RESUMEN
Calcium-based biomaterials have been intensively studied in the field of drug delivery owing to their excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability. Calcium-based materials can also deliver contrast agents, which can enhance real-time imaging and exert a Ca2+-interfering therapeutic effect. Based on these characteristics, amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC), as a brunch of calcium-based biomaterials, has the potential to become a widely used biomaterial. Highly functional ACC can be either discovered in natural organisms or obtained by chemical synthesis However, the standalone presence of ACC is unstable in vivo. Additives are required to be used as stabilizers or core-shell structures formed by permeable layers or lipids with modified molecules constructed to maintain the stability of ACC until the ACC carrier reaches its destination. ACC has high chemical instability and can produce biocompatible products when exposed to an acidic condition in vivo, such as Ca2+ with an immune-regulating ability and CO2 with an imaging-enhancing ability. Owing to these characteristics, ACC has been studied for self-sacrificing templates of carrier construction, targeted delivery of oncology drugs, immunomodulation, tumor imaging, tissue engineering, and calcium supplementation. Emphasis in this paper has been placed on the origin, structural features, and multiple applications of ACC. Meanwhile, ACC faces many challenges in clinical translation, and long-term basic research is required to overcome these challenges. We hope that this study will contribute to future innovative research on ACC.
RESUMEN
RESUMO: Este artigo de revisão aborda o uso do carvão ativado biológico no tratamento das águas para consumo humano. O tratamento biológico tem aplicação na redução da instabilidade da água potável causada por matéria orgânica biodegradável e compostos inorgânicos reduzidos presentes em baixas concentrações. A instabilidade tem efeitos prejudiciais à qualidade da água potável, tais como o crescimento de bactérias e a formação de biofilmes na rede de distribuição. O artigo discute as causas e consequências da instabilidade, as medidas de avaliação da matéria orgânica, os mecanismos de formação e controle de biofilmes no carvão ativado granular e as técnicas de avaliação microbiológica e da biodiversidade nos biofilmes. Além disso, analisa-se também a integração do carvão ativado biológico com outros processos usados no tratamento de água para consumo humano.
ABSTRACT: This review article portrays the use of biological activated carbon for drinking water treatment. Biological treatment has applications in the reduction of drinking water instability caused by the presence of low levels of biodegradable organic matter and reduced inorganic compounds. Instability causes deterioration in the quality of drinking water, such as bacterial growth and biofilm formation in the water distribution system. The article discusses the causes and consequences of instability, the measures used for organic matter evaluation, the formation and control mechanisms of biofilms in granular activated carbon and the techniques used for microbiological and biodiversity assessment of biofilms. In addition, it analyzes the integration of biological activated carbon with other processes used for drinking water treatment.