RESUMEN
SUMMARY Staphylococcus aureus is one of the main bacteria that affect human health. Its reduced susceptibility to beta-lactam antibiotics has driven the clinical use of macrolides and lincosamides. However, the presence of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB)-resistant S. aureus strains is increasingly common. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are the main anthropogenic source of resistance determinants. However, few studies have assessed the importance of this environment on the dissemination of MLSB-resistant S. aureus strains. Thus, we aimed to evaluate the impact of a domestic WWTP on the resistance to MLSB and penicillin in S. aureus in southeast Brazil. Of the 35 isolates tested, 40.6% were resistant to penicillin. Resistance to erythromycin (8.6%) and quinolones (2.8%) was less common. Despite the low rate of resistance to clindamycin (2.8%), many isolates showed reduced susceptibility to this antibiotic (57.1%). Regarding the resistance phenotypes of staphylococci isolates, inducible MLSB resistance (D-test positive) was found in two isolates. In addition, 27 S. aureus isolates showed the ability to produce penicillinase. In this article, we report for the first time the importance of WWTPs in the dissemination of MSLB resistance among S. aureus from southeast Brazil.
RESUMEN Staphylococcus aureus es una de las principales bacterias que afectan la salud humana. Su susceptibilidad reducida a los antibióticos betalactámicos ha impulsado el uso clínico de macrólidos y lincosamidas. Sin embargo, la presencia de cepas resistentes a macrólido-lincosamida-estreptogramina B (MLSB) de S. aureus es cada vez más común. Las plantas de tratamiento de aguas residuales (PTAR) son la principal fuente antropogénica de determinantes de resistencia. Sin embargo, pocos estudios han evaluado la importancia de este entorno en la diseminación de cepas de S. aureus resistentes a MLSB. Nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el impacto de una PTAR doméstica en MLSB y la resistencia a la penicilina en S. aureus en el sureste de Brasil. De los 35 aislamientos analizados, el 40,6% eran resistentes a la penicilina. La resistencia a la eritromicina (8,6%) y quinolonas (2,8%) fue menos común. A pesar de la baja tasa de resistencia a la clindamicina (2,8%), muchos aislamientos mostraron sensibilidad reducida a este antibiótico (57,1%). Con respecto a los fenotipos de resistencia de los aislamientos de estafilococos, la resistencia inducible a MLSB (prueba D positiva) se encontró en dos aislamientos. Además, 27 aislamientos de S. aureus mostraron la capacidad de producir penicilinasa. En este artículo informamos, por primera vez, la importancia de las PTAR en la difusión de la resistencia a MSLB entre S. aureus del sureste de Brasil.
RESUMO O Staphylococcus aureus é uma das principais bactérias que afetam a saúde humana. Sua reduzida suscetibilidade aos antibióticos beta-lactâmicos tem impulsionado o uso clínico de macrolídeos e lincosamidas. No entanto, a presença de cepas de S. aureus resistentes a macrolídeo-lincosamida-estreptogramina B (MLSB) é cada vez mais comum. As estações de tratamento de esgoto (ETEs) são a principal fonte antropogênica de determinantes de resistência. No entanto, poucos estudos avaliaram a importância desse ambiente na disseminação de cepas de S. aureus resistentes ao MLSB. Assim, nosso objetivo foi avaliar o impacto de uma ETE doméstico na resistência ao MLSB e à penicilina em S. aureus no sudeste do Brasil. Dos 35 isolados testados, 40,6% eram resistentes à penicilina. Resistência à eritromicina (8,6%) e quinolonas (2,8%) foi menos comum. Apesar da baixa taxa de resistência à clindamicina (2,8%), muitos isolados apresentaram sensibilidade reduzida a esse antibiótico (57,1%). Em relação aos fenótipos de resistência dos isolados de estafilococos, a resistência induzível ao MLSB (D-teste positivo) foi encontrada em dois isolados. Além disso, 27 isolados de S. aureus mostraram a capacidade de produzir penicilinase. Neste artigo relatamos pela primeira vez a importância das ETEs na disseminação da resistência do MSLB entre S. aureus do sudeste do Brasil.
RESUMEN
Abstract Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most common and most important staphylococcal species associated with urinary tract infections. The objective of the present study was to compare and to evaluate the accuracy of four phenotypic methods for the detection of beta-lactamase production in Staphylococcus spp. Seventy-three strains produced a halo with a diameter ≤28 mm (penicillin resistant) and all of them were positive for the blaZ gene. Among the 28 susceptible strain (halo ≥29 mm), 23 carried the blaZ gene and five did not. The zone edge test was the most sensitive (90.3%), followed by MIC determination (85.5%), but the specificity of the former was low (40.0%). The nitrocefin test was the least sensitive (28.9%). However, the nitrocefin test together with the disk diffusion method showed the highest specificity (100%). The present results demonstrated that the zone edge test was the most sensitive phenotypic test for detection of beta-lactamase, although it is still not an ideal test to detect this type of resistance since its specificity was low. However, the inhibition halo diameter of the penicillin disk can be used together with the zone edge test since the same disk is employed in the two tests. Combined analysis of the two tests shows a sensitivity of 90.3% and specificity of 100%, proving better sensitivity, especially for S. saprophyticus. This is a low-cost test of easy application and interpretation that can be used in small and medium-sized laboratories where susceptibility testing is usually performed by the disk diffusion method.