Efectos de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico submáximo sobre el rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y la potencia anaeróbica

Introducción: Existen beneficios en salud al realizar ejercicio físico, sin embargo, son pocas las investigaciones que reportan el rendimiento anaeróbico y su correlación con indicadores cardiorrespiratorios. Por tal motivo, el propósito de esta investigación fue determinar valores de rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y aptitud anaeróbica después de un programa de ejercicio aeróbico en el cual se determinó la correlación entre ellos. Métodos: 22 hombres (20±2 años) conformaron dos grupos, G1-(entrenamiento), 6 semanas/tres días por semana, intensidad horaria de 45 minutos/día, G2-(Control). Antes y después realizaron un test de Wingate y una prueba de esfuerzo de predominancia aeróbica. Resultados: Aumentos significativos entre el pre-pos en G1 en VO2máx y vatios que mejoraron 7,6 % y 15,9 % respectivamente, diferencia significativa en la PP y en PM/kg con una mejora del 18,8 % y 18,9 %, respectivamente. Conclusión: Un programa de ejercicio aeróbico submáximo en bicicleta estática aumenta el rendimiento cardiorrespiratorio y rendimiento anaeróbico sin que exista una relación de dependencia entre las diferentes variables.

Introduction: There are health benefits when performing physical exercise, however, there are few investigations that report anaerobic performance and its correlation with cardiorespiratory indicators, for this reason, the purpose of this research was to determine the values of cardiorespiratory performance and anaerobic fitness after an aerobic exercise program determining the correlation between them. Method: 22 men (20 ± 2 years), were divided into two groups, G1 (training), 6 weeks, three days a week with an hourly intensity of 45 minutes per day, G2 (control). Before and after exercise they performed a Wingate test and a predominantly aerobic stress test. Results: Significant increases between pre-post in G1 in VO2Max and watts improving 7.6% and 15.9% respectively, a significant difference in PP and PM/kg improving 18.8% and 18.9% respectively. Conclusion: A submaximal aerobic exercise program on a stationary bike increases cardiorespiratory performance and anaerobic performance without a dependency relationship between the different variables.

The relationship between muscle thickness of leg and trunk and the sprint performance in the field and on the cycle ergometer in high school and college students cyclists / 体力科学

The 30-seconds all-out sprint test on the cycle ergometer was performed by 10 high school and 13 college men’s cyclists. In addition, this study investigated their best time for 200 m (200mTT) and 1000 m (1000mTT) time trials in the velodrome. This study clarifies the relationship between muscle thickness of thigh, shank, and trunk and 1) the average speed for the 200mTT and 2) the 1000mTT in the field, and 3) the mean power of the 30-seconds all-out sprint cycling test. 1) The average speed for the 200mTT significantly correlated with the muscle thickness of posterior shank and front and lateral abdomen. 2) The average speed for the 1000mTT significantly correlated with the muscle thickness of posterior thigh and shank and front and lateral abdomen. 3) The mean power of the 30-seconds all-out sprint cycling test significantly correlated with the muscle thickness of anterior and posterior thigh, posterior shank, and front and lateral abdomen. Except for the average speed for the 200mTT and 1000mTT, the mean power of the 30-seconds all-out sprint cycling test was significantly related to the muscle thickness of anterior thigh. These results suggest that increasing muscle thickness of posterior thigh and shank and front and lateral abdomen is important for enhancing performance in sprint cycling.

Suplementação de cafeína e indicadores de potência anaeróbia / Supplementation of caffeine and anaerobic power indicators

O objetivo foi verificar o efeito da suplementação de cafeína na potência anaeróbia intermitente em ciclistas treinados. Dez atletas foram submetidos a duas sessões experimentais em um modelo randomizado e duplo-cego. Em cada sessão, os participantes ingeriram aleatoriamente uma cápsula de cafeína (6 mg/kg) ou placebo, e, uma hora após realizaram dois testes de Wingate (T1, T2) para a determinação do desempenho anaeróbio, com um intervalo de 4 minutos entre si. A análise estatística, utilizado ANOVA para medidas repetidas, não revelou diferenças significativas entre os testes com cafeína e placebo. Na comparação intra-testes houve redução significativa apenas para a Potência Média (W) entre as sessões com cafeína (T1c: 673,6±59,5 vs T2c: 589,0±58,8). A ingestão oral aguda de cafeína não contribuiu para o aumento no desempenho anaeróbio intermitente, porém, a redução na potência média com o uso da cafeína, pode sugerir uma preferência do metabolismo para os ácidos graxos, o que seria desvantajoso durante esforços máximos intermitentes.

The aim was to investigate the effect of caffeine on anaerobic power intermittently trained cyclists. Ten athletes underwent two experimental sessions in a model randomized double-blind study. In each session, subjects ingested a random capsule caffeine (6 mg / kg) or placebo. One hour after, two tests Wingate were carried (T1, T2) for determining the anaerobic performance with 4 min of rest between each exercise bout. Statistical analysis used ANOVA for repeated measures revealed no significant differences between the caffeine and placebo trials. In comparing intra-tests was significantly reduced only to Mean Power (W) between sessions with caffeine (T1c: 673.6 ± 59.5 vs. T2c: 589.0 ± 58.8). The acute oral intake of caffeine did not contribute to the increase in intermittent anaerobic performance, however, the reduction in average power with the use of caffeine, may suggest a preference for fatty acid metabolism, which would be disadvantageous during intermittent maximal efforts.

Perfil antropométrico e fisiológico de atletas brasileiros de "rugby" / Anthropometric and physiological profile of Brazilian rugby athletes

Rugby is a very popular sport around the world and on the rise in Brazil. It is characterized by the existence of two basic tactics positions (forwards and backs), in which athletes have distinguishing functional demands and physical characteristics. Although the international literature presents a number of interesting data about the physiological and anthropometric profile of these athletes, little attention has been spent to Brazilian athletes. This study aimed to verify the performance of 20 amateur rugby players and to compare the aerobic power (VO2max), anaerobic endurance and isokinetic strength in backs (n = 10) and forwards (n = 10). A computerized gas analyzer (CPX-D - MGC) was used to determine VO2 and VCO2. A Wingate test was used to determine the anaerobic endurance. An isokinetic dynamometer (Cybex Norm) was used to measure isokinetic strength. The body composition was evaluated according to five components of ISAK. The data were compared through Student t test for independent samples (p < 0.05). Our results show a significant difference between backs and forwards in the variables VO2max (47.8 &± 4.5 and 38.8 &± 5.5 ml.kg-1.min-1); 2nd ventilatory threshold (38.3 &± 3.0 and 31.6 &± 4.2 ml.kg-1.min-1); average power (7.5 &± 0.6 and 6.3 &± 1.1 W.kg-1); total work (225.7 &± 18.4 and 187.9 &± 31.7 J.kg-1); body weight (78.5 &± 9.5 and 101.6 &± 12.6 kg); fat mass (24.7 &± 3 , 2 and 29.7 &± 4.6 percent) and muscle mass (48.7 &± 4.2 and 44.5 &± 3.4 percent) respectively (p < 0.05). Thus, there are significant differences, related to the tactic position and function, in Rugby athletes. Furthermore our results shows that even at the amateur level athletes, physiological and anthropometric characteristics are similar when compared to professional level players.

O "Rugby" é um esporte bastante popular internacionalmente e em franca ascensão no Brasil. É caracterizado pela existência de duas posições táticas básicas ("forwards" e "backs"), cujos atletas apresentam demandas funcionais e características físicas distintas. Embora a literatura internacional apresente um número interessante de referências acerca do perfil antropométrico e fisiológico destes atletas, pouca atenção tem sido despendida aos atletas brasileiros. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o desempenho de 20 jogadores amadores de "Rugby" submetidos à ergoespirometria, teste de Wingate e Dinamometria isocinética bem como a comparação entre "backs" (n = 10) e "forwards" (n = 10) para verificar possíveis diferenças entre as posições táticas. Para determinação dos valores de VO2 e VCO2 foi utilizado um analisador de gases computadorizado (CPX-D; MedGraphics Cardiorespiratory Diagnostic Systems) para variáveis de força um dinamômetro isocinético Cybex Norm (Lumex & Co., Ronkonkoma, USA) e para comparações de composição corporal foi aplicada a técnica de cinco componentes da ISAK. A comparação entre os dados foi verificada por meio do teste t de Student para amostras independentes, sendo que para todas as variáveis foi adotado um índice de significância de p < 0,05. Os nossos resultados mostram uma diferença significativa entre "backs" e "forwards' nas variáveis VO2max (47,8 ± 4,5 e 38,8 ± 5,5 ml.kg-1.min-1)...

2º limiar ventilatório (38,3 ± 3,0 e 31,6 ± 4,2 ml.kg-1.min-1) - potência média (7,5 ±0,6 e 6,3 ±1,1 W.kg-1) e trabalho total (225,7 ± 18,4 e 187,9 ± 31,7 J.kg-1) - massa corporal (78,5 ± 9,5 e 101,6 ± 12,6 kg) Massa Adiposa (24,7 ± 3,2 e 29,7 ± 4,6%) Massa Muscular (48,7 ± 4,2 e 44,5 ± 3,4%) respectivamente (p < 0,05). Sendo assim, evidenciamos a existência de diferenças significativas em algumas das variáveis medidas entre atletas de "Rugby' conforme sua função no jogo. Essa evidência mostra que mesmo os atletas sendo de nível amador, as características fisiológicas, antropométricas e mecânicas são semelhantes quando comparadas aos jogadores de nível profissional.

EFFECT OF THE DIFFERENCE OF AEROBIC CAPACITY ON ENERGY CONTRIBUTION RATE IN WINGATE TEST / 体力科学

The purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of physiological factors which effect oxygen kinetics and energy system contribution on the power of Wingate test (WT), with focusing on the difference of aerobic capacity. Twenty three male track and field athletes (sprinters, long distance runners and decathletes) performed the WT on electromagnetic-braked cycle ergometer. The applied resistance was 7.5% of body weight, and the duration was 60 seconds. Moreover, aerobic capacity (maximal oxygen uptake [VO₂max]) was determined by an incremental test, and anaerobic capacity (maximal accumulated oxygen deficit [MAOD]) was determined by a supramaximal constant load test. The oxygen uptake during each test was recorded by a breath-by-breath method. The participants were divided into two group which was high VO₂max group (High group; n = 11) and low VO₂max group (Low group; n = 12). In the results, although the VO₂max was significantly higher in the High group, the MAOD was not significantly different between two groups. The oxygen uptake during WT was significantly higher in the High group, and the accumulated oxygen deficit during WT was significantly higher in the Low group. The aerobic contribution was significantly higher in the High group than in the Low group. In contrast, the anaerobic contribution was significantly higher in the Low group than in the High group. These results suggest that by the difference of aerobic capacity, aerobic and anaerobic energy supply contribution was different in WT.

Capacidade anaeróbia de atletas adolescentes de futebol em exercício máximo intermitente / Anaerobic capacity of young soccer athletes in maximal intermittent exercise

O futebol é um esporte de característica intermitente no qual as capacidades aeróbia e anaeróbia são fundamentais para o bom desempenho dos atletas. O presente estudo objetivou analisar a capacidade anaeróbia de atletas adolescentes de futebol do sexo masculino em um exercício máximo de característica intermitente. Trinta e cinco atletas adolescentes de futebol (15,37±0,91 anos; 1,72±0,06 m; 64,17±7,32 kg) realizaram um protocolo de exercício constituído de três séries do Teste de Wingate (TW - 30 segundos de exercício máximo em ciclo-ergômetro com uma carga correspondente a 7,5% da massa corporal do sujeito) intervaladas por dois minutos de repouso. São apresentados dados de Potência Pico, Potência Média e Índice de Fadiga verificados em goleiros, laterais, zagueiros, meio-campistas e atacantes, utilizando a ANOVA de um fator para comparação entre as posições. Os valores percentuais (normalizados com base na primeira série do exercício) foram utilizados para verificação da queda de desempenho através da ANOVA para medidas repetidas. Não foram encontradas diferenças entre o desempenho dos atletas das diferentes posições táticas dentro de cada série do exercício intermitente. Entretanto, foi verificada queda percentual significativa (p<0,001) entre os três TW realizados para Potência Pico e Potência Média. O presente estudo vem a preencher uma lacuna na literatura científica quanto à capacidade anaeróbia de atletas adolescentes de futebol do sexo masculino, particularmente relacionada ao TW.

Soccer is a sport with intermittent characteristics which both the aerobic and anaerobic capacities are fundamentals to the high athletes´ performance. The present study aimed to analyze the anaerobic capacity of young male soccer athletes on a maximal exercise of intermittent characteristic. Thirty-five young soccer athletes (15.37±0.91 years; 1.72±0.06 m; 64.17±7.32 kg) performed a protocol consisting in three bouts of Wingate Test (WT - 30 seconds of maximal exercise in cycle-ergometer with a load correspondent to 7.5% of subject body mass) with two minutes of rest intervals. It was presented data from Peak Power, Mean Power and Fatigue Index verified in goalkeepers, sideways, full backs, midfields and forwards, using the one-way ANOVA to comparison between tactical positions. The percentile values (normalized by the first exercise bout) were used to verify the performance fall through a repeated measures ANOVA. It was found no differences between the performances of different tactical positions athletes in each bout of intermittent exercise. But, it was verified significant percentile fall (p<0.001) between three WT performed to Peak Power and Mean Power. The present study comes to fill a gap in the scientific literature on the anaerobic capacity of young male soccer athletes, particularly related to WT.

Avaliação da capacidade anaeróbia de jogadores de futebol através de testemáximo de corrida de Vai-e-Vem / Evaluation of anaerobic capacity in soccer players using a maximal shuttle run test

O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se o teste de Vai-e-Vem300mpode ser utilizado para predizer a capacidade anaeróbia, correlacionando com a potênciamédia do teste de Wingate, em um grupo de jogadores de futebol profissional.Participaram do estudo 21 jogadores (21 ± 2 anos; 76,8 ± 7,0 kg; 179,8 ± 6,7 cm)de uma equipe da primeira divisão da Federação Paulista de Futebol. No primeirodia, os participantes realizaram o teste de Wingate e foram determinados o pico depotência relativo, a potência média relativa e o índice de fadiga. No segundo dia,os participantes realizaram o teste de Vai-e-Vem300m, que consistia em corridas devai-e-vem de 20m, na maior velocidade possível, até totalizar a distância de 300 m.Os parâmetros obtidos desse teste foram a duração do Vai-e-Vem300m e a velocidademédia de 20 m (V20m). Antes e após a realização do Vai-e-Vem300m, foramobtidas amostras sangüíneas para determinação da concentração de lactato ([LAC]).Ao realizar a correlação de Pearson entre os parâmetros obtidos no Wingate e noVai-e-Vem300m, apenas a potência média relativa correlacionou significativamente(p<0,05) com a duração do Vai-e-Vem300m (r = - 0,75) e com a V20m (r = 0,72). A[LAC] aumentou significativamente (p<0,05) quando comparados os valores antes(2,1 ± 1,0 mM) e após (14,3 ± 2,4 mM) o Vai-e-Vem300m. Portanto, os resultadosdo presente estudo demonstraram que o teste de Vai-e-Vem300m pode ser utilizadopara predizer a capacidade anaeróbia em jogadores de futebol profissional.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether a 300-m shuttle run testpredicts anaerobic capacity, expressed as mean power output in the Wingate test, in agroup of professional soccer players. Twenty-one soccer players (21 ± 2 years; 76.8 ±7.0 kg; 179.8 ± 6.7 cm) from a first division team of the São Paulo Soccer Federationparticipated in the study. In the first session, the players were submitted to the Wingatetest for the determination of relative peak power output, relative mean power outputand fatigue index. In the second session, the players underwent a shuttle run test whichconsisted of a maximum sprint of 20 m at the highest speed possible until completing adistance of 300 m. The total run time and mean velocity over the 20 m (V20m) wererecorded. Blood samples were collected before and after the 300-m shuttle run test forthe determination of lactate concentration ([LAC]). Pearson’s correlation between theWingate and 300-m shuttle run test variables showed that only relative mean poweroutput was significantly correlated (p<0.05) with total run time (r = - 0.75) and V20m(r = 0.72). [LAC] showed a significant increase (p<0.05) when comparing the valuesobtained before (2.1 ± 1.0 mM) and after (14.3 ± 2.4 mM) the shuttle run test. In conclusion,this study demonstrated that the 300-m shuttle run test can predict anaerobiccapacity in professional soccer players.