Morphological characteristics and body composition of elite volleyball players: three Montenegrin clubs with most trophies participating in European competitions / Características morfológicas y composición corporal de los jugadores de voleibol de élite: tres clubes montenegrinos con la mayoría de los trofeos que participan en competencias europeas

The aim of this research was to determine the differences related to morphological characteristics and body composition among volleyball players of the three most successful volleyball clubs in Montenegro. The results of the survey highligted the differences in terms of morphological characteristics and body composition of the players of VC Budva, VC Buduc´nost and VC Jedinstvo. The sample of 43 subjects was divided into three sub-samples, the sub-sample of the subjects consisting of 12 players of VC Budva, the champions of Montenegro 2018-19, the other sub-sample of 17 players of VC Buducnost, the participant in the European CEV Challenge Cup 2018-19, and the one of the examinees including 14 players of VC Jedinstvo, the champions of Montenegro in the season 2017-18. Morphological characteristics in the body composition were evaluated by a battery of 11 variables: body height, body weight, triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, skinfold of the back, abdominal skinfold, calf skinfold, thigh skinfold, body mass index, fat percentage and muscle mass. The difference between the players of three the most successful volleyball clubs in the morphological characteristics and variables for assessing body composition were determined by ANOVA and LSD Post Hoc test. ANOVA test found statistically significant differences between these three clubs, determined by six variables that estimate the skinfolds, as well as a variable of estimated body mass index (BMI). LSD Post Hoc test found that the volleyball players of VC Budva have significantly lower values ??with regard to triceps skinfold, biceps skinfold, abdominal skinfold, calf skinfold and thigh skinfold, compared to the players of VC Buducnost and VC Jedinstvo, while in the case of variables that evaluates body mass index (BMI), volleyball players of VC Buducnost have less values compared to the players of VC Budva and VC Jedinstvo.

El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar las diferencias relacionadas con las características morfológicas y la composición corporal entre los jugadores de voléibol de los tres clubes de voleibol más exitosos de Montenegro. Los resultados de la encuesta destacaron las diferencias en términos de características morfológicas y composición corporal de los jugadores de VC Budva, VC Buducnost y VC Jedinstvo. La muestra de 43 sujetos se dividió en tres submuestras, la submuestra de las asignaturas consistió en 12 jugadores de VC Budva, los campeones de Montenegro 2018-19, la otra submuestra de 17 jugadores de VC Buducnost, el participante en la European CEV Challenge Cup 2018-19, y uno de los examinados, incluidos 14 jugadores de VC Jedinstvo, campeones de Montenegro en la temporada 2017-18. Las características morfológicas en la composición corporal se evaluaron mediante una batería de 11 variables: altura corporal, peso corporal, pliegue cutáneo del tríceps, pliegue cutáneo del bíceps, pliegue cutáneo de la espalda, pliegue abdominal, pliegue cutáneo de la pantorrilla, pliegue cutáneo del muslo, índice de masa corporal, porcentaje de grasa y masa muscular. . La diferencia entre los jugadores de los tres clubes de voleibol más exitosos en las características morfológicas y las variables para evaluar la composición corporal, se determinó mediante pruebas de ANOVA y LSD Post Hoc. La prueba ANOVA encontró diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre estos tres clubes, determinadas por seis variables que estiman los pliegues cutáneos, así como una variable de índice de masa corporal (IMC) estimado. La prueba LSD Post Hoc encontró que los jugadores de voleibol de VC Budva tienen valores significativamente más bajos con respecto al pliegue de tríceps, pliegue de bíceps, pliegue abdominal, pliegue de pantorrilla y pliegue de muslo, en comparación con los jugadores de VC Buducnost y VC Jedinstvo, mientras que en el caso de Las variables que evalúan el índice de masa corporal (IMC), los jugadores de voléibol de VC Buducnost tienen menos valores, en comparación con los jugadores de VC Budva y VC Jedinstvo.

Lumbar and abdominal muscles isometric potential in volleyball cadets / Potencial isometrico de músculos lumbares y abdominales en cadetes de voleibol

Given that a volleyball game requires a certain level of individual anthropological characteristics of young volleyball players to successfully act on situational conditions, and that interdisciplinary approach in the science study is the principal methodological orientation, subject of study in the field of sports is the anthropological status. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible differences in spinal lumbar and abdominal muscles isometric potential of prospective male and female. Sample included 42 subjects (15 male and 27 female subjects), male and female volleyball players, the cadet selection of Serbia, aged 14±0.5 years. Isometric muscle potential assessment was conducted using four standardized motor movement tasks, covering the following areas: static contraction of the flexors of the torso, static contraction of the extensors of the torso, static contraction of the left flexor of the torso, and static contraction of the right flexor of the torso. In addition to the descriptive statistics used, as basis statistics, the t-test for independent samples was used, to compare the mean values of parameters measured in two different groups of athletes ­ volleyball players (girls ­ boys). Descriptive indicators of the sample suggest greater values of deep spinal muscles isometric potential with boys in all study variables. Study results gained by the t-test of independent samples indicate that statistically significant difference exists between their mean results in variables of trunk flexor static contractions and trunk extensor static contractions, at the level 0.001. With other two variables, the values indicate that difference between genders is not significant but accidental. The results of this study regarding static contraction of the right and left lateral flexors of the torso show the lack of statistical significance between male and female cadet volleyball players.

Al considerar que un partido de voléibol requiere cierto nivel de características antropológicas individuales de los jóvenes jugadores de voléibol para actuar con éxito en condiciones situacionales, el enfoque interdisciplinario principal en el estudio de las ciencias del deporte es la orientación metodológica, como también lo es el estado antropológico de los jugadores. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar las posibles diferencias en la columna lumbar y el potencial isométrico en los músculos abdominales masculinos y femeninos. En la muestra fueron incluidos 42 sujetos (15 varones y 27 mujeres) jugadores de voléibol masculino y femenino de la selección cadete de Serbia, de 14±0,5 años. Se realizó evaluación del potencial muscular utilizando cuatro tareas de movimiento de motor estandarizados en las siguientes áreas: la contracción estática de los flexores del torso, de contracción estática de los extensores del tronco, contracción estática del flexor izquierdo del torso, y la contracción estática del flexor derecho del torso. Además de las estadísticas descriptivas y las estadísticas de base utilizadas, se usó la prueba t para las muestras independientes para comparar los valores medios de los parámetros medidos en dos grupos diferentes de los deportistas - jugadores de voléibol (niñas - niños). Los indicadores descriptivos de la muestra sugieren mayores valores de potencial isométrico de los músculos espinales profundos en niños en todas las variables del estudio. Los resultados del estudio obtenidos por la prueba t de muestras independientes indicaron que existe una diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre los resultados medios en las variables de los flexores del tronco y en las contracciones estáticas de los extensores del tronco, en el nivel de 0,001. Con otras dos variables, los valores indicaron que la diferencia entre ambos sexos no es significativa pero es accidental. Los resultados de este estudio con respecto a la contracción estática del lado derecho y flexores laterales izquierdos del torso muestran la falta de significación estadística entre los jugadores masculinos y femeninos de voléibol.

Comparative study of anthropometric variables in female classical ballet dancers, volleyball players and physically active subjects / Estudo comparativo das variáveis antropométricas em bailarinas clássicas e jogadoras de voleibol

O objetivo do presente estudo foi comparar medidas antropométricas(massa corporal, estatura e percentual de gordura) e a amplitude de movimento (ADM) de dorsiflexão e plantiflexão entre três diferentes grupos: bailarinas clássicas (n=14), jogadoras de voleibol (n=22) e mulheres fisicamente ativas (n=13). Assumiu-se que diferentes demandas funcionais deveriam produzir alterações nas medidas antropométricas e de ADM entre os três grupos. A massa corporal e a estatura foram maiores nas atletas de voleibol (66,42 ± 5,8 kg; 174,77 ± 5,6 cm), seguidasdas mulheres fisicamente ativas (59,93 ± 10,3 kg; 164 ± 7,5 cm) e das bailarinas clássicas (49,25 ± 4,5 kg; 157,03 ± 3,6 cm), respectivamente (p<0,05). O percentual de gordura foi maior nas mulheres ativas (30,67 ± 4,6%) quando comparadas aos outros dois grupos, que foram semelhantes entre si (jogadoras de voleibol = 24,93 ± 4,1%; bailarinas = 21,94 ± 4,3%, respectivamente). Os três grupos apresentaramsemelhante ADM entre os lados direito e esquerdo e para a amplitude de movimento ativa de dorsiflexão. Entretanto, para a plantiflexão a amplitude de movimento ativa foi maior nas bailarinas (~83°), seguidas das mulheres fisicamente ativas (~68°) e, por fim, pelas jogadoras de voleibol que apresentaram a menor amplitude de flexão plantar (~60°). As diferentes demandas impostas pelas três distintas atividades parecem ser responsáveis pelas mudanças em algumas variáveis antropométricas ena ADM da articulação do tornozelo.

The objective of this study was to compare anthropometric variables (bodyweight, height, and percent body fat) and plantarflexion and dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM) between three different groups of women: classical ballet dancers (n=14), volleyball players (n=22) and physically active subjects (n=13). The assumption was that different functional requirements should produce differences in the anthropometric variablesand ROM between the three groups. Body weight and height were higher in volleyball players (66.42 ± 5.8 kg; 174.77 ± 5.6 cm), followed by physically active women (59.93 ± 10.3 kg; 164 ± 7.5 cm) and ballet dancers (49.25 ± 4.5 kg; 157.03 ± 3.6 cm) (p<0.05). Percent body fat was higher in physically active women (30.67 ± 4.6%) compared to theother two groups, which showed similar percentages (volleyball players: 24.93 ± 4.1%; ballet dancers: 21.94 ± 4.3%). The three groups were similar in terms of total ankle ROM and active dorsiflexion ROM between the right and left sides. However, plantarflexion ROM was higher in ballet dancers (~83°), followed by physically active women (~68°)and volleyball players who presented the smallest ROM (~60°). The different requirements imposed by the three distinct physical activities seem to be responsible for changes in some of the anthropometric variables and ankle joint ROM.

Muscle Imbalance in Volleyball Players Initiates Scoliosis in Immature Spines: A Screening Analysis

STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective comparative study using radiographs and clinical findings. PURPOSE: To test the hypothesis that asymmetric loading of immature spines in young athletes initiates scoliosis. OVERVIEW OF LITERATURE: Scoliosis in athletes has been reported in the literature, but its causative factors have not been investigated. METHODS: We compared the incidence, type and magnitude of scoliotic curves in volleyball players with those in the non-player population. One hundred sixteen adolescent volleyball players were grouped for selective screening. Data regarding their playing duration, handedness, age, height, and menarchal status (in girls) were recorded, along with clinical examination and radiological investigation when necessary. We analyzed data from 46,428 non-player school children, and their data were compared to athletes to determine differences. RESULTS: Volleyball players had a statistically significant increase in the incidence of scoliotic spinal curves. Playing hand dominance was related to the curve direction. Cobb angle had no significant correlation with the duration of playing. CONCLUSIONS: There is a five-fold increase in the incidence of mild scoliosis in volleyball players. A high percentage (41%) of asymmetry was present on the Adams forward bending test, as compared to controls. The curves were either thoracic or thoracolumbar.

Comparisions of Electrocardiograms and Echocardiograms in Volleyball Players before and after Intensive Training

BACKGROUND: We attempted to study functional and structural changes in the hearts of volleyball players and cardiac effects of a short-term intensive training as disclosed by electrocardiograms(ECG's) and echocardiograms(UCG's). METHODS: In 12 volleyball players of a university team with the mean age and career of 19.9 and 9.2 years, respectively, comparisons of ECG's and UCG's M-mode & Doppler, were made before and after an intensive training of 8 weeks duration. The players have been trained 2-3 hours daily almost year around for many years, and the intensive and comprehensive training given for the current study was 3 hours daily, which included strenuous interval training of 20-30 minutes. The training was divided into two successive sessions. For the first session, the players ran 4km daily as a part of the training for 2 weeks. The second session included repetition of runnging at their maximal speed with short intermissions of stationary running for 6 weekes. RESULTS: The major findings in ECG's were sinus bradycardia(25.0%) and high voltage(33.3%), and those in M-mode UCG's were left ventricular(LV) hypertrophy, LV dilatation or left atrial dilatation being seen in all cases, alone or in combinations. After the training however, there were no significant changes in the incidences of these abnormal findings in ECG's & UCG's, and also in the mean of various echocardiographic parameters reflecting cardiac functions. The E and A waves in Doppler UCG's also showed no changes. The slight but significant changes after the training were limited to the increases in the mean of the sum of S wave in V1 & R wave in V5, and left atrial dimensions. CONCLUSION: In volleyball players who have been regularly trained for many years, the major findings in ECG's were sinus bradycardia and high voltage. Those in UCG's were LV hypertrophy. LV dilatation or left atrial dilation being seen in all cases, alone or in combinations. Nonetheless, after the intensive training of 8 weeks duration, the incidences of these abnormal findings in ECG's and UCG's remained essentially similar, and slight but significant changes were limited to the increases in the sum of S wave in V1 & R wave in V5, and left atrial internal dimensions. These facts suggest that in the regularly trained volleyball players, a short-term intensive training induces only limited cardiac changes as disclosed by ECG's and UCG's.

Vascular hunting reaction of volleyball players to cold air exposure with special reference to finger shape / 体力科学

Observations on the digital vascular hunting reaction to cold air exposure and measurements of physical characteristics were made among male university students: 88 non-athletic; 18 tall, lean non-athletic; 26 volleyball players. Experiments were carried out at about 3 p, m. in winter. The subjects sat at rest on a chair for 30 min in a room at 22°C and inserted their left hands up to the wrist with the palm downwards into a chamber at -10°C for 30 min. The skin temperature on the center of the dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of the left middle finger was recorded continuously starting at 5 min before the cold exposure. The physical status of volleyball players was characterized by large stature, a low body fat and long fingers, while that of tall and lean non-athletic subjects was characterized by light body weight, a low body fat, and long and slender fingers. In each group, the higher the temperature before cold exposure, the higher were the skin temperature at the first temperature rise during cold exposure and the mean skin temperature during cold exposure. The mean value of the finger skin temperature during cold exposure for volleyball players at a given value of skin temperature before cold exposure tended to be lower than those for non-athletes. The mean value of the finger skin temperature during cold exposure for volleyball players was lower than that for non-athletes. Among the non-athletes, tall and lean subjects showed a lower mean skin temperature during cold exposure. The skin temperature during cold exposure tended to be lower when the length of the finger was longer and the ratio of finger girth to length was smaller. The lower mean skin temperature during cold exposure for volleyball players might result from injuries and shocks to the finger received during volleyball training.

Clinical research of Shoulder Injuries Developed in Volleybal Players Spking at a Posterior Angle / 대한정형외과학회잡지

There is no sport in which the shoulder does not play an integral role. There are many patients with shoulder joint problems in volleyball, baseball, tennis and golf. In volleyball, a quick strong spike is necessary. Therefor, the treatment of shoulder injuries as well as the protection of the shoulder is a great concern of the player. The authors have done and analysis of the playing history and the clinical studies of the volleyball players who have been recorded as patients of the department of orthopedic surgery, Korea National Police hospital, from January 1977 to December 1980. Results of the study are as follows: l. Of the ages between 17 and 25, the average age was 19.9. 2. Out of 228 case studies 96 complained of shoulder pain or 42.1%. 3. The 84, or 87.6% of the players used the posterior angle spike. The anterior angle spikers and middle angle spikers were 6 players or 6.2% each. 4. Of 60 posterior angle spikers attempted to change spiking angle, 46 or 76% were able to alieviable the shoulder pain. 5. In the posterior angle spikers the lever arm is at its shortest extent so the cases of pain were analyzed as due to repeated impingement of supraspinatus tendon.