Preliminary checklist of dragonflies (Insecta: Odonata) of the Santa Catarina State, Brazil / Checklist preliminar de libélulas (Insecta: Odonata) do Estado de Santa Catarina, Brasil

Abstract In this study, we provide a checklist of the species of Odonata (Insecta) from the state of Santa Catarina (southern Brazil), along with their location records in the municipalities across the state (whenever possible). We compiled 147 species from 60 genera and nine families, making Santa Catarina the second state with the most Odonata species recorded in southern Brazil. The families with the highest number of species were Libellulidae (54 species from 18 genera), followed by Coenagrionidae (36 species from 17 genera), Gomphidae (20 species from ten genera) and Aeshnidae (15 species from eight genera). Several regions of Santa Catarina are unexplored (mostly the westernmost and central regions of the state), whereas the knowledge in the southern coast and the subtropical highland grasslands remains restricted to sparse occurrence records. Moreover, the distribution records in the state show an enormous historical track associated with the establishment of late entomologists in the region. Our study highlights the role of Atlantic Forest biome in maintaining high levels of diversity of Odonata species richness in Brazil and also shows that many areas in subtropical forests in Brazil are not adequately sampled.

Resumo Neste estudo, fornecemos um checklist das espécies de Odonata (Insecta) do estado de Santa Catarina (sul do Brasil), juntamente com seus registros de localização nos municípios do estado (quando disponíveis na literatura). Compilamos 147 espécies distribuídas em 60 gêneros e nove famílias, tornando Santa Catarina o segundo estado com mais espécies de Odonata registradas na região Sul do Brasil. As famílias com maior número de espécies foram Libellulidae (54 espécies distribuídas em 18 gêneros), seguida por Coenagrionidae (36 espécies distribuídas em 17 gêneros), Gomphidae (20 espécies distribuídas em dez gêneros) e Aeshnidae (15 espécies distribuídas em oito gêneros). Diversas regiões de Santa Catarina seguem inexploradas (principalmente as regiões centrais e do extremo oeste do estado), enquanto conhecimento no litoral sul e campos de altitude subtropicais permanecem restritos a registros pontuais de ocorrência. Além disso, os registros de distribuição no estado mostram um enorme legado histórico associado à fixação de entomologistas tradicionalmente lotados na região. Nosso estudo destaca o papel do bioma Mata Atlântica na manutenção de altos níveis de diversidade da riqueza de espécies de Odonata no Brasil e também mostra que muitas áreas de florestas subtropicais no Brasil não são amostradas adequadamente.

Dragonflies (Insecta, Odonata) from northeast Santa Catarina and notes on the occurrence of species in the region / Libélulas (Insecta, Odonata) no nordeste de Santa Catarina e notas sobre a ocorrência de espécies na região

Abstract We present a checklist of Odonata (Insecta) species occurring in streams in the municipality of Araquari, northeastern state of Santa Catarina (SC), southern Brazil. Five stream reaches were surveyed bi-annually from March 2016 to March 2018. Overall, we recorded 18 taxa (16 species) from 12 genera and four families. Coenagrionidae and Libellulidae were the most species-rich families (seven species each; 43% of the total number of species recorded each). Idioneura ancilla Selys, 1860, Telagrion longum Selys, 1876 (Coenagrionidae) and Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Libellulidae) are recorded for the first time in the state of Santa Catarina. Species occurrence patterns were remarkably seasonal in the studied streams, with 70% of the species recorded in the summer only, and only 25% of the species occurring in both seasons at the same stream. Our findings revealed odonate communities with marked space-time interactions in species occurrence and contribute to understand odonate biology in subtropical streams in a human-dominated landscape, and also contribute to improve the knowledge on odonate distribution in South America.

Resumo Apresentamos uma lista de espécies de Odonata (Insecta) em riachos do município de Araquari, nordeste do estado de Santa Catarina (SC), sul do Brasil. Cinco riachos foram pesquisados semestralmente entre março de 2016 e março de 2018. Ao todo, registramos 18 taxa (16 espécies) de 12 gêneros e quatro famílias. Coenagrionidae e Libellulidae foram as famílias mais ricas em espécies (sete espécies cada; cada família com 43% do total do número de espécies). Idioneura ancilla Selys, 1860, Telagrion longum Selys, 1876 (Coenagrionidae) e Erythrodiplax umbrata (Linnaeus, 1758) (Libellulidae) são registradas pela primeira vez no estado de Santa Catarina. Os padrões de ocorrência das espécies foram notavelmente sazonais nos riachos estudados, com 65% das espécies registradas apenas no verão e apenas 25% das espécies ocorrendo em ambas as estações no mesmo riacho. Nossas descobertas revelaram comunidades de Odonata com interações espaço-temporais marcantes na ocorrência de espécies e contribuem para a compreensão da biologia de Odonata em riachos subtropicais em uma paisagem dominada pelo homem, e também contribuem para melhorar o conhecimento sobre a distribuição de Odonata na América do Sul.

Curicta Stål, 1862 (Insecta: Heteroptera: Nepidae) from Maranhão, Brazil

ABSTRACT The genus Curicta Stål comprises aquatic insects commonly known as water scorpions and typically occurs in habitats associated with marginal mud. It is exclusively distributed in the New World, with 17 species recorded in the Neotropical Region, including 12 in Brazil. In the state of Maranhão, only one species, Curicta montei De Carlo, has been documented to date. Thus, this study aims to explore the diversity of Curicta in the state of Maranhão. A total of 124 specimens were collected, representing three species: Curicta granulosa De Carlo, C. johnpolhemi Keffer, and C. montei. Notably, C. johnpolhemi and C. granulosa are reported here as new distribution records for the state of Maranhão. Previously described based solely on a single female, our investigation of C. johnpolhemi enabled the description of the male, providing additional taxonomic insights for the species. Photographs of one specimen from each species are provided and diagnostic features are illustrated.

Composición de los macroinvertebrados según la calidad del agua en turberas de altura, Costa Rica / Composition of macroinvertebrates according to water quality in high altitude peatbogs, Costa Rica

Resumen Introducción: En Costa Rica, las turberas de altura se localizan en la Cordillera de Talamanca de 2 400 a 3 200 m. Se forman a partir de depósitos de materia orgánica en descomposición, con oxígeno reducido y baja disponibilidad de nutrientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la variación en la composición de macroinvertebrados acuáticos según parámetros fisicoquímicos de calidad del agua superficial en turberas de altura, Costa Rica. Métodos: Se colocaron 32 sustratos artificiales en las turberas para ser colonizados por macroinvertebrados. Se realizaron evaluaciones fisicoquímicas mensuales del agua superficial en ocho turberas con visitas mensuales durante la estación lluviosa. Se utilizaron los índices ICA-NSF y BMWP-CR para evaluar la calidad del agua. Resultados: Se registraron un total de diez familias correspondientes a siete géneros. Las familias más representativas fueron Chironomidae y Limnephilidae. La calidad del agua se clasificó según el ICA-NSF como de "calidad media" y como de "calidad regular a mala" según el BMWP-CR. Conclusiones: Las turberas de altura son ecosistemas poco estudiados, esta investigación evidencia la necesidad de diseñar metodologías e índices que evalúen la fauna acuática. Las turberas son diferentes entre sí, y las familias de macroinvertebrados encontrados son tolerantes a las características fisicoquímicas del agua. Es necesario realizar estudios periódicos que evalúen la calidad del agua y su relación con los macroinvertebrados acuáticos para entender la dinámica de las turberas, generar conocimiento e incrementar su protección.

Abstract Introduction: In Costa Rica, high peatbogs are located in the Cordillera de Talamanca from 2 400 to 3 200 m. They are formed from deposits of decomposing organic matter, with reduced oxygen and low nutrient availability. Objective: To evaluate the variation in the composition of aquatic macroinvertebrates according to physicochemical parameters of superficial water quality in high altitude peatbogs, Costa Rica. Methods: 32 artificial substrates were placed in the peatbogs to be colonized by macroinvertebrates. Monthly physicochemical evaluations of surface water were performed in eight peatbogs with monthly visits during the rainy season. The ICA-NSF and BMWP-CR indexes were used to evaluate the water quality. Results: A total of ten families corresponding to seven genera were recorded. The most representative family was Chironomidae and Limnephilidae. Water quality was classified according to the ICA-NSF as "medium quality" and as "regular to poor quality" according to BMWP-CR. Conclusions: The high peatbogs are poorly studied ecosystems; this research shows the need to design methodologies and indices to evaluate the aquatic fauna. The peatbogs are different from each other, and the families of macroinvertebrates found are tolerant to the physicochemical characteristics of the water. Periodic studies that evaluate water quality and its relationship with aquatic macroinvertebrates are necessary to understand the dynamics of peatlands, generate knowledge and increase their protection.

Secondary production of two species of Anacroneuria (Perlidae) in a neotropical river / Producción secundaria de dos especies de anacroneuria (perlidae) en un río neotropical

RESUMEN La producción secundaria de insectos acuáticos es un tema de gran relevancia y poco estudiado, que permite entender la variación de la biomasa de organismos consumidores. Los plecópteros son uno de los grupos de insectos acuáticos más abundantes y ampliamente usados como modelo en este campo. Por lo anterior, el objetivo de este trabajo fue determinar la producción secundaria de dos especies de plecópteros (Anacroneuria marta y A. caraca), dominantes en el tramo medio del río Gaira (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). Se realizó un muestreo cada 20 días durante un año (14 muestreos en total) en microhabitats de grava en corriente lenta y de grava en corriente rápida. La identificación de las ninfas se realizó con base en su morfología y descripciones disponibles en la bibliografía. La producción secundaria se estimó a través del método de frecuencias de tallas para cohortes no reconocidas. La biomasa anual de A. marta fue similar a la de A. caraca (B= 457,41 y B= 432,28 mg/m2, respectivamente). La producción anual de A. caraca (4,198 g/m2/a) fue mucho mayor que la de A marta (2,582 g/m2/a). No obstante, la producción anual por biomasa (P/B) fue mayor para A. marta con 9,71 a-1 y menor para A. caraca con 5,65 a-1. La producción de ambas especies fue alta en comparación con otros estudios realizados en la región neotropical. Estos resultados evidenciaron que las especies son multivoltinas y que no hay un patrón de crecimiento estacional moderado por las precipitaciones.

ABSTRACT Secondary production in aquatic insects is a theme of great relevance and insufficiently studied. This topic allows an understanding of the rate variability of biomass by consumers in lotic systems. Plecoptera are one of the most abundant and widely used groups of aquatic insects used in this field. Therefore, the objective of this work was to determine the secondary production of the two dominant species of stoneflies (Anacroneuria marta and A. caraca) in the middle section of the Gaira River (Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia). Sampling was carried out every 20 days during a year (14 samplings in total), in the gravel microhabitats in slow current and fast current. The identification of the nymphs was made based on morphological characters and descriptions available in the bibliography. Secondary production was estimated using the length frequency method for unrecognized cohorts. The annual biomass of A. marta was similar to A. caraca (B= 457.41 and B= 432.28 mg/m2, respectively). The annual production of A. caraca (4.198 g/m2/a) was greater than A marta (2.582 g/m2/a). However, the annual production per biomass ratio P/B was 9.71 a-1 for A. marta and 5.65 for a-1 A. caraca. The production of both species was high compared to other studies done in the neotropical region. These results demonstrated that the species are multivoltine and that there is no seasonal growth pattern moderated by rainfall.

The drift effect on nestedness of ephemeroptera, trichoptera and plecoptera orders in the Xingu River / O efeito da deriva no aninhamento das ordens ephemeroptera, trichoptera e plecoptera no Rio Xingu

Abstract The drift movement consists of the displacement of the organisms inside the water column which allows its passive locomotion. This movement will result in a variation of the communities of organisms along the river, generating spatial patterns. Based on this, we tested the hypotheses a) the drift of individuals in an upstream-downstream direction creates a nestedness pattern, when the upstream is a subset of downstream communities of aquatic insects; b) there will be an increase in the number of individuals and genera as we approach the most downstream point. The present study was carried out in seven sampling points distributed along the Xingu River. The sampling occurred at night in the central area of the river. The number of genera along the river remained constant, and the nestedness distribution of the communities in the upstream-downstream gradient was not observed. Based on the results, it is possible to visualize a turnover of genera in the longitudinal gradient of the river, but with an accumulation of genera in the downstream region. Organisms that are transported by the flow of the water current respond to the characteristics of the body of water by adapting to the type of environment in which they are found.

Resumo O movimento de deriva consiste no desprendimento dos organismos dentro da coluna de água, o que permite a sua locomoção passiva. Este movimento resultará numa variação das comunidades de organismos ao longo do rio, gerando padrões espaciais. Com base nisto, testamos as hipóteses a) o movimento de indivíduos em direção montante-jusante criará um padrão aninhado, no qual as comunidades de insetos aquáticos a montante são um subconjunto das comunidades a jusante; b) haverá um aumento no número de indivíduos e gêneros à medida que nos aproximamos do ponto mais a jusante. O presente estudo foi realizado em sete pontos de amostragem distribuídos ao longo do rio Xingu. A amostragem ocorreu durante a noite no canal central do rio. O número de gêneros ao longo do rio se manteve constante, e não observamos uma distribuição de aninhamento das comunidades no gradiente ascendente e descendente do rio. Com base nos resultados, é possível visualizar uma substituição dos gêneros no gradiente longitudinal do rio, porém ocorrendo um acúmulo de gêneros na região mais a jusante. Os organismos que são transportados pelo fluxo da corrente de água respondem as características do corpo de água adaptando-se ao tipo de ambiente em que se encontram.

A new species of Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) and notes on the adults of Nectopsyche splendida ()

ABSTRACT The male and female of a new species in the long-horned caddisfly genus Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 are described from southeastern Brazil. The new species has male genitalia similar to species of the candida-group, but has several endothecal spines in the phallic apparatus similar to those of gemma-group species. The color pattern of the scales and hairs on the head, thorax and forewings is similar to that of Nectopsyche splendida (Navás, 1917), as both species have bands of metallic silver-iridescent scales interleaved with black areas on the forewings. Additionally, we present illustrations of the male and female genitalia of N. splendida and expand the knowledge of its distribution.

In honor of the Claudio Gilberto Froehlich's career: Tupiperla claudius sp. nov. (Plecoptera: Gripopterygidae), a new stonefly from Pico do Marumbi State Park, Paraná State, southern Brazil

ABSTRACT A new species of Gripopteryginae stonefly, Tupiperla claudius sp. nov. (holotype male deposited in DZUP: Brazil, Paraná State, Piraquara municipality, Pico do Marumbi State Park), is described and diagnosed based on seven adult males. The new species differs from its congeners by the long T10 extension, dorsally with straight lateral margins and tip truncated, protruding into a pair of short downward teeth in lateral view; paraproct long, surpassing the T10 extension dorsally, with a basal membranous-like area and a row of minute spines on the middle of the appendage length dorsally. Specimens of T. claudius sp. nov. from the Protected Area Mananciais da Serra in the Serra do Mar represent the very first gripopterygids recorded in the state of Paraná and are also a remarkable record for the genus for the southern Brazilian Atlantic Forest.

Filling distribution gaps and honoring great taxonomist mentors: three new species of the microcaddisfly Ochrotrichia Mosely, 1934 (Trichoptera: Hydroptilidae) from the Brazilian Cerrado and a checklist from Brazil

ABSTRACT Sixteen species of the microcaddisfly Ochrotrichia Mosely, 1934 (Hydroptilidae) have been recorded so far in Brazil, mainly distributed in the Atlantic Forest of southeastern Brazil. In order to reduce the Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls for the Ochrotrichia Brazilian fauna, we diagnose, describe, and illustrate three new species based on adult males from three protected and preserved areas of the Cerrado biome of Federal District (Central-West region), Minas Gerais (Southeast region) and Tocantins (North region) states; all of them named in honor of three great Brazilian entomologists viz., Ochrotrichia froehlichi sp. nov., Ochrotrichia machadoi sp. nov. and Ochrotrichia nessimiani sp. nov. They can be recognized mainly by the morphology of the tergum X, number, and position of the spine-like setae of the inferior appendages. This contribution represents the first record of Ochrotrichia for the Central-West region, increasing the number of species of this genus in Cerrado biome from one to four, and is the first report of a microcaddisfly for the Federal District. In addition, the genus is reported for the first time from Paraná, São Francisco, and Tocantins hydrographic basins. Finally, we provide a checklist of the Ochrotrichia species from Brazil.

Two new species and new records of the genus Nectopsyche Müller, 1879 (Trichoptera: Leptoceridae) from Pará state, Brazil

ABSTRACT The genus Nectopsyche is widely recognized by its striking adults, with colored setae and scales, even metallic and/or iridescent. It is primarily distributed in the Neotropical region, with a few species found in the Nearctics. Nectopsyche has more than 100 described species, with 26 of them recorded in Brazil. In Pará state, one of the largest Brazilian' states, only three species have been recorded. In contribution to the taxonomic knowledge about the Neotropical caddisflies, especially those of the Amazonian region, we propose two new species of Nectopsyche from Pará state based on male specimens: Nectopsyche tridentata n. sp. and Nectopsyche froehlichi n. sp. In addition, Nectopsyche acutiloba, Nectopsyche adusta, Nectopsyche jenseni, and Nectopsyche quatuorguttata are recorded for the first time in the state of Pará. Our results increase the number of Nectopsyche species recorded in Brazil to 28, and the number of recorded species in the state of Pará to eight.

Hermanella complex on Northern Brazil (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae): New species and stage descriptions

ABSTRACT The male and female imago stage and a new species of the Hermanella complex are described based on material from Pará State, Northern Brazil: Hydromastodon cf. mikei (Thomas & Boutonnet, 2004) and Paramaka froehlichi sp. nov. The male imago of Hydromastodon cf. mikei can be distinguished from Hydromastodon sallesi by the following combination of characters: (1) body color pattern, especially abdominal terga translucent white with terga I to IV washed with black on posterior margin; (2) compound eyes anteriorly rounded; (3) medial projection of the styliger plate short; and (4) penis lobes close to each other and with posterolateral projection as long as ½ of its length. The male imago of Paramaka froehlichi sp.nov. can be distinguished the from the other species of the genus by the following combination of characters: (1) fore and hind wings with membrane brown; (2) legs uniformly yellowish-white, without distal band; (3) abdominal terga II to VI with marks more expanded laterally, median line absent; (4) medial projection of the styliger plate broad; (5) base of telopenis arising at distal ⅔ of penis lobe; and (6): body size of 6.1 to 7.6 mm.

LEAq - Laboratório de Entomologia Aquática "Prof. Claudio Gilberto Froehlich" and the task of facing the biodiversity knowledge deficits on Caddisflies (Trichoptera), Bahia, Brazil

ABSTRACT Insects are fundamental to biodiversity conservation in almost all ecosystems, and their population decline, and extinction directly result from environmental impacts. These facts are aggravated by the lack of knowledge of insect biodiversity, the so-called biodiversity deficits, especially the Linnean and Wallacean shortfalls. In freshwater ecosystems, biodiversity loss is higher among aquatic insects, and caddisflies comprise one of the most vulnerable orders. In this way, research focusing on describing new caddisfly species and understanding their distribution ranges will increase knowledge of caddisfly biodiversity. In the past 14 years, the team from the Laboratório de Entomologia Aquática "Prof. Dr. Claudio Gilberto Froehlich" (LEAq, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Brazil) and collaborators have been addressing these issues, resulting in 55 described species of caddisflies. Taxa in other insect orders have also received attention and an additional 16 species have been described (eight mayflies, four stoneflies, four neuropteran spongillaflies, and antlions). Here, eight caddisfly species are described and illustrated (Atopsyche froehlichi sp. nov., Austrotinodes zeferina sp. nov., Cernotina kariri sp. nov., Neoathripsodes froehlichi sp. nov., Notalina claudiofroehlichi sp. nov., Oecetis marcus sp. nov., Phylloicus froehlichi sp. nov., and Polycentropus claudioi sp. nov.), five of them in honor of LEAq's patron. In addition, new distributional data are presented for 10 known species. A checklist of the caddisfly fauna of Bahia state is also presented, with 138 species, around 75% and 30% of them recorded and described by the LEAq team, respectively. Currently, for caddisflies, Bahia is the fifth most species-rich state in Brazil, and the first in the Brazilian Northeast region.

Prof. Dr. Claudio Gilberto Froehlich, a naturalistic legacy overcoming the biodiversity knowledge shortfalls

ABSTRACT The limited knowledge of biodiversity constrains conservation strategies in a wide range of questions. Overcoming and recognizing these knowledge deficits require integrated efforts by current researchers and constitute crucial challenges for the next generations. Prof. Dr. Claudio Froehlich was a pioneer in implementing a research program integrating ecology and taxonomy, especially in aquatic insects, in Brazil. This special issue was conceptualized to honor his prolific scientific career and constitutes a tribute to the pioneering in Brazilian aquatic entomology. A brief biography of Prof. Dr. Claudio Froehlich was presented as well as 13 papers facing the biodiversity knowledge shortfalls from five insect orders (Diptera, Ephemeroptera, Neuroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera), with behavior reports (Eltonian shortfall), 23 new species described (Linnean shortfall), and distribution records for several taxa (Wallacean shortfall).

EphemBrazil: a curated online database and dashboard to explore the distribution of mayflies (Insecta: Ephemeroptera) from Brazil

ABSTRACT Despite the growing number of studies on mayflies (Ephemeroptera), especially in terms of description of new species and distributional records, the knowledge generated remains scattered across specialized literature. This dispersion poses a challenge for non-specialists, such as ecologists, hindering their ability to promote studies and conservation actions. In order to fill this gap, we are launching EphemBrazil: an online database focusing on the distribution of mayflies in Brazil. The main objectives of this platform are to compile a dataset of distributional information for the valid species of Ephemeroptera in Brazil, provide open access to this dataset through an interactive and easily updated website, and offer dynamic distributional maps for species, genera, and families of Brazilian mayflies. EphemBrazil aims to facilitate the retrieval and access of distributional and basic taxonomic information for the order.

Variability of the community structure of aquatic macroinvertebrates in the Salinas de Chilca, Lima, Peru / Variabilidad de la estructura comunitaria de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en las salinas de chilca, lima, perú

RESUMEN Las Salinas de Chilca están localizadas en el km 65 de la carretera Panamericana Sur, representadas por tres lagunas: La Milagrosa (laguna principal y pozas salinas), La Mellicera y La Encantada. El entorno de estas lagunas pertenece a la zona de vida Desierto Subtropical (d-ST). El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la influencia de las variables ambientales en los cambios de la estructura comunitaria de macroinvertebrados en las Salinas de Chilca, Lima, Perú. Se realizaron cuatro campañas de colecta desde enero hasta septiembre del 2018, estableciéndose doce estaciones de muestreo, tres estaciones por cada ambiente léntico. La muestra fue colectada a través de barridos con una red tipo D de 500 µm de apertura de malla en la orilla de cada laguna. Los parámetros fisicoquímicos del agua presentaron valores diferenciados en cada laguna y formaron una gradiente de salinidad descendente desde las pozas salinas (de valores hipersalinos) hacia la laguna La Encantada (de valores mesosalinos). Se recolectaron 42 géneros de macroinvertebrados, siendo los géneros más influyentes en los patrones comunitarios: Heleobia, Larsia, Trichocorixa, EphydrayArtemia, estos organismos representaron el 83,85 % de la abundancia total. El gradiente ambiental generado por la salinidad determinó dos grupos muy diferenciados, un grupo de especies que no toleran valores elevados de salinidad (lagunas mesosalinas) de otro grupo de especies que soportan valores extremos de salinidad (lagunas hipersalinas); sin embargo, la depredación, alteraciones antrópicas, estructura del hábitat, entre otros factores, también estarían influyendo en los cambios de la estructura comunitaria.

ABSTRACT The Salinas de Chilca are located at km 65 of the Panamericana Sur highway, represented by three lagoons: La Milagrosa (main lagoon and salt ponds), La Mellicera and La Encantada. The environment of these lagoons belongs to the Subtropical Desert (d-ST) life zone. The objective of the present study was to determine the influence of environmental variables on changes in the macroinvertebrate community structure in the Salinas de Chilca, Lima, Peru. Four collection campaigns were carried out from January to September 2018, establishing twelve sampling stations, three stations for each lentic environment. The sample was collected through sweeps with a 500 µm mesh opening type D network on the shore of each lagoon. The physicochemical parameters of the water presented different values in each lagoon and formed a descending salinity gradient from the saline pools (with hypersaline values) towards the La Encantada lagoon (with mesosaline values). 42 genera of macroinvertebrates were collected, with the most influential genera in community patterns: Heleobia, Larsia, Trichocorixa, Ephydra and Artemia, these organisms represented 83.85 % of the total abundance. The environmental gradient generated by salinity determined two very different groups, a group of species that do not tolerate high salinity values (mesosaline lagoons) from another group of species that support extreme salinity values (hypersaline lagoons); however, predation, anthropic alterations, habitat structure, among other factors, would also be influencing changes in the community structure.

Checklist of Damselflies and Dragonflies (Odonata) from Acre state, and the first record of Drepanoneura loutoni von Ellenrieder & Garrison, 2008 for Brazil / Checklist das Libélulas (Odonata) do estado do Acre, e o primeiro registro de Drepanoneura loutoni von Ellenrieder & Garrison, 2008 para o Brasil

Abstract: Here we present the first Odonata (Insecta) species list for the state of Acre, Northern Brazil, adding ecological aspects and notes on its taxonomy and conservation status. Regarding Odonata samplings, Acre is one of the least explored states in the northern region of Brazil and an area of geographic importance, as it is a transition between the Andean and Amazon regions. Collections were carried out in 35 streams, distributed in nine municipalities. We also supplemented our database from the review of secondary literature and data from biological collections. We recorded 140 species, distributed in 55 genera, of which 16 species are new records for the state, making Acre state the second in the number of recorded species in northern Brazil. Of the recorded species, 113 are classified within some threat category of the IUCN red list and 110 in the ICMBio national list. Analyzing the taxonomic information on each recorded species, knowledge of females and larvae is still very limited and, most of the time, only available to adult males. For the first time, the occurrence of Drepanoneura loutonivon Ellenrieder & Garrison (2008) is reported for Brazil, and we also present photos of its main morphological characters, with comments on its biology. Our study shows the importance of conducting biodiversity research in poorly studied areas; such as the state of Acre, and serves as a basis for future expeditions in the region.

Resumo: Apresentamos a primeira lista de espécies de Odonata (Insecta) para o estado do Acre no Brasil, adicionando aspectos ecológicos e notas sobre o seu estado de conservação. O Acre é um dos estados com o menor esforço de coleta da região Norte do Brasil e uma área de importância geográfica, pois é uma transição entre os Andes e a Amazônia. Foram realizadas coletas em 35 riachos, distribuídos em nove municípios e também complementados com informações de dados secundários de revisão na literatura e bases de dados de coleções biológicas. Registramos 140 espécies, distribuídas em 55 gêneros, das quais 16 espécies são novos registros para o estado, tornando-o o segundo em número de espécies na região Norte do Brasil. Das espécies registradas, 113 estão classificadas dentro de alguma categoria de ameaça da lista vermelha da IUCN e 110 na lista nacional do ICMBio. Analisando as informações do conhecimento das espécies, o conhecimento das fêmeas e larvas ainda muito limitado e na maioria das vezes disponíveis apenas para os machos adultos. Pela primeira vez é registrada a ocorrência da Drepanoneura loutoni von Ellenrieder & Garrison (2008) no Brasil, também apresentamos fotos das principais estruturas, com comentários sobre sua biologia. Nosso trabalho mostra a importância da realização de estudos de biodiversidade em áreas ainda pouco estudadas como a do estado do Acre e serve como base para futuras expedições na região.

Redescription of adults, nymphs and taxonomic notes on the Southern Brazilian mayfly Ulmeritus saopaulensis (Traver, 1946) (Ephemeroptera: Leptophlebiidae)

ABSTRACT The small mayfly genus UlmeritusTraver, 1956 currently includes three species of Neotropical Leptophlebiidae (Ephemeroptera) distributed in southern South America in the Pampean and Atlantic Forest dominions: U. carbonelli (Uruguay), U. balteatus (Brazil and Uruguay) and U. saopaulensis (Brazil). Ulmeritus saopaulensis is a poorly known endemic species from Brazil. Based on material from a single locality in Minas Gerais, we complement the knowledge on this species with a redescription of adults and nymphs and describe the eggs for the first time. The confusing nomenclatural history and the correct spelling of the specific name saopaulensis is discussed in light of International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. This paper points out that in despite of recent advances on the knowledge of this genus a full taxonomic review and phylogenetic analyses are pending to solve species delimitation and evolutionary relationships.

A new species of Sisyra Burmeister, 1839 (Neuroptera: Sisyridae) from Peru, with identification key to the Neotropical species of the genus

ABSTRACT A new species of Sisyra Burmeister is described from the tropical rainforest of Tambopata National Reserve, Madre de Dios region, Peru. Sisyra tambopatensis sp. nov. is described based on a male specimen, which greatly differs from its congeners in the overall shape of the male gonocoxite 9. In addition, an identification key to the Neotropical species of Sisyra is provided.

Effects of urbanization on the fauna of Odonata on the coast of southern Brazil / Efeitos da urbanização sobre a fauna de Odonata no litoral sul do Brasil

Abstract: Urbanization significantly increases the rates of environmental disturbance, being one of the main causes of habitat loss and biodiversity. The growing trend of converting the natural landscape into areas for real estate speculation in the coastal region of the southernmost part of Brazil is a current concern, as the region is home to unique ecosystems, such as dunes, wetlands and large brackish lagoons. As they are organisms sensitive to environmental changes, variations in the structure of Odonata communities are used as indicators of habitat quality reflecting the human impact on the environment. Here we assessed how the Odonata community is affected by the growing urbanization around natural ponds on the coast of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, testing the hypothesis that the increase in the percentage of urbanization negatively influences the Odonata community, following the same pattern found for other groups of invertebrates. The collections took place in 28 coastal ponds, which were classified as urbanized and non-urbanized based on the surrounding ground cover. Anisoptera's richness, abundance and composition were influenced by urbanization, but the same was not found for Zygoptera. The analysis of indicator species specifies three species associated with non-urbanized areas: Erythrodiplax sp.1, Erythemis credula and Telebasis corallina. Our study highlights the importance of Odonata as organisms that indicate environmental integrity and reinforces the need for urban planning strategies that favor the conservation and maintenance of the environments affected by urbanization.

Resumo: A urbanização aumenta significativamente as taxas de perturbação ambiental, sendo está uma das principais causas da perda de habitat e biodiversidade. A tendência crescente de conversão da paisagem natural em áreas para especulação imobiliária na região costeira do extremo sul do Brasil é uma preocupação atual, pois a região abriga ecossistemas únicos, como dunas, áreas úmidas e grandes lagoas salobras. Como são organismos sensíveis às alterações ambientais, as variações na estrutura das comunidades de Odonata são utilizadas como indicadores de qualidade do habitat refletindo o impacto humano no ambiente. Nós avaliamos como a comunidade de Odonata é afetada pela crescente urbanização em torno de lagoas naturais no litoral do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, testando a hipótese de que o aumento do percentual de urbanização influencia negativamente a comunidade de Odonata, seguindo o mesmo padrão encontrado para outros grupos de invertebrados. As coletas ocorreram em 28 lagoas costeiras, que foram classificadas como urbanizadas e não urbanizadas com base na cobertura do solo no entorno. A riqueza, abundância e composição de Anisoptera foram influenciadas pela urbanização, mas o mesmo não foi encontrado para Zygoptera. A análise de espécies indicadoras especifica três espécies associadas a áreas não urbanizadas: Erythrodiplax sp.1, Erythemis credula e Telebasis corallina. Nosso estudo destaca a importância dos Odonata como organismos indicadores de integridade ambiental e reforça a necessidade de estratégias de planejamento urbano que favoreçam a conservação e manutenção dos ambientes afetados pela urbanização.

Variación estacional y características fisicoquímicas e hidrológicas que influyen en los macroinvertebrados acuáticos, en un río tropical / Seasonal variation, physicochemical and hydrological characteristics that influence aquatic macroinvertebrates, in a tropical river

Introducción: La distribución de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos en los ríos puede estar determinada por el tipo del sustrato, la forma del canal del río, el régimen hidrológico y las interacciones con factores bióticos y abióticos. En Costa Rica se desconoce en gran parte de los ríos, las variaciones en la distribución de los macroinvertebrados acuáticos producto de las transiciones y consecuentes variaciones en características fisicoquímicas e hidrológicas. Objetivos : 1) Estudiar el cambio del ensamblaje de macroinvertebrados acuáticos en dos sitios dentro del cauce del Río Naranjo, durante los cuatro periodos hidrológicos del año; 2) determinar la relación entre las variables fisicoquímicas, sustrato y el caudal con el ensamblaje. Metodología: El estudio se realizó en el Río Naranjo, Costa Rica, en dos sitios de muestreo durante un año, evaluando los cuatro periodos hidrológicos del año. En cada sitio de muestreo se obtuvieron valores de velocidad y profundidad del agua, caudal, oxígeno disuelto, pH, conductividad, sulfatos, amonio, nitrato, silicatos, fosfatos y sustrato, y se obtuvo una muestra de macroinvertebrados acuáticos por cada tipo de microhábitat determinado por la velocidad del agua. Se realizó una prueba PERMANOVA de dos vías, para determinar si existe una diferencia entre la abundancia de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, por periodo y entre sitios. Se hizo un análisis de correspondencia canónica para observar la relación entre los macroinvertebrados acuáticos y los factores ambientales. Por último, se realizó una prueba de Spearman para determinar la relación positiva o negativa de las variables con los macroinvertebrados Resultados: Hubo una mayor abundancia durante la estación seca, mientras que durante la transición de la estación seca a la lluviosa se registró la menor abundancia de organismos. El ACC indicó que el primer eje presentó una relación positiva con el sustrato limo y arena, y una relación negativa para las variables velocidad de corriente y sustrato rocoso. El segundo eje presentó una relación positiva con el caudal y los nitratos, y negativa para el sustrato canto rodado. La mayoría de los organismos mostraron una respuesta negativa al aumento del flujo y los nitratos. Discusión: Conforme aumenta el caudal, aumenta la velocidad del agua y no todos los organismos registrados en el Río Naranjo cuentan con características para sobrevivir a estas condiciones. Además, la profundidad también aumenta junto con la fuerza de arrastre, provocando el movimiento de los sustratos de menor tamaño y una remoción de organismos. El aumento de nitratos puede generar una disminución de los organismos más sensibles como Plecoptera y Ephemeroptera. A pesar de las variaciones fisicoquímicas y de caudal registradas en el Río Naranjo, éstas no fueron lo suficientemente fuertes como para variar el ensamblaje de macroinvertebrados acuáticos, por lo que la cuenca por el momento no cuenta con factores estresantes que elimine organismos durante uno o varios meses del año.

Introduction: The distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates in rivers may be determined by the type of substrate, the shape of the river channel, the hydrological regime, and interactions with biotic and abiotic factors. Variations in the distribution of aquatic macroinvertebrates due to transitions and variations in physicochemical and hydrological characteristics are unknown in most rivers. Objectives: 1) to study the change in the aquatic macroinvertebrates assemblages in two sites in Naranjo River, during the four hydrological seasons; 2) to determine the relationship between the physicochemical variables, substrate and flow with the assemblages. Methodology: The study was conducted in the Naranjo River, Costa Rica, at two sampling sites during one year, evaluating the four seasons of the year. In each station we measure, values of water velocity and depth, flow rate, dissolved oxygen, pH, conductivity, sulfates, ammonium, nitrate, silicates, phosphates, and substrate were obtained, and a sample of aquatic macroinvertebrates was obtained for each type of microhabitat determined by water velocity. Two-way PERMANOVA was made to determine if there is a difference among aquatic macroinvertebrate abundance, per period and between sites. Canonical correspondence analysis was used to observe the relationship between aquatic macroinvertebrates and environmental factors. Finally, a Spearman's rank correlation coefficient was performed to determine the positive or negative relationship of variables with macroinvertebrates. Results: There was a greater abundance during the dry season, while during the transition from dry to the rainy season, the lowest abundance of organisms was recorded. The CCA indicates that the first axis presented a positive relationship with the silt and sand substrate and a negative relationship for the current velocity and rock substrate variables. The second axis showed a positive relationship with flow and nitrates and negative for the pebble substrate. Most organisms showed a negative response to increased flow and nitrates. Discussion: As flow increases, current velocity increases, and not all organisms recorded in the Naranjo River have the characteristics to survive these conditions. In addition, the depth also increases along with the drag force, causing movement of smaller substrates and removal of organisms. Increased nitrates can lead to a decrease in more sensitive organisms, such as Plecoptera and Ephemeroptera. In spite of the physicochemical and flow variations registered in the Naranjo River, these were not strong enough to vary the assemblages of aquatic macroinvertebrates, so the basin does not have stressful factors that eliminate organisms during one or several months of the year.