Detailed analysis of inner ear malformations in CHARGE syndrome patients - correlation with audiological results and proposal for computed tomography scans evaluation methodology

Abstract Objectives The aim was to describe the spectrum of inner ear malformations in CHARGE syndrome and propose a Computed Tomography (CT) detailed scan evaluation methodology. The secondary aim was to correlate the CT findings with hearing thresholds. Methods Twenty ears of ten patients diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome were subjected to CT analysis focusing on the inner ear and internal acoustic canal. The protocol used is presented in detail. ASSR results were analyzed and correlated with inner ear malformations. Results Cochlear hypoplasia type III was the most common malformation found in 12 ears (60%). Cochlear hypoplasia type II, aplasia with a dilated vestibule, and rudimentary otocyst were also identified. In 20%, no cochlear anomaly was found. The lateral Semicircular Canal (SCC) absence affected 100% of ears, the absence of the posterior SCC 95%, and the superior SCC 65%. Better development of cochlea structures and IAC correlated significantly with the lower hearing thresholds. Conclusion This study demonstrated that rudimentary SCC or a complete absence of these SCCs was universally observed in all patients diagnosed with CHARGE syndrome. This finding supports the idea that inner ear anomalies are a hallmark feature of the CHARGE, contributing to its distinct clinical profile. The presence of inner ear malformations has substantial clinical implications. Audiological assessments are crucial for CHARGE syndrome, as hearing loss is common. Early detection of these malformations can guide appropriate interventions, such as hearing aids or cochlear implants, which may significantly improve developmental outcomes and communication for affected individuals. Recognizing inner ear malformations as a diagnostic criterion presents implications beyond clinical diagnosis. A better understanding of these malformations can advance the knowledge of CHARGE pathophysiology. It may also help guide future research into targeted therapies to mitigate the impact of inner ear anomalies on hearing and balance function. Level of evidence: 4.

Evaluation of the Radiological Anatomy of the Temporal Bone Air Spaces and Morphometric Analysis in Turkish Healthy Adults / Evaluación de la Anatomía Radiológica de los Espacios Aéreos del Hueso Temporal y Análisis Morfométrico en Adultos Turcos Sanos

SUMMARY: The temporal bone is a complicate structure which located on the lateral skull. The objective of the present study was to determine the temporal bone air spaces' morphometry, morphology, and pneumatization in Turkish healthy adult people. This retrospective observational study was carried out from 82 subjects (47 males, 35 females) aged 18-69 years. The external auditory canal and related structures' diameters and the volume of these areas were evaluated. The means and standard deviations of the Meatus acusticus externus length (MAEL), meatus acusticus externus pars cartilaginea length (MAEcL), meatus acusticus externus pars ossea length (MAEoL), meatus acusticus externus pars cartilaginea surface (MAEcS), meatus acusticus externus pars ossea surface (MAEoS), meatus acusticus externus volume (MAEV), meatus acusticus externus pars cartilaginea volume (MAEcV), meatus acusticus externus pars ossea volume (MAEoV), processus mastoideus air cells volume (PMACV), cavum tympani volume (CTV), and temporale pneumatic spaces volume (OTPSV) were found as 23.21±3.70 mm, 12.69±3.72 mm, 7.80±3.70 mm, 669.89±107.7 mm2, 267.50±30.51 mm2, 743.50±119.6 mm3, 971.97±156.69 mm3, 419.51±48.67 mm3, 5915.93±650.34 mm3, 673.48±91.93 mm3, 7813.34±717.49 mm3 have found in 82 subjects, respectively. In this paper, the morphometric and volume properties of the temporal bone cavities measurements were significantly higher in males than females. These results may both provide reference values of Turkish healthy population, and lead to decrease potential surgical complications about temporal and mastoid regions.

El hueso temporal es una compleja estructura ubicada en el parte lateral del cráneo. El objetivo del presente estudio fue determinar la morfometría, morfología y neumatización de los espacios aéreos del hueso temporal en individuos adultos turcos sanos. Este estudio observacional retrospectivo que se llevó a cabo en 82 sujetos (47 hombres, 35 mujeres) de entre 18 y 69 años. Se evaluaron los diámetros del meato acústico externo y las estructuras relacionadas y el volumen de estas áreas. Las medias y las desviaciones estándar de la longitud del meato acústico externo (MAEL), la longitud de la parte cartilaginosa del meato acústico externo (MAEcL), la longitud de la parte ósea del meato acústico externo (MAEoL), la superficie de la parte cartilaginosa del meato acústico externo (MAEcS), la superficie de la parte ósea del meato acústico externo (MAEoS), volumen del meato acústico externo (MAEV), volumen de la parte cartilaginosa del meato acústico externo (MAEcV), volumen de la parte ósea del meato acústico externo (MAEoV), volumen de las células aéreas del proceso mastoideo (PMACV), volumen del cavum tympani (CTV) y el volumen de los espacios neumáticos temporales (OTPSV) se encontró como 23,21 ± 3,70 mm, 12,69 ± 3,72 mm, 7,80 ± 3,70 mm, 669,89 ± 107,7 mm2, 267,50 ± 30,51 mm2, 743,50 ± 119,6 mm3, 971,97 ± 156,69 mm3, 419,5. 1±48,67 mm3, 5915,93 ± 650,34 mm3, 673,48 ± 91,93 mm3, 7813,34 ± 717,49 mm3, respectivamente. En este artículo, las propiedades morfométricas y de volumen de las mediciones de las cavidades del hueso temporal fueron significativamente mayores en hombres que en mujeres. Estos resultados pueden proporcionar valores de referencia de la población sana turca y conducir a una disminución de las posibles complicaciones quirúrgicas en las regiones temporal y mastoidea.

External Auditory Canal: Computed Tomography Analysis and Classification

Abstract Introduction Computed tomography (CT) details of the external auditory canal (EAC) are not fully covered in the literature, so building up base for the CT evaluation and description is important. Preoperative details of the EAC are mandatory before any approach or procedure involving the canal. Objective To determine the different dimensions, measurements, and grading of the EAC by CT scan that were not previously published. Methods The CTscans of 100 temporal bones (200 sides) were included. Axial images were acquired with multiplanar reformates to obtain delicate details in coronal and sagittal planes for all subjects. Results At the EAC entry, the mean vertical length (height) was 7.75 ± 1 mm, and its mean horizontal length (width) was 6.1 ±0.8. At the bony cartilaginous junction of the EAC, the mean vertical length was 7.88 ±1 mm, and its mean horizontal length was 6.22 ± 0.9. At the EAC isthmus, the mean vertical length was 6.8 ± 0.97 mm, and its mean horizontal length was 5.2 ± 0.76. At the medial end of the EAC, the mean vertical length was 7.1 ±0.9 mm, and its mean horizontal length was 5.4 ± 0.85. There were no reported significant differences between right and left sides in all dimensions. Males showed significantly longer vertical and horizontal dimensions of the EAC entry, vertical dimension of the isthmus, and vertical dimension of the medial end of the EAC than females. Conclusion This study improves otologists and radiologists' awareness of EAC variations in the ear field and can be of help to residents in training.

Prevalencia de la exóstosis del conducto auditivo externo entre practicantes de surf y bodyboard en la costa central de Chile / Prevalence of auditory canal exostosis among surfers and bodyboarding athletes of the central Chilean coast

La exóstosis del conducto auditivo externo (ECAE), también conocida como oído de surfista, es una alteración del tejido óseo del oído externo, principalmente causada debido a la sobrexposición al frío. Considerando que los practicantes de deportes acuáticos como el surf y bodyboard de las costas del pacífico sur se exponen a aguas con temperaturas entre 12-16 °C, se busca determinar, en este estudio, la prevalencia y grado de ECAE en practicantes de surf y bodyboard de las localidades de Reñaca y Concón durante el año 2018. Se realizó una evaluación del CAE mediante video-otoscopía a 67 personas (134 oídos) practicantes de surf y bodyboard de las playas de Reñaca y Concón, y se les aplicó un cuestionario respecto a sus hábitos de práctica. Como resultado, se observó una prevalencia de ECAE del 77,6%, siendo el 61,2% ECAE bilateral y el 16,4% ECAE unilateral. Se pudo determinar, además, que el 62,3%de los participantes no usa protecciones. A partir de estos hallazgos, es posible concluir que existe una alta prevalencia de la ECAE en practicantes de surf y bodyboard en las costas centrales chilenas, lo que debería alertar tanto a la población practicante como a profesionales de la salud auditiva con el fin de promover una vida saludable en esta población.

External auditory canal exostosis (ECAE), also known as surfer's ear, is an alteration of the bone tissue of the external ear, mainly caused due to overexposure to cold. Considering that those who practice water sports such as surfing and bodyboarding on the Pacific coast are exposed to waters with temperatures between 12-16 °C,. We seek to determine, in this study, the prevalence and degree of ECAE in surfers and bodyboarders from the coast of the south of Pacific Ocean, Reñaca and Concón, during the year 2018. An evaluation of the ECAE was carried out by means of video-otoscopy in 67 people (134 ears) who practiced surfing and bodyboarding from the beaches of Reñaca and Concón, and a questionnaire was used to collect information about their practice habits. As a result, a prevalence of ECAE of 77.6% was observed, with 61.2% bilateral ECAE and 16.4% unilateral ECAE. It was also possible to determine that 62.3% of the participants do not use protections. Based on these findings, it is possible to conclude that there is a high prevalence of ECAE in surfers and bodyboarders on the central Chilean coasts, which should alert both the practicing population and hearing health professionals to promote a healthy life in this population.

Prurito ótico por carcinoma basocelular en conducto auditivo externo / Otic pruritus due to basal cell carcinoma of the external auditory canal

El carcinoma basocelular es el tumor cutáneo más frecuente en el área de cabeza y cuello; la exposición crónica al sol es el factor de riesgo más importante para este tumor. Suele manifestarse clínicamente con síntomas anodinos en estadios iniciales, lo que contribuye a que su diagnóstico sea difícil y tardío. Tiene un comportamiento localmente invasivo, especialmente a nivel del pabellón auricular. Este es el único caso descrito en el conducto auditivo externo no relacionado con la exposición al sol, con características clínicas y terapéuticas que lo hacen peculiar.

Basal cell carcinoma is the most frequent skin tumor in the head and neck area, and chronic sun exposure is the most important risk factor. It usually manifests clinically with anodyne symptoms in the early stages, which contributes to its difficult late diagnosis. It is locally invasive, especially at the level of the pinna. It is the only case described in the external auditory canal not related to sun exposure; it presents clinical and therapeutic characteristics that make it peculiar.

COMPARISON OF THE RECOVERY RATE OF OTOMYCOSIS USING CLOTRIMAZOLE DROPS, CLOTRIMAZOLE CREAM AND 10% POVIDONE IODINE SOLUTION (BETADINE) IRRIGATION.

Otomycosis is one of the common conditions encountered in ENT practice. Difference of opinion does exist regarding ideal treatment modality. Compare the efficacy of 1% clotrimazole drops, 1% cl Aim: otrimazole cream and 10% betadine irrigation in the treatment of otomycosis. Randomized control study conducted in the Method: department of ENT and Head and Neck surgery of Government Medical College Baramulla. The study was conducted on 80 patients over a period of 6 months, clinically diagnosed with otomycosis. Patients were randomly allotted to three groups. Improvement in symptoms of pruritis, pain and blocked sensation on 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th follow up visits was recorded. All patients were asked the opinion about preferred treatment modality. When compared the Results: symptoms on day one and subsequent follow ups, the change in symptoms in all the groups was significant. Group 2 with 1% clotrimazole cream had significant improvement on first visit only. By 4th visit all the groups had significant improvement

External Auditory Canal Cholesteatoma: Clinical and Radiological Features

Abstract Introduction External auditory canal cholesteatoma (EACC) is often misdiagnosed. Objectives To outline the clinical presentation of EACC, and to describe its radiological findings on high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) of the temporal bone. Methods The clinical records of all patients diagnosed with EACC from April 2017 to March 2020 in a tertiary care center were retrospectively reviewed. The clinical presentation, the findings on the HRCT of the temporal bone, and the treatment provided were analyzed. Results A total of 9 patients, 7 males and 2 females, with a mean age of 30 years, were diagnosed with primary EACC. Six patients presented with otorrhoea, three, with otalgia, three. with hearing loss, and one with facial palsy. Some patients had multiple symptoms. The most common findings on otomicroscopy were destruction of the posterior and inferior canal walls, with cholesteatoma and intact tympanic membrane (six patients). Two patients had aural polyp, and one had a narrow ear canal due to sagging of the posterior canal wall. On HRCT, all nine patients showed soft-tissue density in the external auditory canal with erosion of the canal wall. The disease extended to the mastoid in eight cases, and to the cavity of the middle ear in one. There were three cases of dehiscence of the facial canal. Dehiscence of the dural and sinus plates was observed in two cases each. Eight patients underwent mastoidectomy, and one underwent debridement with canalplasty. Conclusion Review of the clinical and radiological findings is essential to reduce the rate of misdiagnosis.

Sebaceoma: Un tumor infrecuente en el conducto auditivo externo / Sebaceoma: an unusual tumor in the external auditory canal

El sebaceoma es un tumor cutáneo poco frecuente que presenta diferenciación sebácea, y se localiza en piel de cabeza y cuello. Puede asociarse con la presencia de tumores malignos, asociación conocida como síndrome de Muir-Torre, por lo que ante su diagnóstico se deben descartar. Su localización en la piel del conducto auditivo externo es muy infrecuente. Presentamos nuestra experiencia en el manejo de esta patología en un varón de 78 años de edad que presentaba una lesión nodular sólida en el conducto auditivo externo izquierdo con pérdida de audición y otorrea como síntomas asociados. Se recomienda la exéresis completa de la lesión, como tratamiento de elección con fines tanto diagnósticos como terapéuticos.

Sebaceoma is a rare benign cutaneous tumor with sebaceous differentiation and it is typically located on the skin of the head and neck. This pathology made appear in association with malignant tumors (known as Muir-Torre syndrome) and must be ruled out. The location in the external auditory canal is very unusual. We present our experience in managing this pathology in a 78-year-old man who complains of hearing loss and otorrhea and presents a solid nodule in the left external auditory canal. Complete surgical removal was performed, as the choice treatment for diagnosis and therapeutic care.

Bilateral Narrow Internal Auditory Canal With Duplication: High Resolution CT And MRI Findings

Inner ear malformations account for only 20 % of cases of congenital sensorineural hearing loss.A narrow internal auditory canal (IAC) with duplication is a very rare congenital anomaly that can be associated with other malformative ear abnormalities. Identification and characterization of these abnormalities will be crucial for the proper management of patients.We report two cases of bilateral duplicated internal auditory canal with other associated inner ear anomalies.

A Case of Intractable Pruritus of External Auditory Canal Successfully Treated with Tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto / 日本東洋医学雑誌

Pruritus of external auditory canal is often treated with blood-enriching formulation and heat-clearing formula. Here, we report a case of intractable pruritus of external auditory canal successfully treated with tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto, which did not improve with blood-enriching formulation or heat-clearing formula. Our patient was a 52-year-old woman. She had itching in her left ear from the age of 45, and was treated by 5 otolaryngologists, but her symptom did not improve. I treated her with tokiinshi, shofusan, yokukansankachimpihange, unseiin, jumihaidokuto and keishibukuryogankayokuinin, but they had no effect. After reconsideration of sho, she was diagnosed as interior cold pattern, and she had tenderness in groin area. So I treated her with tokishigyakukagoshuyushokyoto, and her itching disappeared. We should consider interior cold pattern as one of the differential diagnoses of pruritus of external auditory canal.

Estenosis congénita aislada del conducto auditivo interno como causa de hipoacusia neurosensorial unilateral y paresia del nervio facial / Congenital internal auditory canal stenosis presenting with unilateral sensorineural hearing loss and facial nerve dysfunction

RESUMEN La estenosis del conducto auditivo interno con aplasia/hipoplasia del nervio cocleovestibular es una patología muy infrecuente. Suele ser unilateral y puede acompañarse de aplasia/hipoplasia del nervio facial y otras malformaciones del oído interno. Se presentan aquí dos casos clínicos de pacientes pediátricos con estenosis del conducto auditivo interno unilateral con compromiso del séptimo y octavo par craneal ipsilateral. Se describen las historias y evaluaciones clínicas, hallazgos audiovestibulares, hallazgos imagenológicos, tratamientos indicados y sus resultados.

ABSTRACT Congenital internal auditory canal stenosis associated with aplasia/hypoplasia of the cochleovestibular nerve is a very infrequent pathology. It is usually unilateral and may be accompanied by aplasia/hypoplasia of the facial nerve and other malformations of the inner ear. We hereby present two clinical cases of pediatric patients with congenital internal auditory canal stenosis, with involvement of the seventh and eighth ipsilateral cranial nerve. The medical histories and clinical evaluations, audiovestibular findings, imaging findings, treatments and their results are described.

Primary Pleomorphic Adenoma of the External Auditory Canal-A Case Report and Literature Review

Tumours primarily arising from the external auditory canal are very uncommon and 5% of these originate from the glands present in the skin. Primary Pleomorphic adenomas arising from the External Auditory Canal are extremely rare and are difficult to diagnose preoperatively. They have clinically unremarkable presentation, and are treated by wide local excision with adequate normal margins. These tumours are mostly diagnosed postoperatively by histopathological examination and requires a long term follow up. In this case report we describe one such unusual case of primary Pleomorphic adenoma of the external auditory canal along with the literature review.

A Case of Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Bilateral External Auditory Canals / 대한이비인후과학회지

A malignant tumor of the external auditory canal (EAC) is a rare tumor, with a prevalence of between 1 and 6 people per 1 million population. Common symptoms of the EAC cancer include otorrhea, hearing loss, otalgia, or tinnitus, which are similar to symptoms of otitis media or otitis externa. Therefore, diagnosis may be delayed due to lack of EAC cancer-specific symptoms and the prognosis is also relatively poor despite intensive treatment. The most malignant tumor of the EAC is squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), which usully invades the ear unilaterally. SCC of bilateral EAC is extremely rare. We report here a rare case of bilateral EAC SCC. In this case, unilateral EAC SCC was treated via stereotactic radiosurgery and contralateral EAC SCC developed subsequently. This case implicates that radiosurgery can be a treatment option for EAC SCC but it may have carcinogenic effect. This case also shows that the ear should be examined bilaterally even when unilateral EAC cancer is encountered.

Preliminary analysis of the factors influencing the secondary external auditory canal carcinoma of nasopharyngeal cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective@#In order to investigate the clinical features and influence factors for incidence in patients with radiation-induced external auditory canal carcinoma (RIEACC).@*Methods@#The nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) 16 patients who were diagnosised RIEACC after radiotherapy in the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 1990 to December 2017 were retrospectively analysis. The influence factors analysis were used Logistic regression analysis.@*Results@#Univariate analysis showed that age, somking history, family history of cancer and NPC stage were the influencing factors. Multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that age, family history of cancer and NPC stage were independent risk factors.@*Conclusions@#RIEACC is rare complication of NPC patients received radiotherapy, which is also a multifactorial outcome. Age, family history of cancer and NPC stage is preliminary the main influencing factor. Although RIEACC has a low incidence, its malignancy should be highly vigilant.

Unusual Tumors Obstructing the External Auditory Canal: Report of Two Cases

Primary tumors arising from the external auditory canal (EAC) are rare. We describe two cases of mass lesions within the EAC causing slowly progressive hearing loss without otorrhea or otalgia. Otoendoscopic examination demonstrated total obstruction of the EAC, and pure tone audiometry revealed conductive hearing loss. Based on the findings of the histopathologic examination, one patient was diagnosed with venous hemangioma that was treated using surgical resection, and the other patient was diagnosed with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) that was treated using external-beam radiation therapy. Although primary tumors in the EAC are rare, both benign tumors such as venous hemangiomas and malignant lesions such as DLBCL should be considered as possible differential diagnoses of mass lesions in the EAC.

Duplicated Internal Auditory Canal: High-Resolution CT and MRI Findings

OBJECTIVE: To summarize the high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) and magnetic resonance imaging (HRMRI) features of duplicated internal auditory canals (DIACs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Ear HRCT data of 64813 patients with sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), obtained between August 2009 and November 2017, were reviewed. Among these patients, 12 (13 ears) were found to have DIACs, 9 of whom underwent HRMRI. Their images were evaluated by two otoradiologists. RESULTS: The rate of occurrence of DIAC among SNHL patients was 0.019% (12/64813). The internal auditory canals of 13 ears were divided into double canals by complete (n = 6) and incomplete (n = 7) bony septa, with varied orientations ranging from horizontal to approximately vertical. All of the anterosuperior canals extended into the facial nerve (FN) canal, except for 1, which also extended to the vestibule. The posteroinferior canals ended in the cochlea and vestibule, except for 2, which also connected to the FN canals. Magnetic resonance images revealed that 77.8% (7/9) and 22.2% (2/9) of vestibulocochlear nerves (VCNs) were aplastic and hypoplastic, respectively. Furthermore, 88.9% (8/9) of FNs were normal, except for 1, which was hypoplastic. All of the affected ears also had other ear anomalies: a narrow, bony cochlear nerve canal was the most common other anomaly, accounting for 92.3% (12/13). Malformations of other systems were not found. CONCLUSION: Double-canal appearance is a characteristic finding of DIAC on HRCT, and it is usually accompanied by other ear anomalies. The VCN usually appears aplastic, with a normal FN, on HRMRI.

Clinical Analysis of External Auditory Canal Osteoma / 대한이비인후과학회지

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: External auditory canal osteoma is an uncommon benign lesion and represents as unilateral solitary pedunculated mass. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical symptoms of osteoma and its treatment outcomes over a 10-year period in a tertiary hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHOD: Eight patients underwent operation to remove an external auditory canal osteoma at Chungbuk National University Hospital from 2008 to 2017. The medical records were retrospectively reviewed with regard to clinical characteristics, size and location of osteoma, method of surgery and treatment outcomes. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 41.8 years with the male predominance of 6:2. All of the lesions in the osteoma were unilateral and solitary (average size 5.0 mm). All of the eight cases were pedunculated: in four cases, the stalks of the osteoma were found on the tympanomastoid suture line and in three cases, it was found on the tympanosquamous suture line. Four patients were asymptomatic, where the lesions were found incidentally during unrelated evaluations. No patients were found with conductive hearing loss in the pure tone audiometry. Transcanal and endaural approach were used in five and three cases, respectively. Most of the cases were removed by curettage only, except for the two who needed additional drilling. The average surgery time was 15.6 minutes. There was no postoperative complication or recurrence. CONCLUSION: The external auditory canal osteoma was mostly unilateral and solitary. The removal of osteoma in the early stage was relatively easy with no recurrence or complication.

A Case of Venous Malformation in Temporomandibular Joint Causing Stenosis of External Auditory Canal / 대한이비인후과학회지

Both neoplasm and infections arising from the external auditory canal (EAC) can involve the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) but rarely the reverse. A benign TMJ mass that presents as an EAC mass is a rare otologic entity as only seven cases have been reported worldwide. The authors experienced a 72-year-old male patient presenting with EAC mass with fluctuation when opening the mouth, which turned out to be caused by venous malformation of the TMJ. Surgical excision of the mass via endaural approach was successful. We present this case with a review of the literature.

Preliminary analysis of the factors influencing the secondary external auditory canal carcinoma of nasopharyngeal cancer / 中华放射肿瘤学杂志

Objective In order to investigate the clinical features and influence factors for incidence in patients with radiation-induced external auditory canal carcinoma (RIEACC).Methods The nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) 16 patients who were diagnosised RIEACC after radiotherapy in the Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University from January 1990 to December 2017 were retrospectively analysis.The influence factors analysis were used Logistic regression analysis.Results Univariate analysis showed that age,somking history,family history of cancer and NPC stage were the influencing factors.Multi-factor logistic regression analysis showed that age,family history of cancer and NPC stage were independent risk factors.Conclusions RIEACC is rare complication of NPC patients received radiotherapy,which is also a multifactorial outcome.Age,family history of cancer and NPC stage is preliminary the main influencing factor.Although RIEACC has a low incidence,its malignancy should be highly vigilant.

Otitis media en el perro: diagnóstico, tratamiento quirúrgico y posibles complicaciones. Revisión / Otitis media in dogs: diagnosis and surgical treatment, and possible complications. Review

RESUMEN El propósito de este artículo es discutir los aspectos relativos al tratamiento y diagnóstico de la otitis media en el perro, haciendo énfasis en las complicaciones más frecuentes observadas luego de una ablación total del canal auditivo con osteotomía de la bulla timpánica, procedimiento que en la actualidad se considera el tratamiento de elección. Además, se expone el ámbito clínico en el cual se indica esta intervención considerando otras condiciones diferentes de la otitis media. Se contrasta de manera crítica la experiencia de los autores con la literatura publicada referente a este tema en algunos aspectos que conciernen a la técnica quirúrgica y el diagnóstico.

SUMARY The purpose of this article is to discuss the aspects related to the treatment and diagnosis of otitis media in dogs, emphasizing the most frequent complications observed after a total ablation of the auditory canal with osteotomy of the tympanic bulla, a procedure that is currently considered the treatment of choice. Additionally, the clinical setting in which this intervention is indicated is exposed, considering other conditions other than otitis media. The experience of the authors with the published literature regarding this topic is critically contrasted in some aspects that concern the surgical technique and the diagnosis.