Brésilienne de Psychanalyse de São Paulo), en août 2017. Endeuillement et désendeuillement, selon Rolland, sont des néologismes qui permettent d'apprendre le processus qui s'étend depuis l'introjection de l'objet qui organise la mélancolie jusqu'au travail de deuil qui éteindra la libido. Le travail d'endeuillement mélancolique "conserve" l'objet et investit la douleur comme équivalente à une libido de l'objet, la douleur devenant le substitut de l'objet qui l'a générée, en ayant comme premier effet une grande restriction de la subjectivité. Le désendeuillement continue le travail de deuil et défait la condensation mélancolique du sujet comme objet en créant un dialogue entre eux. Dans ce texte-ci, l'auteur tisse des liaisons entre ces formulations et A história dos ossos (l'histoire des os), nouvelle d'Alberto Martins, dont l'intrigue repose sur le fils qui gère la perte du père.

Sobre a história viva do Instituto de Medicina Social / On the living history of the Institute of Social Medicine

Fruto de uma pesquisa de corpo no Instituto de Medicina Social, esta tese trata de uma performance analítica sobre a trajetória daquela instituição. Está expressada nela o cotidiano institucional, o passado e o futuro que o atravessam e que pude colecionar. Tem como "base empírica" a experiência de um corpo em contato com memórias e imagens performadas. Um corpo que teve acesso à história viva de uma comunidade afetiva. Sendo uma performance composta por diferentes performances, aposta na fusão de formas literárias como possibilidade de permitir o acesso a quem a lê àquele cotidiano institucional. Ao longo dela, estão registros produzidos por um corpo que é produto daquele espaço e tempo, daquele coletivo, e o produz. A tese tem duas aberturas e pode ter os capítulos lidos na ordem corrente das folhas ou no inverso. Para quem parte da abertura, que é a introdução, será apresentado ao Instituto através de uma visitante misteriosa, a mulher. Após a ambientação física e cotidiana, há um capítulo que é de ambientação à tese e às perspectivas ético-política-epistemológica-estéticas do corpo que a produz. A seguir, um capítulo sobre as imagens perseguidas nas cinco décadas de instituição, os sonhos diurnos que a construíram. A esse, segue o capítulo de integração desta performance analítica, que tem a ambivalência como elemento estruturante. Silvia Cusicanqui, nele, nos oferece categorias para ler o mundo de outra maneira. Sobre o mote da ambivalência, o capítulo seguinte trata do elemento pertencido que decide confrontar o elemento estranho ao Instituto; o corpo no qual se produz o confronto, tenta traduzi-lo na forma de uma auto entrevista. O último capítulo é de encerramento que pode ser abertura, para quem vier na ordem inversa dos capítulos. Aqueles que a lerem, encontrarão afetos, ambivalência, desejo, imagens, performances, espaço e tempo produzidos e produtores, corpos e coletivos em movimento. Encontrarão algo sobre a história viva do Instituto de Medicina Social

As a result of a body research conducted at the Institute of Social Medicine, this thesis delves into the analytical performance of the Institute's own trajectory. It encompasses the daily life of the Institute, its past and future, and whatever else that I was able to assemble. Its "empirical base" is the experience of a body in touch with memories and performed images. A body that had access to the living history of an affective community. Being the performance an ensemble of different performances, it gambles on the fusion of literary forms as a mean to enable the access to those who reads the Institution's daily life. Throughout this performance, there are records by a body that is the very product and also the producer of that space and time and the collectiveness as well. This thesis has two starting points: it can either be read following the natural flow of its chapters or in reverse. For those who wish to start from the opening, which is the introduction, will be presented to the Institute by a mysterious visitor, the woman. Following the backdrop of the physical and daily settings, there is a chapter that corresponds to the general ambiance of the thesis, contextualising the ethical-political-epistemological-aesthetic perspectives of the body that produces it. The following chapter is around the images that were persecuted during the five decades of the Institution and the daydream that constructed and keep on constructing it. This is followed by the subsequent chapter concerning the integration of this analytic performance, which has ambivalence as its core structural element. In this section, Silvia Cusicanqui presents categories to support reading the world in another way. Under the same ambivalent premise, the succeeding chapter deals with the very element that confronts the alien one to the Institute; the body in which the confrontation takes place tries to translate it into the form of a self-interview. The last chapter is of closure, but also of opening for those who began reading backwards from the last chapter. Those who read this research will find affections, ambivalence, desire, images, performances, space and time produced and producers, bodies and the collectiveness in motion. One will find something about the very living history of the Institute of Social Medicine

Protection of chickens against fowl typhoid using field vaccine programs formulated with the live attenuated strain Salmonella Gallinarum ΔcobSΔcbiA / Proteção de aves contra o tifo aviário utilizando a cepa atenuada Salmonella Gallinarum ΔcobSΔcbiA em diferentes programas vacinais de campo

Salmonella enterica serovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (SG) is a host-specific bacteria that causes the fowl typhoid (FT). This disease is highly pathogenic to commercial chickens, specially brown layers and breeders, causing acute septicemia followed by high morbidity and mortality. Vaccination is extensively adopted in the fields as a biosafety tool for prevention of isolated infections and outbreaks in commercial poultry flocks. The present study evaluated the use of an attenuated SG with deletions on genes cobS and cbiA (SGΔcobSΔcbiA) as a live vaccine, using vaccination schemes adjusted for field conditions. To this end, brown layers were used in two different experiments, to evaluate the long-term protection, necessary in the fields. The vaccination scheme on the first experiment consisted of two doses, the first at 4 th week-of-age and the booster dose at 8 th week-of-age with challenge at 16 th week-of-age with wild SG strain. On the second experiment, the vaccination was carried out by different routes using three doses of the live vaccine, at 4 th , 8 th and 12 th weeks-of-age, and the challenge was done at 20 th weeks-of-age. After the challenge, the mortality was recorded during 28 days, and the egg production (experiment 2) was evaluated and compared with the group of unvaccinated layers. In both experiments, the mortality was significantly reduced, and the egg production was not affected in vaccinated layer-hens. In summary, this study shows the efficacy and the protection of different vaccination schemes against FT that can be applied under field conditions in commercial poultry farms.(AU)

Salmonella enterica sorovar Gallinarum biovar Gallinarum (SG) é uma bactéria hospedeira específica que causa o tifo aviário (TA). Essa doença é altamente patogênica em aves comerciais, especialmente galinhas poedeiras de linhagem vermelha e aves reprodutoras pesadas, causando septicemia aguda, e consequentemente, alta morbidade e mortalidade. A vacinação é amplamente utilizada no campo como uma ferramenta de biossegurança para a prevenção de infecções isoladas e surtos nas granjas avícolas comerciais. O atual estudo avaliou o potencial vacinal de uma cepa viva atenuada de SG com deleções nos genes cobS e cbiA (SGΔcobSΔcbiA), utilizando esquemas de vacinação formulados para utilização em campo. Para isso, as galinhas poedeiras de linhagem vermelha foram utilizadas em dois experimentos diferentes, para avaliar a proteção a longo prazo, necessária no campo. O esquema de vacinação no primeiro experimento consistiu em duas doses, a primeira na quarta semana de vida e a dose de reforço na oitava, e o desafio na 16ª semana com a estirpe selvagem SG. No segundo experimento, a vacinação foi realizada por diferentes rotas usando três doses da vacina viva, na quarta, na oitava e na décima segunda semana de vida, e o desafio foi feito na 20ª semana de vida. Após o desafio, a mortalidade foi acompanhada por 28 dias, e no experimento 2 a produção de ovos também foi avaliada e comparada com o grupo de galinhas não vacinadas. Em ambos os experimentos, a mortalidade foi significativamente reduzida, e a produção de ovos não foi afetada nos grupos de galinhas poedeiras vacinadas. Este estudo mostra a eficácia da proteção dos diferentes programas de vacinação contra o TA, que podem ser aplicados em granjas comerciais em condições de campo.(AU)

Bebida Alcoólica e Direção Automotiva: Relatos de Policiais Militares Sobre a “ Lei Seca” / Alcoholic Beverage and Driving: Reports of Military Policy Officers on “ Lei Seca” / Bebida alcohólica y conducción automovilística. Relato de policías militares sobre la “ ley seca”.

Resumo Dirigir sob efeito de bebida alcoólica é comportamento de risco associado a expressivo volume de acidentes de trânsito. Em vários estados brasileiros foram adotadas ações de fiscalização e punição de motoristas flagrados em tal comportamento de risco. O objetivo do presente estudo foi conhecer o contexto atual de realizações e dificuldades um programa de fiscalização implantado em 2003, no estado do Espírito Santo, por meio de entrevistas com 25 policiais militares que atuam em tal programa. O material textual composto pela transcrição das entrevistas foi processado por meio do software Alceste, que organizou as respostas dos policiais em 6 classes de conteúdos: Naturalização e valorização do beber excessivo; Menosprezo do risco da associação entre bebida e direção; Realizações e dificuldades no contexto das ações de fiscalização; Realizações e dificuldades no contexto das ações educativas; Aspectos Legais e operacionais em torno da verificação da embriaguez; Aspectos legais e operacionais relativos à punição do condutor. Considera-se que as concepções de profissionais que participam de forma direta da intervenção relativa ao problema podem contribuir para a discussão e aprimoramento das modalidades de intervenção a serem continuadas....(AU)

Abstract To drive under the influence of alcohol is considered a risky behaviour and has been associated with a significant number of car accidents. Considering that, several Brazilian states have adopted control and punishing actions against drivers who are caught in such risky behaviour. The main objective of this study was to understand the current context of achievements and difficulties of a monitoring program implemented in 2003 in the state of Espirito Santo. To this end, twenty-five military officers who work in this program were interviewed. The resulting data was transcribed and processed through the software Alceste, which organized the responses of police officers in 6 classes of contents: naturalization and appreciation of excessive drinking; underestimation of the risk of association between drinking and driving; achievements and difficulties in the context of enforcement actions; achievements and difficulties in the context of educational activities; legal and operational aspects around the verification of drunkenness; and legal and operational aspects regarding punishment of the driver. It is considered that the views of professionals who participate directly on the issue of intervention can contribute to the discussion and improvement of methods of future possible intervention....(AU)

Resumen Conducir bajo los efectos de bebidas alcohólicas es considerado un comportamiento de riesgo asociado a un gran número de accidentes de tránsito. En varios estados brasileros fueron adoptadas acciones de fiscalización y punición de conductores sorprendidos conduciendo bajo los efectos del alcohol. El objetivo del presente estudio fue conocer el contexto actual y las dificultades del programa de fiscalización implantado en 2013, en el estado de Espíritu Santo, por medio de entrevistas con veinticinco policías militares que actúan en tal programa. Los datos obtenidos, compuestos por transcripciones de las entrevistas, fueron procesados por medio del software Alceste, que organizó las respuestas de los policías en 6 clases de contenidos: naturalización y valorización del consumo excesivo de alcohol; subestimación del riesgo de la relación entre bebida y conducción; realización y dificultad en el contexto de las acciones impositivas; realización y dificultad en el contexto de las acciones educativas; aspectos legales y operacionales en torno a la verificación del estado de embriaguez; y aspectos legales y operacionales relativos a la punición del conductor. Se considera que las concepciones de los profesionales que participan de forma directa en la intervención relativa al problema pueden contribuir para la discusión y actualización de las modalidades de intervención que seguirán a futuro....(AU)

Comparison between score recording in traditional method and indigenous technique during evaluation in viva voce.

Background: Viva voce which is integral part of practical examination plays important role in evaluation during practical examination in pharmacology. Existing traditional method has disadvantages of subjectivity, less accuracy, no documentary record of performance and is exhaustive for examiners. Methods: In this study we compared a newly designed code conversion technique with traditional method of viva voce evaluation on second MBBS Pharmacology students. Those appearing for pre-university examination in the department were observed for both the methods of evaluation. Results: It is observed that there were cases of overvaluation and undervaluation indicating subjectivity in traditional method evaluation while documentary recording and accuracy possible in code conversion technique. Conclusion: Thus code conversion technique has potential to replace traditional method evaluation as it minimizes all disadvantages of traditional method to make fair and more accurate assessment of students during viva voce part of practical examination. The only drawback of prolonged result complication time can well be adjusted at the university end.

Morte e vida da palavra em palavras para dizer / Death and life of the word in words to say it

Tomando como base o livro de Marie Cardinal, Palavras para dizer, uma obra quase documental de uma experiência analítica de uma jovem mulher, a autora tece considerações sobre o processo de morte e renascimento da palavra viva em uma experiência analítica, fundamentada na afirmação de Green: a fala do analista desenluta a linguagem.

Taking into account the book of Marie Cardinal - The Words to Say It - a documental history about a psychoanalytical experience of a young woman, the author discusses the process of death and life of the living word in a psychoanalytical experience. Green's statement that the analytic speech takes the mourning out of language comes to be essential to the author's discussion.

Comparison of conventional viva examination with objective structured viva in second year pathology students.

Background: The evaluation of students is an important part of any educational process and it is necessary to assess their performance. As a part of feedback for teaching process, it also helps improve the performance. We compared results of conventional viva, structured viva and theory examination. Aims & Objective: To evaluate the relative contributions of the conventional and structured viva in student assessment. Materials and Methods: Haematology & clinical pathology table viva were taken for the 2nd MBBS students in GAIMS, Bhuj, Gujarat, by both structured and unstructured pattern. The specific pattern of the structured and unstructured viva was formulated and results compared. The students were also asked the reviews on the viva examinations to assess the acceptability of the students. Results: There was highly significant correlation (p < 0.01, r=0.52) between results of structured viva and multiple choice questions. Correlation between results of structured viva with remaining theory examination was weaker. Marks of unstructured viva correlated poorly with structured viva, and multiple choice questions. Conclusion: Structured viva examination correlated better with other formats of examination than conventional viva examination.

Oral Assessments in Postgraduate Exit Examinations in Forensic Medicine: a Point of View from Sri Lanka.

Postgraduate education, training and assessment in Forensic Medicine in Sri Lanka are managed by the Postgraduate Institute of Medicine (PGIM), University of Colombo. There are several components in the postgraduate examinations; theory, clinical case presentation, a full autopsy and presentation, Objective Structured Practical Examination (OSPE), Histopathology component and a viva voce examination where a pass grade is compulsory in each component. This includes the 20 minute viva voce examination as well. The viva voce can be used to test intellectual processes such as decision making and justification of opinions; abilities paramount to an effective expert medial witness. However, it has been dropped by many Examination Boards due to several shortcomings. Poor inter examiner reliability is one example that has been quoted as a serious drawback. Certain measures can be taken to increase the validity and reliability of the viva voce, some of which have been introduced in Sri Lanka by the Board of Study in Forensic Medicine, PGIM. Improvements to the viva voce should be an ongoing process. This paper will 1) discuss the value of the viva voce in postgraduate examinations in Forensic Medicine, 2) study its pass/fail reliability as a compulsory component, 3) examine how its shortcomings could be overcome, 4) examine the evolution of the viva voce in postgraduate examinations in Forensic Medicine in Sri Lanka and 5) make recommendations for the future.

Educational innovations/programmes for 1 Mbbs batch- 2012-13 under regional training centre, Smt.Nhl Municipal Medical College, Ahmedabad.

Context or Setting: The undergraduate MBBS curriculum needs revisions like active learning, exposure to newer teaching techniques, adding some new elements as suggested by MCI in its document Vision 2015. Need for innovation: Traditional teaching-learning process is perceived by students as boring and less relevant to their future goal. So we need to think of methods like integrated teaching and objective assessment methods like structured viva. Learners also need to have some hands on training for skills and active participation in important issues related to their careers. We tried to introduce some of these to First MBBS students. Description of innovation: Vertical And Horizontal Integration (Coordinated Program), Session On “Cardiopulmonary Resucitation”, Structured Viva, Session On “Time And Stress Management”, Programme Evaluation, Written Feedback Was Obtained From Students After Each Session. Lessons learnt : First MBBS students perceive innovative methods interesting and effective. They improve teaching-learning experience and hence should be encouraged.