Dinámicas socioculturales y alternativas económicas de mujeres en un contexto de economía minera extractivista

Este artículo describe las dinámicas socioculturales presentes en Puerto Claver, El Bagre, Antioquia, a causa del contexto económico minero. El enfoque fenomenològico permitió un acercamiento a las realidades sociales a partir de la cotidianidad de las personas, de sus experiencias vitales y relatos. Un resultado es que la práctica extractiva de oro, arraigada en el corregimiento como la principal alternativa económica, genera desarraigo frente a otras formas de sobrevivencia, como la cosecha y siembra de alimentos y plantas medicinales, la pesca y la apicultura. Al transformarse las prácticas económicas y productivas, así como la relación con el medio ambiente, cambian también las relaciones sociales, las dinámicas socioculturales preexistentes y el tejido social y comunitario. En este contexto, las asociaciones de mujeres tienen un papel significativo en la resignificación y dinamización de procesos económicos alternativos a la práctica minera, a través de los cuales puedan transformar las relaciones sociales y comunitarias.

This article describes the socio-cultural dynamics present in the village of Puerto Claver, municipality of El Bagre, Antioquia, as a result of the mining economic context. The phenomenological approach allowed an approach to the social realities from the daily life of the people, their life experiences and stories. One result is that the practice of gold mining, rooted in the township as the main economic alternative, generates uprooting compared to other forms of survival, such as harvesting and planting food and medicinal plants, fishing and beekeeping. As economic and productive practices are transformed, as well as the relationship with the environment, social relations, pre-existing socio-cultural dynamics and the social and community fabric also change. In this context, women's associations have a significant role to play in re-signifying and energizing alternative economic processes to mining practices, through which they can transform social and community relations.

Inovação e ética: a adoção de técnicas substitutivas ao uso de animais no diagnóstico laboratorial da raiva / Innovation and ethics; the adoption of alternative techniques to the use of animals in the laboratory diagnosis of rabies

Abordagens interdisciplinares vêm ganhando maior reconhecimento e destaque nas comunidades de saúde humana e animal, principalmente pela (re)emergência de diversas doenças infecciosas que emanam da interface humano-animal-ambiente. A raiva, zoonose grave, considerada endêmica no Brasil e globalmente negligenciada, é um exemplo. Tanto a vigilância epidemiológica quanto a confirmação dessa doença dependem do diagnóstico laboratorial, que é realizado, frequentemente, por meio dos testes de Imunofluorescência Direta (IFD) e de Isolamento Viral em Camundongo (IVC), via inoculação intracerebral da amostra suspeita em camundongos lactentes ou desmamados. Entretanto, recentemente, a Organização Mundial da Saúde reconheceu a Transcrição Reversa seguida da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (RT-PCR) como uma técnica primária válida para esse diagnóstico, podendo ser empregada como alternativa ao uso de animais, evitando sofrimento e morte. Esta dissertação apresenta uma discussão sobre as implicações técnicas e éticas da (não) adoção desse método substitutivo, considerando que todos os animais devem ser respeitados e entendidos como sujeitos singulares em suas percepções do mundo, não como objetos de pesquisa. Esse fato corrobora a necessidade de novas perspectivas que ressignifiquem nossas relações com os animais não humanos, o que é primordial para o estabelecimento de mudanças sistêmicas, de caráter ético-político, que visem o fim da instrumentalização animal e de seu uso no âmbito científico, bem como de qualquer forma de opressão.

Interdisciplinary approaches have been gaining greater recognition and prominence in the human and animal health communities, mainly due to the (re)emergence of several infectious diseases that emanate from the human-animal-environment interface. Rabies is an example, considered a serious zoonosis endemic in Brazil and globally neglected. Both epidemiological surveillance and confirmation of this disease depend on laboratory diagnosis, which is usually performed by the direct fluorescent antibody test (DFAT) and the mouse inoculation test (MIT) via intracranial inoculation of the suspected sample into suckling or weanling mice. However, the World Health Organization recently recognized the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) as a valid primary technique for this diagnosis, which can replace the use of animals, avoiding suffering and death. This study presents a discussion about the technical and ethical implications of (not) adopting this alternative method, considering that all animals must be respected and understood as unique beings with their perceptions of the world, not as objects of research. It also further corroborates the need for new perspectives that reframe our relationships with non-human animals, which is fundamental for the implementation of systemic ethical-political changes, aiming at the end of animal instrumentalization and use in scientific research, as well as all forms of oppression.

Role of alternatives to antibiotics in mitigating the antimicrobial resistance crisis

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a burgeoning challenge of global priority, warranting immediate action to prevent the explosion of multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. Indiscriminate antimicrobial use is the most important driver for AMR. AMR has led to depletion of the antibiotic pipeline and developing new antibiotics is extremely challenging due to technical and financial issues and also resistance emerges as soon any new antibiotic is introduced. At present, preserving the power of existing antibiotics by prudent use and curtailing spread of pathogens by infection prevention and control (biosecurity) in both humans and animals are the best available options to defer AMR crisis. Meanwhile, to reduce dependence on antibiotics, other alternatives such as vaccines, antibodies, pattern recognition receptors, probiotics, bacteriophages, peptides, phytochemicals, metals, and antimicrobial enzymes are being explored. This review provides an overview of various promising, potential and under investigative strategies as alternatives to antibiotics.

Natural compounds based chemotherapeutic against Chagas disease and leishmaniasis: mitochondrion as a strategic target

Over the past years, natural products have been explored in order to find biological active substances to treat various diseases. Regarding their potential action against parasites such as trypanosomatids, specially Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp., much advance has been achieved. Extracts and purified molecules of several species from genera Piper, Tanacetum, Porophyllum, and Copaifera have been widely investigated by our research group and exhibited interesting antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activities. These natural compounds affected different structures in parasites, and we believe that the mitochondrion is a strategic target to induce parasite death. Considering that these trypanosomatids have a unique mitochondrion, this cellular target has been extensively studied aiming to find more selective drugs, since the current treatment of these neglected tropical diseases has some challenges such as high toxicity and prolonged treatment time. Here, we summarise some results obtained with natural products from our research group and we further highlighted some strategies that must be considered to finally develop an effective chemotherapeutic agent against these parasites.

Substitutes for Endangered Animal Medicinal Materials： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Endangered animal medicine is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine， which is distinctive in the treatment of diseases. At present， the rare and endangered medicinal materials such as tiger bone， rhinoceros horn， pangolin， antelope horn， bear bile are listed as national key protected animals， so their clinical application is limited， the current solution is mainly based on the ideas and methods of similar pharmacological effects， close genetic relationships， artificial breeding， and artificial synthesis to find and develop alternatives for endangered animal medicinal materials. Although artificially cultured bear bile and musk， and artificially synthesized tiger bone， bezoar and musk can solve the shortage of endangered animal medicines to a certain extent， there are still some problems such as difficult breakthroughs in breeding technology and incomplete recognition in the substitute industry. According to this， based on summarizing the existing substitutes for endangered animal medicines， our group proposed the concept of homology， homogeneity and equivalent of substitutes， and constructed a new idea to develop and evaluate substitutes by combining frontier biotechnology with multi-omics detection， so as to provide some support for protecting rare and endangered animals and solving the shortage of endangered animal medicines.

Estágio em psicologia escolar e educacional e prevenção à criminalidade: ampliando perspectivas de atuação / Internship in school and educational psychology and crime prevention: expanding work perspectives

Este relato apresenta uma experiência de Estágio Básico em Psicologia Escolar e Educacional desenvolvida junto ao Programa Central de Acompanhamento de Penas e Medidas Alternativas (CEAPA), do Governo de Minas Gerais. Buscou-se relatar a complexidade dessa experiência a partir de três perspectivas: docentes, profissionais da instituição e uma estagiária. O Estágio, fundamentado na parceria entre instituição e universidade, foi importante desencadeador tanto de reflexões sobre o trabalho quanto de articulações teórico-práticas, além de aproximar os estagiários de possíveis campos de atuação - sobretudo aqueles que transcendem a estrutura da escola formal - e de desafios que se apresentam no cotidiano profissional.

This report presents a Basic Internship experience in School and Educational Psychology developed with the Central Program for the Monitoring of Penalties and Alternative Measures (CEAPA), of the Government of Minas Gerais. We sought to report the complexity of this experience from three perspectives: teachers, professionals at the institution and a female intern. The internship, based on the partnership between the institution and the university, was an important trigger for both reflections on work and theoretical and practical articulations, in addition to bringing trainees closer to possible fields of activity - especially those that transcend the structure of the formal school - and to challenges that present themselves in professional daily life.

Recomendaciones para la investigación psicológica con personas transgénero: Una aproximación desde una experiencia en Chile / Recommendations for psychological research with transgender people: an approach from an experience in Chile

Resumen El presente trabajo expone y fundamenta recomendaciones basadas en la experiencia de investigación en personas transgénero, con la intención de que puedan ser útiles a quienes realicen estudios con dicha población. Estas recomendaciones incluyen orientaciones conceptuales, metodológicas y éticas, aplicables a lo largo del proceso de investigación. En particular, las orientaciones cubren los siguientes temas: definir con precisión el colectivo con el que se trabaja, registrar la variedad de identificaciones de género posibles al interior del mismo, utilizar métodos de muestreo aptos para poblaciones de difícil acceso, retribuir la participación, incluir líderes e investigadores transgéneros como expertos, pilotar los instrumentos en la población que será investigada, optar por modalidades de recolección grupal de datos, ofrecer asistencia individualizada durante la recolección, utilizar un lenguaje no estigmatizante e inclusivo, convocar la participación en conjunto con organizaciones transgénero, atender a la movilidad geográfica de la población, realizar una escucha comprometida y contemplar protocolos de derivación, considerar las diferentes trayectorias de transición, realizar sesiones de interanálisis y, finalmente, difundir apropiadamente los hallazgos al interior de la población transgénero. Se discuten estas proposiciones en términos de sus efectos en las comunidades trans, su utilidad y alcances éticos, su articulación con exigencias generales de toda investigación y sus implicaciones para el activismo.

Abstract Prejudice and discrimination have important effects on the well-being and quality of life of trans people. Hence, investigating with said population implies, in addition to actions to obtain relevant and truthful information, having the necessary actions to attend to their needs and peculiarities. These are populations that are difficult to access (hard-to-reach), stigmatized, in which there is no defined sampling frame, that have physical and mental health indicators lower than those of any other group with which we have worked and that, therefore, it is necessary to take extreme the precautions not to reproduce types of relationships that may be harmful or offensive. The purpose of the present article was to systematize part of our field experience with transgender people, so that it can be useful for those who study with this population. These recommendations aim to provide some conceptual, methodological and ethical guidelines, useful throughout the research process. In particular, we made a series of recommendations that cover from the moment of taking conceptual decisions about the design of the study, through contact with the organizations, until the completion of the field work and subsequent stage of dissemination of results. In particular, a series of recommendations are made regarding: specifying the definition of the group with which one works, recording the variety of gender identifications as people present them, using to sampling methods for hard-to-reach populations or hidden populations, deliver a retribution for the participation (consider participants as experts to be compensated for their work), including activists as experts in every stage of the study (study design, field work, data analysis and dissemination of results), piloting the instruments in specific population, preferably opt for group applications modality and continue with a debriefing, have specific assistance for participants during the application (special needs derived from their age, educational level, reduced mobility, among others), use non-stigmatizing and inclusive language, call together with trans organizations (in order to establish greater trust in the population), attend to a mobility of the population (so as not to replicate the sample in different places), carry out a committed listening and contemplate referral protocols (if necessary given the type of situations described by the participants and their current degree of elaboration), consider different trajectories of transition, conduct inter-analysis sessions and disseminate appropriately within the transgender population. These propositions are discussed in terms of their effects on trans communities, their usefulness and ethical scope, their articulation with the general requirements of all research, and their implications for activism. On the other hand, these recommendations can serve as criteria for evaluating the ethical dimension of research projects with trans people. It may therefore be important to project reviewers, editors, and reviewers of manuscripts submitted for publication. The perspective that we assume in this work is aligned with those called "evidence-based activism", which implies articulating a variety of knowledge, scientifically accredited and of an "experiential" type, in order to explore situations in which the team members Research staff are part of networks that involve them personally in their study topics. It is precisely the relationship with groups that work for the rights of minorities, activists and members of these groups is essential, since they have knowledge acquired through their experience as part of discriminated groups and they can contribute to the mobilization of knowledge in the governance of health issues.

Spermic Toxicity Test of Medical Devices for Human Assisted Reproductive Technology / 中国医疗器械杂志

In order to provide a thorough summary and analysis over sperm toxicity evaluation of medical devices for human

Miseria en el hogar: el encierro domiciliario de las mujeres detenidas por delitos relacionados con las drogas en Medellín / Hardship at Home: Domestic Incarceration of Women Detained due to Drug-related Crimes in Medellín / Miséria na casa: a prisão domiciliar das mulheres detidas por crimes relacionados às drogas em Medellín

Resumen El presente artículo es resultado de una investigación realizada en la cárcel El Pedregal durante el año 2018. En el texto sostenemos que las situaciones de violencia, pobreza y exclusión social que condicionan el ingreso a prisión de las mujeres condenadas por delitos relacionados con el narcotráfico, no sólo afectan el proceso de reinserción social de las internas, sino que suponen retos significativos para garantizar los fines de la pena cuando se trata de las penas o medidas domiciliarias. Estas dificultades hacen que, en su forma actual, el domicilio, como mecanismo alternativo a la pena intramural, no tenga capacidad para cumplir las funciones que le son asignadas, como son el de facilitar la resocialización, la disminución de la reincidencia y la reducción de los efectos negativos del encarcelamiento. Por ello, sostenemos que es necesario no sólo fortalecer el sistema institucional dirigido a supervisar a las mujeres en dicha condición, sino brindar una atención integral que permita superar las condiciones de marginalidad en que se encuentran las mujeres encerradas en el hogar.

Abstract This article is the result of research performed in the El Pedregal prison during 2018. In this text, we sustain that violence, poverty and social exclusion, which condition the imprisonment of women detained due to crimes related to drug trafficking not only affect the inmates' social reinsertion process, but pose significant challenges to ensuring the purposes of the penalty when they are domestic penalties or measures. These difficulties keep the home, in its current state, as an alternative mechanism to intramural penalties, from having the capacity to perform the functions assigned to it, such as facilitating resocialization, reducing recidivism and decreasing the negative effects of imprisonment. For this reason, we maintain that it is not only necessary to strengthen the institutional system aimed at supervising women in said condition, but to provide comprehensive attention that allows women incarcerated at home to overcome conditions of marginality.

Resumo Este artigo é o resultado de uma pesquisa realizada no presídio El Pedregal em 2018. No texto argumentamos que as situações de violência, pobreza e exclusão social que condicionam a admissão das mulheres condenadas por crimes relacionados ao tráfico de drogas, não só afetam o processo de reinserção social das presidiárias, mas também supõem desafios importantes para garantir os fins da pena quando tratam-se das penas ou medidas domiciliárias. Essas dificuldades fazem com que, na sua forma atual, o domicílio, como mecanismo alternativo da pena intramuro, não tenha capacidade para cumprir as funções que lhe são atribuídas, como facilitar a ressocialização, diminuir a reincidência e reduzir os efeitos negativos do encarceramento. Por isso, defendemos que é necessário não só fortalecer o sistema institucional orientado para a supervisão das mulheres nessa condição, mas também oferecer uma atenção integral que permita superar as condições de marginalização em que se encontram as mulheres encerradas em casa.

O oftalmologista e as uvas: Um modelo de treinamento microcirúrgico / The ophthalmologist and the grapes: A microsurgical training model

Resumo Objetivo: Desenvolver um modelo de treinamento de cirurgias corneanas utilizando uvas. Métodos: Foram empregadas uvas como estruturas que mimetizam o tamanho do globo ocular humano, recobertas com materiais de látex, simulando a pratica de cirurgias de córnea utilizando um sistema de videomagnificação. Foram realizados oito pontos simples. Foi avaliado o tempo de confecção do procedimento. Resultados: Foram realizadas 25 simulações como o modelo descrito. O tempo médio de realização da rafia foi de 34,56 ±5,79 minutos. A análise da correlação entre o tempo e a ordem das cirurgias mostrou uma redução no tempo de confecção. Conclusão: O modelo de treinamento oftalmológico utilizando uvas mostrou-se capaz de simular as etapas básicas do treinamento de suturas microcirúrgicas.

Abstract Objective: Develop a training model for corneal surgery using grapes. Methods: Grapes were used as structures that mimic the size of the human eyeball, covered with latex materials, simulating the practice of corneal surgery using a videomagnification system. Eight simple stitches were performed. The surgical time was evaluated. Results: 25 simulations were carried out as the model described. The mean time taken for the raffia was 34.56 ± 5.79 minutes. The analysis of the correlation between the time and the order of the surgeries showed a reduction in the confection time. Conclusion: The ophthalmic training model using grapes proved to be capable of simulating the basic stages of microsurgery suture training.

Efficacy of Anhydrous Copper Sulphate as a Solid Dehydrant in Tissue Processing Procedure

Tissue processing in histotechnique is an important procedure after specimen collection involving three main procedures namely, dehydration using alcohol, clearing using xylene, and infiltration by paraffin wax. Isopropyl alcohol, the widely used dehydrating agent is toxic and when exposed to heated isopropyl alcohol fumes, it leads to numerous health hazards. Anhydrous copper sulphate is less toxic than isopropyl alcohol and requires less amount of exposure to the chemicals. The aim of the study was to investigate the dehydrating potential of anhydrous CuSO4 as an isopropyl alcohol substitute. METHODSA descriptive study of forty paired soft tissue specimens were obtained from the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology and were subjected to routine histopathological tissue processing with isopropyl alcohol and anhydrous CuSO4 as dehydrating agents. Histomorphological criteria namely nuclear staining, cytoplasmic staining, artefacts, and background staining were evaluated and the scores were tabulated, and statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20 by IBM. RESULTSOur study results showed that 40 % of alcohol dehydrated tissue samples had better nuclear staining than tissue samples dehydrated by anhydrous copper sulphate and 15 % of alcohol dehydrated tissue samples had better cytoplasmic staining than tissues dehydrated by Anhydrous CuSO4. Background staining of more than 20 % was seen in anhydrous CuSO4 dehydrated tissue specimens than alcohol dehydrated tissue specimens. Artefacts were seen in similar ratios in both alcohol (80 %) and anhydrous copper sulphate (75 %) dehydrated tissue specimens. CONCLUSIONSAnhydrous CuSO4 has superior dehydrating properties than isopropyl alcohol which lead to over-dehydration of the tissue specimens. Further studies are required to validate the findings.

Oleoresins from chili pepper and turmeric could substitute for salinomycin in broilers / Oleoresinas de pimiento y cúrcuma podrian reemplazar la salinomicina en pollos de engorde / Oleoresinas de pimenta chilli e cúrcuma podem substituir a salinomicina em frangos de corte

Abstract Background: Coccidiosis is the infectious disease with the greatest economic impact in poultry production. Additionally, chemotherapeutic growth promoters are being substituted for safer alternative strategies. Objective: To evaluate the effect of feeding oleoresins from chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) and turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) on the performance, survival rate, and the Productive Efficiency Index of broilers from 1 to 21d challenged by Eimeria sp. Methods: A total of 700 male 1-day-old chicks (Cobb 500) challenged with Eimeria sp, were assigned to a completely randomized design with four treatments: (1) negative control diet, without anticoccidial agent or growth promoters; (2) control diet+0.05% salinomycin; (3) negative control diet+100g/ton; and (4) negative control diet +140g/ton of test product (Curcuma longa L. plus Capsicum annuum oleoresins). Results: Body weight, weight gain, feed conversion and Productive Efficiency Index did not differ between broilers fed anticoccidial chemotherapeutics and oleoresins. In addition, there was no difference in feed intake and survival rate between dietary treatments. Conclusion: Broilers supplemented with chili pepper and turmeric oleoresins from 1 to 21d present similar body weight, weight gain, feed conversion, and Productive Efficiency Index compared to broilers supplemented with chemotherapeutic anticoccidials without affecting feed intake or survival rate.

Resumen Antecedentes: El impacto económico generado por la coccidiosis en el sector avícola es el mayor en relación con otras enfermedades. Adicionalmente, los promotores de crecimiento quimioterapéuticos se han venido reemplazando por estrategias alternativas. Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de oleorresinas de pimiento (Capsicum annuum) y cúrcuma (Curcuma longa L.) sobre el desempeño zootécnico, tasa de supervivencia y el Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en pollos de engorde de 1 a 21 dias desafiados con Eimeria sp. Métodos: Se utilizaron 700 pollos machos (Cobb500) de 1 día de edad, distribuidos en un diseño completamente al azar con cuatro tratamientos: (1) dieta control negativo sin agentes anticoccidianos ni promotores de crecimiento; (2) dieta control+0,05% de salinomicina; (3) dieta control negativa+100g/ton; y (4) dieta control negativa +140g/ton del producto a evaluar (oleorresina de Curcuma longa L. y Capsicum annuum). Resultados: Se obtuvieron resultados similares repecto a peso corporal, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia e Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en los tratamientos que contenían anticoccidiano quimioterapéutico y los que contenian oleorresinas. Además, no se observaron diferencias en el consumo de alimento ni en la tasa de supervivencia entre los tratamientos dietarios. Conclusión: Los pollos de engorde suplementados entre 1 y 21 d con oleorresinas de pimiento y cúrcuma presentan similar peso corporal, ganancia de peso, conversión alimenticia e Índice de Eficiencia Productiva en comparación con los suplementados con anticoccidianos quimioterapéuticos, sin afectar el consumo de alimento ni la viabilidad.

Resumo Antecedentes: O impacto econômico da coccidiose é o maior quando comparado a outras doenças na produção avícola. Além disso, promotores de crescimento quimioterápicos tem sido substituídos por estratégias alternativas. Objetivo: Avaliar o efeito das oleoresinas da pimenta Chilli (Capsicum annuum) e açafrão-da-terra (Curcuma longa L.) no desempenho zootécnico, taxa de sobrevivência e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva de frangos de corte de 1 a 21d desafiados por Eimeria sp Métodos: Foram utilizados 700 pintos de 1d, machos (Cobb500) distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em quatro tratamentos: (1) dieta controle negativo, sem agente anticoccidiano ou promotores de crescimento; (2) dieta controle+0,05% de salinomicina; (3) dieta controle negativa+100g/ton; e (4)+140g/ton de produto teste (oleoresina de Curcuma longa L. mais Capsicum annuum) e desafiados por Eimeria sp. Resultados: Houve resultados similares para peso, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva entre frangos alimentados com dietas contendo anticocidiano quimioterápico e dietas contendo oleoresinas. Além disso, não houve diferença para consumo de ração e a taxa de sobrevivência entre os tratamentos dietéticos. Conclusão: Frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com oleorresinas de pimenta chili e açafrão-da-terra apresentaram resultados similares para peso, ganho de peso, conversão alimentar e Índice de Eficiência Produtiva que frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com anticoccidianos quimioterápicos de 1 a 21d, sem afetar o consumo de ração e a taxa de sobrevivência dos animais.

¿Contribuye el aumento del catálogo de penas alternativas y el resto de modificaciones legales a cambiar el perfil de la población condenada en el sistema abierto? Evidencia para Chile / Do the Increase in the Catalogue of Alternative Penalties and Other Legal Modifications Contribute to Changing the Profiles of People Convicted in the Open System? Evidence for Chile / O aumento do elenco de penas alternativas e as demais modificações legais contribuem para a mudança do perfil da população condenada no regime aberto? Evidência para Chile

Resumen Este estudio, con base en una metodología cuantitativa, describe y analiza variables sociodemográficas y criminógenas de una muestra representativa de condenados a penas alternativas (denominadas sustitutivas) a la cárcel, en Chile, tras la reforma de la Ley N° 20.603. Esta modificación cambió el paradigma imperante hasta ese entonces en lo que a este régimen de sanciones se refiere. También, compara algunos de los resultados con aquellos obtenidos en otro estudio previo a la reforma. Los resultados muestran características propias de los sujetos condenados a estas sanciones, que se presentan tanto en los diversos tipos de penas alternativas, como también respecto de los condenados a una pena privativa de libertad. Existen patrones sociodemográficos y criminógenos que permiten el perfilamiento de los penados y una mejor focalización de los recursos, en programas de reinserción social y de reducción de la reincidencia. También muestran que existe un componente de género que debe ser materia de estudio y análisis de las políticas públicas a la hora de abordar el comportamiento delictual.

Abstract This study, based on a quantitative methodology, describes and analyzes sociodemographic and criminal variables from a representative sample of people sentenced to alternative penalties (called alternatives) in Chile after Law No. 20,603 was reformed. This modification changed the prevailing paradigm with respect to what this penalty regime references. In addition, the study compares some results with those obtained in another study before the reform. The results show characteristics inherent to the subjects convicted to these sentences, which can be observed both in the various types of alternative penalties and in those sentenced to a term of imprisonment. There are sociodemographic and criminal patterns that allow profiling convicts and focusing resources better on social reintegration and recurrence reduction programs. They also show that there is a gender component that public policies must study and analyze when attending to criminal behavior.

Resumo Este estudo, baseado em uma metodologia quantitativa, descreve e analisa variáveis sociodemográficas e criminológicas de uma amostra representativa dos condenados a penas alternativas (denominadas substitutivas) à prisão, no Chile, após a reforma da Lei n° 20.603. Essa modificação mudou o paradigma vigente até então em relação a este regime de sanções. Além disso, compara alguns dos resultados com os obtidos em um outro estudo prévio à reforma. Os resultados mostram características próprias dos sujeitos condenados a estas sanções, que ocorrem tanto nos diversos tipos de penas alternativas, quanto em relação aos condenados à pena privativa de liberdade. Existem padrões sociodemográficos e criminológicos que permitem traçar o perfil dos condenados e um melhor direcionamento dos recursos em programas de reinserção social e redução da reincidência. Também mostram que existe um componente de gênero que deve ser objeto de estudo e análise de políticas públicas no momento de abordar o comportamento criminoso.

Drug Repositioning for COVID-19 / Reposicionamiento de medicamentos para COVID-19

Abstract Drug repositioning is a strategy that identifies new uses of approved drugs to treat conditions different from their original purpose. With the advance of COVID-19 and the pandemic declaration; It has become the closest alternative to reduce the advance of the virus. Antimalarial, antiviral drugs, antibiotics, glucocorticoids, monoclonal antibodies, among others, are being studied; their findings, although preliminary, could establish a starting point in the search for a solution. In this review, we present a selection of drugs, of different classes and with potential activity against COVID-19, whose trials are ongoing; and as proofs of concept, double blind, add-on event-driven, would allow proposing research that generates results in less time and preserving quality criteria for drug development and approval by regulatory agencies.

Resumen El drug repositioning, es una estrategia que identifica nuevos usos de medicamentos aprobados, para tratar condiciones diferentes a las de su propósito original. Con el avance del COVID-19 y la declaración de pandemia; se ha convertido en la alternativa más cercana para frenar el avance del virus. Fármacos antimalariales, antivirales, antibióticos, glucocorticoides, anticuerpos monoclonales entre otros están siendo estudiados; sus hallazgos, aunque preliminares, podrían establecer un punto de partida en la búsqueda de la solución. En este artículo, se presenta una selección de fármacos, de distinta clase y con potencial actividad para combatir al COVID-19, cuyos ensayos se encuentran en curso; y como las prueba de concepto, double blind, add-on event-driven, permitirían proponer investigaciones que generen resultados en menor tiempo y conservando los criterios de calidad para el desarrollo de medicamentos y su aprobación por las agencias reguladoras.

Pterigión recidivante y sus alternativas terapéuticas / Recurrent pterygium and its therapeutic alternatives

RESUMEN El pterigión se trata de un crecimiento fibrovascular de morfología triangular que se extiende desde la conjuntiva hacia la córnea. Está clasificado dentro de las degeneraciones no involutivas o tumoraciones epiteliales benignas corneales y se presenta en el 10,2 por ciento de la población. El tratamiento quirúrgico es el más indicado, y tiene una tasa de recidiva independientemente de la técnica quirúrgica utilizada del 10,7 por ciento; esta tasa de recidiva se evidencia por la neovascularización y el tejido cicatrizal antes de los dos meses después de la cirugía. Lo anterior ha incentivado la investigación de nuevos tratamientos que disminuyan esta complicación, por lo que el objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica fue la búsqueda de alternativas terapéuticas para el pterigión recidivante. Se realizó una búsqueda automatizada sobre el tema, utilizando la plataforma Infomed, cuya información fue resumida para la elaboración del informe final. Concluimos que existen diferentes tratamientos adyuvantes para disminuir la tasa de recurrencia, y es necesario realizar estudios donde se determine el tiempo y la frecuencia en la aplicación de estos para obtener resultados más efectivos en su uso(AU)

ABSTRACT Pterygium is a fibrovascular growth of triangular shape that extends from the conjunctiva to the cornea. It has been classified as a noninvolutionary degeneration or benign corneal epithelial tumor which affects 10.2 percent of the population. The treatment most commonly indicated is surgery, which has a recurrence rate of 10.7 percent, irrespective of the surgical technique used. Recurrence takes the form of neovascularization and scar tissue within two months after surgery. This has fostered research into new treatments to reduce this complication. The objective of the present bibliographic review was precisely to search for therapeutic alternatives for recurrent pterygium. An automated search was conducted about the topic on the platform Infomed. Data were summarized to write the final report. We concluded that there are several adjuvant treatments to reduce recurrence, and it is necessary to carry out studies determining the time and frequency of their application to obtain more effective results(AU)

Awareness, acceptance and practice of plastic ban legislation among residents of an urban area in Kanchipuram district, Tamil Nadu: a cross sectional study

Background: Convenience of plastic use pays a high price by negatively affecting health and environment. As nationwide ban on use of plastic carry bags failed, statewide ban was imposed in Tamil Nadu from 1st January 2019. This study was planned with the objective of determining the awareness, acceptance and practice of plastic ban legislation among residents in urban population in Kancheepuram district, Tamil Nadu.Methods: This community based cross sectional study was carried out with a sample size of 250 using systematic random sampling method. Data was collected using structured questionnaire and further analysis was done with SPSS Version 25 Software.Results: About 94% respondents were aware of legislation and 76% had a positive attitude towards the ban. About 52% participants continued using plastic bags despite the ban. Common source of knowledge about the ban was mass media (42%). About 80% were aware of the negative effects of plastic use and 70% were aware that plastics are non-bio-degradable. Statistically significant association was found between various socio demographic factors with the use of plastic bags. Alternate eco-friendly bags usage was found among 48% of respondents.Conclusions: Good awareness level about the ill effects of plastic use and its ban was observed but the level of implementation in their daily life was poor. Even after the preparatory period of six months given to get accustomed to eco-friendly alternatives, the use of plastic bags still remains rampant. IEC activities need to be intensified to bring about changes in the attitude and practice of plastic use.

O trabalho como pena alternativa: análise de um projeto para cumpridores de prestação de serviço à comunidade / Work as alternative sentencing: analysis of a project for court-ordered community service

Este artigo, realizado com base em um estudo empreendido com cumpridores de Prestação de Serviço à Comunidade (PSC) - modalidade de pena alternativa à prisão -, tem como objetivo investigar o sentido por eles atribuído a esse trabalho, identificado como penalidade. Os referenciais teórico-metodológico selecionados para a pesquisa foram a Psicossociologia do Trabalho e a Ergologia, acionados com a função de acompanhar um grupo de nove cumpridores de PSC em atividades desempenhadas em uma instituição na cidade de Santana do Paraíso, Minas Gerais. No que diz respeito aos resultados da pesquisa, concluiu-se que as atividades desempenhadas possibilitaram aos sujeitos a ressignificação da experiência de penalização e a construção de outras zonas de sentido para o trabalho. Emergiram ressalvas ao discurso de valorização da PSC, mediante o questionamento da penalização como garantia da não reincidência criminal. Dessa forma, sugere-se pensar em atividades de trabalho que estimulem amplamente a participação social e a valorização subjetiva.

Based on a study done with convicts sentenced to Community Service Order (CSO) - modality of sentencing alternative to imprisonment - this paper investigates the meaning attributed by these convicts to this work, identified as a punishment. The theoretical-methodological references selected for the research were Work Psychosociology and Ergology, with the objective of accompanying a group of 9 CSO doers in activities performed at an institution in the city of Santana do Paraíso, MG, Brazil. Regarding the results of the research, it was concluded that the activity enabled the subjects to re-signify the experience of punishment and the construction of other dimensions of meaning for the work. Caveats to the defense of CSOs appeared and there was questioning of whether or not punishment could ensure no repeat offences. In this way, we suggest thinking about work activities that encourage social participation and subjective recognition.

Conhecimento sobre a bioética e a Lei 11. 794/2008 na graduação / The knowledge of bioethics and Law 11, 794/2008 in undergraduate courses / Conocimiento sobre bioética y la Ley 11. 794/2008 en el grado

Resumo O uso de animais para fins didáticos e de pesquisa requer cuidados específicos. Atualmente, vigora no Brasil a Lei 11.794/2008, que rege parâmetros legais de manejo e conduta neste caso. Esta lei foi acompanhada da instalação ou adequação de comissões de ética em instituições que utilizam animais para ensino e investigação, bem como da criação do Conselho Nacional de Controle de Experimentação Animal. No entanto, apesar dos avanços, especialmente na legislação, ainda não foi consolidada nenhuma grande mudança de comportamento de pesquisadores e alunos de graduação que manuseiam animais em laboratório. A divulgação de informações deixa a desejar, e a prática acaba por repercutir a carência de reflexão ética. Este artigo busca averiguar o atual conhecimento bioético de alunos de graduação e professores com o objetivo de estimular mudanças de conduta. Aprovado CEP-Unioeste CAAE 8563417.8.0000.0107

Abstract Used for education and research, laboratory animals require special care on their handling. Brazilian Law 11,794/2008 establishes the legal parameters for animal manipulation and welfare. It was accompanied by the obligatory installation of the Institutional Ethics Committees on the Use of Animals and the creation of the National Council for Animal Experimentation Control. There have been advances in the field of animal bioethics legislation. However, considering the behavior of those who handle the animals in laboratory environment, especially undergraduate students, these advances are insufficient: the information does not reach them and their attitudes remain in need of ethical reflection. This article seeks to investigate the current bioethical knowledge of undergraduate students and teachers in order to stimulate changes in conduct. Aprovado CEP-Unioeste CAAE: 78563417.8.0000.0107

Resumen El uso de animales con fines didácticos y de investigación requiere cuidados específicos. Actualmente, rige en Brasil la Ley 11.794/2008 que regula los parámetros legales de manejo y conducta en estos casos. Esta ley estuvo acompañada de la instalación o adecuación de comisiones de ética en instituciones que utilizan animales para enseñanza e investigación, así como de la creación del Consejo Nacional de Control de Experimentación Animal. No obstante, a pesar de los avances, especialmente en la legislación, aún no se ha consolidado ninguna gran transformación en el comportamiento de los investigadores y alumnos que manipulan animales en el laboratorio. La divulgación de informaciones es insuficiente, y la práctica acaba reflejando la falta de reflexión ética. Este artículo procura identificar el conocimiento bioético actual de los alumnos de grado y de los profesores, con el objetivo de estimular cambios en la conducta. Aprovado CEP-Unioeste CAAE: 78563417.8.0000.0107

Salud mental de la niñez: significados y abordajes de profesionales en Medellín, Colombia / Childhood Mental Health: Professional Meanings and Approaches in Medellín, Colombia

Resumen La ley 1616 de 2013 en Colombia busca garantizar el derecho a la salud mental, principalmente a niños, niñas y adolescentes; y se sustenta en una concepción de salud mental que integra diferentes disciplinas. Objetivo: explorar los significados de salud mental de la niñez y alternativas de abordaje que tienen algunos profesionales vinculados a la atención de niños y niñas en la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia. Metodología: investigación cualitativa en la que participaron 16 profesionales. Se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas y un grupo focal. La información fue transcrita y procesada mediante el programa Atlas.ti, siguiendo las orientaciones metodológicas de la teoría fundamentada para el análisis de información. Resultados: los significados de salud mental de la niñez de los profesionales entrevistados se han construido a partir de su formación académica, sin embargo, el rol que ejercen se encuentra delimitado por condiciones institucionales, políticas, económicas y sociales. Coexisten discursos biomédicos, socioeconómicos y de derechos sobre la salud mental de los niños. Discusión: existen barreras para la atención integral e integrada de la salud mental de los niños y niñas, tales como la falta de articulación institucional, las condiciones de vida precarias de la población vulnerable y las limitaciones del sistema de salud. Se considera necesario avanzar en la construcción de un concepto de salud mental adecuado a las características y contextos de desarrollo de la niñez.

Abstract Colombian Law 1616 of 2013 seeks to guarantee the mental health right by giving priority to children and adolescents; it is based on a concept of mental health that integrates different disciplines. Objective: to explore the meanings and alternatives of approach in the children mental health professionals related to the attention of children in Medellin, Colombia. Methodology: qualitative research in which 16 professionals participated; semi-structured interviews and a focus group were carried out. The information was transcribed and processed in Atlas ti., following the methodological guidelines of the grounded theory for the analysis of the information. Results: Findings suggest that mental health professionals' meanings are built according to their academic training, nevertheless their role is limited by institutional, political, economic and social conditions. Biomedical, socioeconomic and right discourses coexist on children mental health meanings. Discussion: there are barriers to comprehensive and integrated services in mental health, such as the lack of institutional articulation, the vulnerable population precarious living conditions, and the limitations of the Colombian health system. It is necessary to advance in the construction of a mental health concept, appropriate to the characteristics and contexts of childhood development.

Therapeutic alternatives for the prevention of intra peritoneal adhesions

Intestinal adhesions are bands of fibrous tissue created by the intimate contact of two injured surface tissues; these appear in 93% of the patient undergoing intra-abdominal or gastrointestinal surgery. The comorbidities associated with the formation of adhesions have an impact on quality care offered to patients, leading to an increase in healthcare. Goals of this study was to perform a review that includes different therapeutic alternatives in basic and clinical research to prevent the formation of postoperative abdominal peritoneal adhesions. A bibliographic search was conducted in different databases including Pub med, Medline, Cochrane, science direct, from the years 2000 to 2018 using the keywords: gastrointestinal adhesions, small bowel obstruction, prophylaxis, treatment. Only experimental and clinical articles were selected. The development of peritoneal adhesions in most of the experimental studies occurred with cecal abrasion, studying the effect of biodegradable materials, drugs and gels such as mXG Hydrogel. Nanofiber membranes, agents created with recombinant technology such as periostin antisense oligonucleotide and aerosol applications such as polysaccharide 4DryField PH, are positioned to replace in the future the actual limited mechanical barriers application commonly used in abdominal surgery such as seprafilm and interceed. There are several anti-adhesion agents in experimental phase with different mechanism of action that could be used in the short term to prevent the formation of post-surgical intestinal adhesions. The inclusion of gastrointestinal surgeons in basic research is increasing and necessary with multidisciplinary collaboration. It is expected in short term the study and development of a greater number of materials to minimize tissue trauma and decrease the formation of post-surgical adhesions.