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Non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) refers to the behavior that intentionally and directly injures one′s own body organization without suicidal intention, which is not recognized by the society.Children have gradually become a high-risk group of NSSI behavior, which seriously affects children′s physical and mental health.This review aims to summarize the epidemiology, influencing factors, behavior characteristics, treatment and prognosis of children′s NSSI behavior, aiming to identify children′s NSSI behavior and provide interventions as early as possible to prevent the occurrence of repeated NSSI behavior.
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Objective@#To investigate the difference in behavioral characteristics among different phenotypes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) using amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF), so as to provide insights into clinical differentiation of behavioral characteristics among different phenotypes of ADHD.@*Methods@#The children with ADHD admitted to The Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University were enrolled and classified into the inattentive type (ADHD-I), hyperactive/impulsive type (ADHD-HI) and combined type (ADHD-C). The reaction time (RT) was measured using integrated visual and auditory continuous performance test, and the mean (RT-mean) and standard deviation of RT (RT-SD) were estimated. In addition, the ALFF was calculated at 0.010 to 0.027, 0.027 to 0.073, 0.073 to 0.167 Hz, and the difference of ALFF was compared among children with different types of ADHD.@*Results@#A total of 107 children with ADHD were enrolled, including 95 boys and 12 girls, with a mean age of (8.89±1.93) years. There were 69 children with ADHD-I, 8 children with ADHD-HI and 30 children with ADHD-C. The RT-SD was significantly higher among children with ADHD-C than among children with ADHD-I [(126.003±51.619) ms vs. (97.720±45.302) ms; P=0.007]; however, there was no significant difference in RT-mean among children with various ADHD phenotypes (F=1.386, P=0.255). There was an interaction between frequency and ADHD phenotypes (F=2.754, P=0.032), and the ALFF was significantly higher among children with ADHD-C than among children with ADHD-I at 0.010 to 0.027 [(5 590.567±231.595) ms vs. (4 694.001±154.397) ms; P=0.002] and 0.073 to 0.167 Hz [(4 312.609±174.709) ms vs. (3 690.805±116.473) ms; P=0.005].@*Conclusions@#The ALFF varies in ADHD phenotypes, and there is a frequency-specific difference.
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Objective To investigate the behavioral characteristics of preschool children aged 5-6 years with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ( ADHD) comorbid with enuresis. Methods Conner’s Parent Symptom Questionnaire and Digital Cancellation Test were used to investigate 42 children with ADHD (ADHD group),36 children with ADHD comorbid with enuresis ( ADHD+NE group) and 48 normal con-trols. Results In the Conner’s Parent Symptom Questionnaire,the score of the conduct factors ((0. 79± 0. 13),(0. 83± 0. 50)), learning factors (( 1. 55 ± 0. 49),(1. 92± 0. 62)),mind-body factors (( 0. 61 ± 0. 35),(0. 67± 0. 22)),hyperactivity impulse factors ((1. 96 ± 0. 48),(2. 21± 0. 69)), anxiety factors ((0. 76±0. 53),(1. 02±0. 58)) and hyperactivity indices ((1. 57±0. 14),(2. 19±0. 33)) in ADHD group and ADHD+NE group were higher than those of the control group((0. 59±0. 39),(0. 64±0. 28),(0. 35± 0. 74),(0. 82±0. 63),(0. 51±0. 40),(0. 86±0. 59),(all P<0. 05)). The scores of learning factors,hy-peractivity impulse factors,anxiety factors and hyperactivity indices in ADHD+NE group were higher than those in ADHD group(P<0. 05). In the digital cancellation test,the gross scores((52. 37±1. 48),(57. 42± 1. 05))and net scores ((39. 15±8. 84),(38. 99±5. 72)) of ADHD group and ADHD+NE group were lower than those in the control group (( 89. 40 ± 7. 82), ( 80. 16 ± 12. 54)) (均 P<0. 05). The error scores ((38. 16±9. 60),(40. 59±9. 28)) and error rate(0. 40±0. 27,0. 59±0. 44) of ADHD group and ADHD+NE group were higher than those of the control group ((14. 01±5. 32),(0. 15±0. 08))(all P<0. 05). The error rate of ADHD + NE group were higher than those of preschool ADHD group (P< 0. 05 ). Conclusion The behavioral problems of preschool children aged 5-6 years with ADHD comorbid with enu-resis are more serious and anxiety is more obvious,which should be paid attention to.
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OBJECTIVE: This study examined the association between the wave form in quantitative electroencephalography (QEEG) and the cognitive and behavioral characteristics measured by the Korean version of Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children 4th edition (K-WISC-IV), Korean version of the attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder Rating Scale (K-ARS), and Korean version of Child Behavior Checklist (K-CBCL) in children diagnosed with ADHD. METHOD: A retrospective cross-sectional study was performed on children aged 8 to 13 years, who were diagnosed with ADHD at Samsung Medical Center from November 2011 to March 2017. A total of 57 ADHD children were selected by a medical chart review. Their QEEG findings and psychological test results, including K-WISC-IV, K-CBCL, and K-ARS (n=42), were collected. The QEEG was analyzed by the ranges of Hz: delta (1–4 Hz), theta (4–8 Hz), alpha (8–12 Hz), and beta (12–25 Hz) and transformed to the z-scored relative power. The collected data were analyzed using Pearson and Partial correlation analysis. RESULTS: The Letter-Number Sequencing scores of K-WISC was positively correlated with fronto-central alpha. The hyperactivity/impulsivity scores of K-ARS were positively correlated with the theta/beta ratio. Among the items of K-CBCL, social immaturity was positively correlated with delta and theta, and negatively correlated with alpha. Social competence was negatively correlated delta and theta, and positively correlated with alpha. CONCLUSION: These results suggest that the resting state QEEG results of children with ADHD may reflect their cognitive and behavioral characteristics, especially in working memory/executive function, hyperactivity/impulsivity, and sociality.
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Niño , Humanos , Lista de Verificación , Conducta Infantil , Estudios Transversales , Electroencefalografía , Inteligencia , Métodos , Pruebas Psicológicas , Estudios Retrospectivos , Habilidades SocialesRESUMEN
O objetivo do estudo é verificar evidências de validade da Escala Wechsler Inteligência (WISC-IV) para grupos especiais superdotados, baseada em variáveis externas com grupos especiais superdotados. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: Escala Wechsler Inteligência (WISC-IV) e Escala Características Comportamentais Alunos Habilidades Superiores - Revisada (SRCBBSS-R), versão professores, itens Aprendizagem, Criatividade, Motivação e Comunicação-Precisão. Participaram 68 crianças e adolescentes, de 6 a 16 anos e 11 meses dividos em: Grupo (superdotado) de 31 crianças com indicativos Superdotação (SRCBBSS-R) e grupo (não-superdotado) de 37 crianças não indicados (SRCBBSS-R). Análise por meio do test-t de Student apontaram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre ser superdotado e não-superdotado ( de acordo com SRCBBSS-R), em relação (WISC-IV), em QI Total e Índices Fatoriais. Para QIT, t (66) 7,46, P < 0,001, indicando que o WISC IV discrimina os grupos. Estudos com amostras de outras regiões poderão complementar o presente estudo.
The aim of this study was to seek validity evidence for Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-IV) based on external variables with special gifted groups. The instruments used were: the Wechsler Intelligence Scale (WISC-IV) and the Scales for Rating the Behavioral Characteristics of Superior Students - Revised (SRCBBSS-R), teacher’s version, items Learning, Creativity, Motivation and Communication-precision. Sixty-eight children and adolescents aged 6-16 years and 11 months took part in the study. Of those31 children with indicative of Giftedness (SRCBBSS-R) (group gifted) of and 37 children not indicated (SRCBBSS-R) (group non-gifted). Analysis performed by Student’s t-test showed statistically significant differences between being gifted and non-gifted ( according to SRCBBSS-R), on the WISC-IV n total IQ and factorial indexes. For QIT, t (66) 7.46, P<0.001, suggesting the WISC IV discriminated between groups. Studies with samples from other regions can complement the present study.
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Medical tourism, which is a new type of tourism activity with the combination of health and sightseeing, has become the new economic growth point of the tourism industry.Through a systematic literature review, the present paper analyzed the influencing factors and effects of medical tourism, as well as the behavior of medical tourists and relevant stakeholders of medical tourism.Further researches could combine qualitative and quantitative methods, and emphasize on the behavioral characteristics of medical tourists.In order to promote the development of medical tourism, we should increase the medical service qualities, promote the internationalization of medical tourism, introduction of special medical tourism products;improve medical tourism policies, regulations and laws;promote medical tourism through a strategic marketing and the role of relevant stakeholders of medical tourism should be paid attention on, and other measures to promote the healthy development of China''s medical tourism.
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Objective To explore the growth and developmental parameters and behavioral characteristics of rhesus monkeys during the first year of birth and to establish the background data.Methods A total of 18 (♂=11,♀=7 ) infant rhesus monkeys born from individually caged mothers and with known genetic background and postnatal days were monitored monthly for body weight, body height, head circumference, chest circumference, forelimb length, hind limb length, crown-rump length, tail length and anal-genital distance from postnatal day ( PND) 1 to 360, while hematology, blood chemistry and lymphocyte subsets were examined on PND 28, 175 and 360, and finger maze test was carried out on PND 208.Results The body weight showed linear growth with no significant difference between genders (P>0.05). Except for the anal-genital distance of male infants was significantly greater than that of female infants ( P0.05).Compared with that at PND28, TP and BUN were significantly increased (P0.05) at PND 175 and 360.Compared with that at PND28, CD4 +and CD4 +/CD8 +were significantly decreased ( P<0.01) while CD8+significantly increased ( P<0.01) at PND175 and 360.The number of sessions to solve task 2 in learning test was significantly greater than other tasks with females significantly less than males ( P<0.05) .The females had higher correct rate than males in the 2-day random memory test (P<0.05).Conclusions Body weight and morphological parameters show a linear growth.The PND.The RBC, HGB, LYMPH, TP, BUN, ALP, CD4 +, CD8 +and CD4 +/CD8+in hematology, blood chemistry and lymphocyte subsets show relevant changes to the growth and development of organs and systems in infants, which should be highly concerned in drug evaluation.The finger maze test indicates that female infants have better reversal learning and long-term memory than male infants.Background data and behavioral characteristics of infant rhesus monkeys during the first 12 months of birth are established in this study, which provide useful reference and support the evaluation of developmental and reproductive toxicity of drugs in rhesus monkeys.
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PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to investigate the differences in behavioral characteristics and parental stress between allergic and nonallergic elementary school children. METHODS: Ninety-one elementary school children who had allergic disease were enrolled (asthma, n=27; allergic rhinitis, n=35; combined, n=29). Also one hundred six nonallergic elementary school children were enrolled for the control group. The Korean Child Behavior Check List (K-CBCL) and Korean Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (K-PSI-SF) were completed by their mothers. RESULTS: According to the analysis of K-CBCL, the score for Internalizing, anxious/depressed and somatic complaints were significantly higher in the combined group than in the control group. The score for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)-affective problems in the combined group and DSM-somatic problems were significantly higher in the asthma group than in the control group. According to the analysis of K-PSI-SF, the score for parental distress was significantly higher in the allergic rhinitis group than in the control group. The scores for behavioral problems and parental stress were significantly correlated to allergic disease groups. CONCLUSION: Behavioral problems and parental stress were significantly associated with asthma and allergic rhinitis. The results of this study suggest the importance of psychosocial support for mothers and children with allergic diseases.
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Niño , Humanos , Asma , Conducta Infantil , Manual Diagnóstico y Estadístico de los Trastornos Mentales , Madres , Responsabilidad Parental , Padres , Problema de Conducta , Rinitis AlérgicaRESUMEN
Objective To understand the prevalence of depressive symptoms and associated sexual characteristics among men who have sex with men (MSM) in Foshan,Guangdong province.Methods Respondent-driven sampling method was used to recruit MSM who were 18 years and older,living in Foshan longer than 6 months.Scales of depression,demographical information,and characteristics of sexual behaviors were collected using a self-designed questionnaire.Respondent-Driven Sampling Analysis Tool and SAS were used to generate crude and estimated population proportion as well as 95％ confidence intervals (CI).Multivariate logistic regression was performed to explore potential factors associated with depressive symptoms.Results Among 249 respondents,the mean age (standard deviation) was 31.9 (8.5) years,with 43.5％ of them having had 7-9 years of education while 25.9％ had 10-12 years.49.7％ of the respondents were currently married.56.7％ of them had bisexual orientation.42.3％ of them met their sex partners in parks/toilets and 63.3％ of them had their first sex with a female.The estimated prevalence of depressive symptoms was 34.8％(28.2-42.3) among MSM in Foshan.Younger age,lower education levels,only had oral sex,and regularly meetingr sexual partners in parks were associated with depressive symptoms,with the adjusted odd ratio (95％ CI) as 3.31 (1.39-7.86),2.23 (1.01-4.93),3.09 (1.10-8.70) and 2.38(1.20-4.75),respectively.Conclusion Depression related symptoms might associate with the demographical and sexual characteristics of MSM in Foshan,suggesting that psychological interventions should involve components as demographical and sexual characteristics.
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Objective To analyze the behavioral characteristics and mental health status for patients with chronic hepatitis B,to explore the correlation between them and analyze the influence of behavioral characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis B on their mental health.And provide a reference of clinical mental health intervention for patients with chronic hepatitis B.Methods 216 cases of patients with chronic hepatitis B in our hospital from October 2010 to October 2011 were chosen as the research object.Symptom checklist-90(SCL-90)and Eysenck personality questionnaire(EPQ)were used for evaluation.The correlation of behavioral characteristics and mental health status for patients with chronic hepatitis B and the effect of behavioral characteristics of patients with chronic hepatitis B for their mental health were analyzed.Results The SCL-90 score for 216 cases of chronic hepatitis B patients showed that its total score was significantly higher than the norm,the difference was statistically significant.The results of EPQ score showed that the neurotic or emotional stability of personality scores were significantly higher than the norm,the difference was significant.The psychotic scores were significantly lower than the norm,the difference was significant.The analysis of the correlation for nine projects in the SCL-90 scale and four items in the EPQ scale showed that introversion had a significant positive correlation with compulsion,depression,anxiety,fear and paranoia.The nervous or emotion had a significant positive correlation with compulsion,interpersonal sensitivity,paranoid,psychotic.Conclusions The behavioral characteristics of chronic hepatitis B patients have a relation with the mental health.The mental health status changes according to the changes of behavioral characteristics.
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Objective:To investigate the early behavioral characteristics of children with autism within the age of 1.5 to 3 years in order to provide basis for early diagnosis and intervention. Methods: Using mass random sampling, 8006 children aged 1.5 to 3 years in nine districts in Tianjin were screened with a self-made questionnaire. Totally 432 children with suspected autism were diagnosed and rated according to the diagnosing criteria of DSM-Ⅳ and assessed with the Childhood Autism Rating Scale (CARS). Their behavioral characteristics were assessed with the Autism Behavior Checklist (ABC) and the early behaviors were compared between the children with autism and the normal children. Results: Children with autism in infants and suspicious positive group were different from normal children in 9 items such as" Abnormal language skills", "No index points the light", "No acts of posing as the game", "Could not normally play with toys, "and others(P <0.05). Children with autism in infants were different from suspicious positive group in 5 items such as"Children have no eye contact with others". The items with positive rate higher than 95% were interpersonal communicate barriers, mimic the functional deficiencies, language communicate barriers, non-verbal communication barriers and mental deficiency in CARS. The results of ABC showed that severe autism had much higher scores than mild to moderate autism both in the sense (S) and body function(B) areas [(8.00 ±3.30) vs. (5.15 ±2.58), (12.00 ±6.12) vs. (6.15 ±3.26); Ps <0.05]. Conclusion: The develop mental and behavioral symptoms can exist in early period of life of children with alltism, to which highly attention should be paid.
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O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar características comportamentais em crianças com desenvolvimento típico de leitura, utilizando o Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). Este breve questionário é uma medida útil em psicopatologia aplicada a crianças e jovens de 4 a 16 anos. O SDQ é dividido em cinco sub-escalas: problemas no comportamento pró-social, hiperatividade, problemas emocionais, de conduta e de relacionamento. Participaram da pesquisa pais e professores de 74 crianças, que cursavam a 2ª, 3ª ou 4ª séries em uma escola pública de São Paulo. As crianças não apresentavam alterações no desenvolvimento geral e na linguagem, e nem problemas escolares. Pais e professores responderam ao questionário. As respostas ao SDQ diferiram entre pais e professores, e de acordo com o sexo e a série escolar das crianças. Estas diferenças podem refletir mudanças comportamentais e de comunicação, conseqüência de situações vivenciadas no período do desenvolvimento no qual se encontram.
The purpose of this study was to verify behavioral characteristics of children with typical reading development by means of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). This brief questionnaire is a useful measure in psychopathology applied to children and young people from 4 to 16 years. The SDQ is divided in five subscales: prosocial behavior problems, hyperactivity, and emotional, conduct and relationship problems. The participants were parents and teachers of 74 children, attending 2nd,, 3rd, or 4th grades in a public school in the city of São Paulo. The children had no general development and language disorders, and scholars problems. Parents and teachers answered the questionnaires. The answers to the SDQ differed between parents and teachers, and regarding to children's gender and grade. These differences may reflect communication and behavioral changes resulting from experienced situations in children's present developmental stage.
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Conducta Infantil , AprendizajeRESUMEN
Medical interviewing skills were assessed with the objective structured clinical examination using simulated/standardized patients (SP) in 36 5th-year medical students. ultaneously, assessment of cognitive-behavioral characteristics was performed using 7 kinds of scales (locus of control, social skills, self-esteem, general self-efficacy, medical interviewing-specific self-efficacy, person perception of self, and person perception of the patient) on the same students to clarify correlations with medical interviewing skills. Students who had attended a small-group mini-workshop session for medical interviewing skills showed only a significantly better ability to summarize. Personal familiarity with the patient was the only factor among the cognitive-behavioral factors studied which was a significantly correlated with medical interviewing skills. Among the six medical interviewing skills, only summarization and confirmation skills were positively correlated with the students' self-efficacy and the objective assessment with the objective structured clinical examination. We conclude that 1) medical interviewing skills can be taught regardless of the cognitive-behavioral abilities of each student; 2) teaching summarization and confirmation skills are especially valuable and important in teaching medical interviewing to medical students.
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The purpose of this study was to investigate gender differences in behavioral characteristics and their awareness of obese school children. The results were as follows : 1. In comparison with eating habits and food preference, the girls had more irregular breakfast and were likely to have vegetables/fruits than the boys. 2. In characteristics related to exercise and activities, boys did more exercise than girls. Particularly, in lunch free time, boys participated in playing various active excercise with friends, but girls participated in more non-active behaviors(such as, chattering, reading, or playing jack-stones). 3. In comparison with their awareness related to obese persons, about a half of boys had positive opinions(e, grong, healthy.), but about only 20% of girls had positive opinions.