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Objective To investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on insulin resistance and nuclear factor-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in gestational diabetic rats.Methods Pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into normal pregnancy group (control group),model group [gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) group],low-dose astragalus polysaccharide group (APS-L group),middle-dose astragalus polysaccharide group (APS-M group),high-dose astragalus polysaccharide group (APS-H group),pioglitazone group (Pio group).GDM rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ).The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG),fasting insulin (FINS),adiponectin (APN),tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α),Leptin,malondialdehyde (MDA),and superoxde dismutase (SOD) were measured before delivery and 20 days after pregnancy,then the insulin resistance index was calculated;histopathological changes of pancreas were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining;the expressions of Nrf2,heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1),and γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS)mRNAs were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR);Western blot was used to detect the expressions of Nrf2,HO-1,and γ-GCS proteins in pancreatic tissues.Results Compared with the control group,the levels of APN and SOD in GDM group were significantly lower (P ＜ 0.05);the levels of APN and SOD increased significantly after APS treatment,but there was no significant difference between APS-H group and Pio group;compared with the control group,the levels of TNF-α,Leptin,and MDA in the GDM group increased significantly (P ＜ 0.05);after APS treatment,the levels of TNF-α,Leptin,and MDA were significantly decreased (P ＜ 0.05),and with the increase of APS concentration,the effect of reduction was obvious,but there was no significant difference between APS-H group and Pio group;compared with the control group,the levels of FBG,FINS,insulin secretion index (IS),and insulin resistance index (IRI) in GDM group were significantly higher (P ＜ 0.05);compared with the GDM group,the levels of FBG,FINS,IS,and IRI in APS group were significantly lower,and with the increase of APS concentration,the effect of reduction was obvious,but there was no significant difference between APS-H group and Pio group;compared with the control group,the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) level in GDM group was significantly lower (P ＜0.05),while the level of ISI in APS group was significantly higher when treated with APS (P ＜ 0.05);the results of HE staining showed that the islet cells in the control group were regular round or oval with clear boundary;in the GDM group,the number of islets decreased significantly,while the islets atrophied without obvious boundary;after APS treatment,the number of islets increased,and the pathological damage was significantly reduced,the islet cells in Pio group showed a clear boundary after treatment;qRT-PCR showed that the expressions of Nrf2,HO-1,and γ-GCS in GDM group were significantly higher than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05),after APS treatment,the expression levels of Nrf2,HO-1,and γ-GCS decreased significantly (P ＜ 0.05),but there was no significant difference between APS-H group with Pio group;Western Blot results showed that the expressions of Nrf2,HO-1,and γ-GCS in GDM group were significantly higher than those in control group (P ＜ 0.05),after APS treatment,the levels of Nrf2,HO-1,and γ-GCS in APS group and Pio group were significantly lower than those in GDM group,but there was no significant difference between APS-H group with Pio group.Conclusions Astragalus polysaccharide can reduce insulin resistance in diabetic rats,which may play the role through Nrf2-ARE pathway.
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Objective@#To investigate the effects of astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on insulin resistance and nuclear factor-related factor 2 (Nrf2) -antioxidant response element (ARE) pathway in gestational diabetic rats.@*Methods@#Pregnant Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were divided into normal pregnancy group (control group), model group [gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) group], low-dose astragalus polysaccharide group (APS-L group), middle-dose astragalus polysaccharide group (APS-M group), high-dose astragalus polysaccharide group (APS-H group), pioglitazone group (Pio group). GDM rat model was established by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ). The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), fasting insulin (FINS), adiponectin (APN), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Leptin, malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxde dismutase (SOD) were measured before delivery and 20 days after pregnancy, then the insulin resistance index was calculated; histopathological changes of pancreas were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining; the expressions of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), and γ-glutamyl cysteine synthase (γ-GCS)mRNAs were detected by real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR); Western blot was used to detect the expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, and γ-GCS proteins in pancreatic tissues.@*Results@#Compared with the control group, the levels of APN and SOD in GDM group were significantly lower (P<0.05); the levels of APN and SOD increased significantly after APS treatment, but there was no significant difference between APS-H group and Pio group; compared with the control group, the levels of TNF-α, Leptin, and MDA in the GDM group increased significantly (P<0.05); after APS treatment, the levels of TNF-α, Leptin, and MDA were significantly decreased (P<0.05), and with the increase of APS concentration, the effect of reduction was obvious, but there was no significant difference between APS-H group and Pio group; compared with the control group, the levels of FBG, FINS, insulin secretion index (IS), and insulin resistance index (IRI) in GDM group were significantly higher (P<0.05); compared with the GDM group, the levels of FBG, FINS, IS, and IRI in APS group were significantly lower, and with the increase of APS concentration, the effect of reduction was obvious, but there was no significant difference between APS-H group and Pio group; compared with the control group, the insulin sensitivity index (ISI) level in GDM group was significantly lower (P<0.05), while the level of ISI in APS group was significantly higher when treated with APS (P<0.05); the results of HE staining showed that the islet cells in the control group were regular round or oval with clear boundary; in the GDM group, the number of islets decreased significantly, while the islets atrophied without obvious boundary; after APS treatment, the number of islets increased, and the pathological damage was significantly reduced, the islet cells in Pio group showed a clear boundary after treatment; qRT-PCR showed that the expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, and γ-GCS in GDM group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05), after APS treatment, the expression levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and γ-GCS decreased significantly (P<0.05), but there was no significant difference between APS-H group with Pio group; Western Blot results showed that the expressions of Nrf2, HO-1, and γ-GCS in GDM group were significantly higher than those in control group (P<0.05), after APS treatment, the levels of Nrf2, HO-1, and γ-GCS in APS group and Pio group were significantly lower than those in GDM group, but there was no significant difference between APS-H group with Pio group.@*Conclusions@#Astragalus polysaccharide can reduce insulin resistance in diabetic rats, which may play the role through Nrf2-ARE pathway.
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Objective To explore the therapeutic effect of astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on high fat-induced nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in rats. Methods Totally 36 male SD rats were randomized into normal control group (n=8) and disease model group (n=28). The rats in the disease model group were fed with high-fat diet for 6 weeks to establish rat model of NAFLD. Twenty-five of 28 NAFLD model rats were randomized into NAFLD model group (n=7), simvastatin group (n=9, intragastric administration of simvastatin [6.7 mg · kg-1 · d-1]) and APS group (n=9, intragastric administration of APS [700 mg · kg-1 · d-1]). The rats in the normal control group and the NAFLD model group were intragastrically given the same volume of double distilled water. The rats in each group were continuously fed for 8 weeks. The dietary intake, energy intake, drinking water, excretion and serum biochemical parameters were compared between the four groups. Liver tissues were collected to calculate the liver index and measure the contents of total cholesterol (TC) and triglyceride (TG). The liver tissue structure and cell morphology were observed under the optical microscope. Results The energy intake of rats in the NAFLD model group was significantly higher than that in the normal control group (P0.05). Compared with the NAFLD model group, serum levels of TC, TG, lowdensity lipoprotein-cholesterol and malondialdehyde were significantly decreased, and the level of high-density lipoproteincholesterol and the activity of total superoxide dismutase were significantly increased in the APS and simvastatin groups (all P0.05). Conclusion APS can effectively regulate the levels of serum glucose, blood lipids and hepatic lipid droplets in NAFLD rats, which may be related to the antioxidant effect of APS.
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Objective To investigate the effect of astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on the growth and proliferation of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and its effect on adenosine monophosphate activated pro-tein kinase (AMPK) activity.Methods Hepatocellular carcinoma HepG2 cells cultured for 12,24,and 48 hours were treated with 200,300,and 400 mg/L concentration of astragalus polysaccharides.The cell inhibition rate was detected with methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT),and apoptosis was observed under the fluorescence microscope.Western blot method was used to measure the expression of total AMPK,phosphorylated AMPK (p-AMPK),and phosphorylate mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) protein expressions.Results Astragalus polysaccharides of each concentration significantly inhibited the proliferation of human hepatoma HepG2 cells (P ＜ 0.01),and the effect of 300 mg/L concentration astragalus polysaccharides was more significant than that of the 200 mg/L concentration (P ＜0.01);while inhibitory effect of 400 and 300 mg/L Astragalus polysaccharides on the proliferation of human hepatoma cell line HepG2 was not significant difference.We found that Astragalus polysaccharides of each concentration could promote the apoptosis of HepG2 cells,and the effect of 300 mg/L Astragalus polysaccharides was more significant.However,astragalus polysaccharide of 400 mg/L concentration could promote the apoptosis no more than the 300 mg/L concentration,which was observed by fluorescent microscope.Western blot results showed that astragalus polysaccharides could increase the expression of p-AMPK (P ＜ 0.05),and inhibit its downstream protein expressions of p-mTOR (P ＜ 0.05).The proliferation effect of astragalus polysaccharides was weakened after accession of AMPK antagonist compound C on hepatocellular carcinoma cells.Conclusions APS can inhibit the growth and proliferation of hepatocarcinoma cells,and its mechanism is related to the AMPK-mTOR pathway.
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Objective To study the antitumor effects of dendritic cell vaccine induced by astragalus polysaccha?rides on S180 tumor-bearing mice, and its possible mechanism. Methods Dendritic cells derived from mouse bone marrow were induced maturation by astragalus polysaccharides and loaded with S180 tumor antigen to prepare tumor vaccine. Tu?mor-bearing mice were divided into four groups and treated on day-5 and day-10 respectively. Group A was injected with NS, Group B with CTX (50 mg/kg), Group C with dendritic cells induced by astragalus polysaccharides and Group D with dendritic cells induced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. After 12 days of tumor-bearing, the animals were killed. The sub?cutaneous sarcoma, thymus and spleen were separated and weighted. The inhibitory rate, thymus index and spleen index were then calculated. ELISA assay was used to detect the levels of interleukin (IL)-4, interferon (IFN)-γin serum of tumor bearing mice. Results The tumor inhibition rate was higher in astragalus polysaccharide group and cytokine group than that of CTX group (64.25%, 64.10%vs 35.11%). The thymus index was higher in astragalus polysaccharide group and cyto?kine group than that of CTX group (1.69 ± 0.26, 1.74 ± 0.38 vs 1.45 ± 0.22). The spleen index was higher in astragalus poly?saccharide group and cytokine group than that of CTX group (5.44 ± 0.76, 5.31 ± 0.81 vs 3.54 ± 0.52). The level of IL-4 was lower in astragalus polysaccharide group and cytokine group than that of CTX group (15.66±2.57, 14.72 ± 4.84 vs 23.95 ± 6.07). The level of IFN-γwas higher in astragalus polysaccharide group and cytokine group than that of CTX group (16.54 ± 3.71, 17.20 ± 2.03 vs 10.37 ± 2.19). All the differences were statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusion Dendritic cell vaccine induced by astragalus polysaccharides can effectively inhibit tumor growth. Its mechanism may be associated with the promotion spleen index and thymus index of S180 tumor-bearing mice, the effective correction of Th1/Th2 imbalance in?duced by tumor, and the enhancement of antitumor immune responses.
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ObjectiveTo study androgen excess within ovarian granulosa cells of PCOS patients in vitro,and the partial improvement by using astragalus polysaccharides.MethodsOvarian granulosa cells from the PCOS patients during IVF / ICSI - ET were isolated and cultured in vitro,then it was treated by different concentrations of astragalus polysaccharides.The levels of estradiol,progesterone and testosterone were determined.ResultsAndrogen secretion within ovarian granulosa cells from PCOS patients was significantly increased [ ( 0.4716 ± 0.03 ) nmol/L,( 0.23 ± 0.0162 ) nmol/L,P ＜ 0.05 ].The levels of estradiol and progesterone were not significantly different( P ＞ 0.05 ).Different concentrations of astragalus polysaccharides may result from the alleviation of androgen secretion which was commonly found in PCOS treatment (concentration was 1000 μg/ml,100 μg/ml,50 μg/ml,P ＜ 0.01 ;concentration was 500 μg/ml,P =0.002 ; concentration was 200 μg/ml,P =0.003).ConclusionsAstragalus polysaccharides inhibit the secretion of testosterone in granulosa cells of PCOS patients during in vitro,and it may be an alternative treatment for PCOS.
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Object To determine the content of total astragalan in FUZHENG YILIU GRANULES Methods The determination was performed by phenol-sulfuric acid method Results The content of total astragalan in FUZHENG YILIU GRANULES was 3 0%, the linearity of this method was quite satisfactory (r= 0 998 8), and the average recovery rate was 97 95%, RSD=1 85% Conclusion This method was simple, accurate and reproducible, and available for quality control of the GRANULES
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The effects of astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on type 1 diabetes mellitus were investigated. The mRNA expressions of Th1/Th2 cytokines of pancrease and ultrastructure of islet were studied.Ultrastructure of islets was well protected in APS group;the mRNA expressions of Th1 cytokines were downregulated and those of Th2 cytokines were upregulated in APS group.APS may correct the imbalance of Th1/Th2 cytokines.