Análise da tendência da mortalidade por causas externas em pessoas idosas no Brasil, 2000 a 2022 / Analysis of the trend of mortality from external causes in older adults in Brazil, 2000 to 2022

Resumo Objetivo analisar a tendência de mortalidade por causas externas em pessoas idosas no Brasil no intervalo temporal entre os anos 2000 e 2022 e identificar o perfil sociodemográfico de mortalidade. Método estudo ecológico de série temporal utilizando dados secundários, envolvendo a mortalidade em pessoas idosas por causas externas no Brasil, no período de 2000 a 2022. Os dados foram coletados a partir das bases de dados do Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde, das estimativas da população residente e de dados populacionais censitários disponibilizados pelo Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. A frequência absoluta e relativa dos dados foi analisada a partir do software Excel 2010. As análises das tendências das taxas de mortalidade e regressão linear segmentada foram realizadas por meio do Joinpoint, com significância estatística avaliada por meio do teste de Monte Carl Resultados No período investigado, foram identificados 572.608 óbitos por causas externas em pessoas idosas com 60 anos ou mais. Em relação ao comportamento da mortalidade por causas externas em pessoas idosas, observou-se tendência de aumento nas taxas de mortalidade na maior parte do período estudado (2000 a 2013) com uma variação percentual anual (VPA: 1,86; IC95%: 1,5-2,2). Conclusão os resultados indicam uma tendência de crescimento da mortalidade de pessoas idosas por causas externas, refletindo a necessidade de priorização de políticas públicas que intervenham sobre esse evento.

Abstract Objective To analyze the trend of mortality due to external causes in older adults in Brazil within the temporal interval spanning from 2000 to 2022 and to identify the sociodemographic profile of mortality. Method Ecological time-series study utilizing secondary data, encompassing mortality in older adults due to external causes in Brazil, spanning the period from 2000 to 2022. The data were collected from the databases of the Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System, population estimates, and census population data provided by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The absolute and relative frequency of the data were analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010 software. The analysis of trends in mortality rates and segmented linear regression was conducted using Joinpoint, with statistical significance assessed through the Monte Carlo test. Results During the investigated period, 572,608 deaths due to external causes were identified in individuals aged 60 years or older. Regarding the mortality pattern due to external causes in older adults, an increasing trend in mortality rates was observed for the majority of the studied period (2000 to 2013) with an annual percent change (APC) of 1.86 (95% CI: 1.5-2.2). Conclusion The results indicate a growing trend in mortality among older individuals due to external causes, highlighting the need for prioritizing public policies that address this issue.

Mortality related to sickle cell disease and COVID-19 in Brazil, 2020

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The ability to cause death is the definitive measure of an infectious disease severity, particularly one caused by a novel pathogen like severe acute respiratory syndrome-CoV-2 (COVID-19). This study describes sickle cell disease-related mortality issues during the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. METHODS: The provisional 2020 mortality data originated from the public databases of the Mortality Information System and were investigated using the multiple-cause-of-death methodology. RESULTS: In 2020, 688 sickle cell disease-related deaths occurred, of which 422 (61.3%) had an underlying cause of death and 266 (38.7%) had an associated cause of death. Furthermore, 98 COVID-19-related deaths occurred, of which 78 were underlying cause of death among sickle cell disease associated (non-underlying) cause of death. Sickle cell disease-related deaths occurred mostly among young adults aged 25-49 years. COVID-19 deaths occurred at ages older than among sickle cell disease-related deaths. Majority of deaths happened in the southeast (42.3%) and northeast regions (34.0%), while COVID-19 deaths prevailed in the northeast region (42.9%). Regarding overall deaths, the leading underlying cause of death was sickle cell disease itself, followed by infectious and parasitic diseases (14.8%), owing to COVID-19 deaths, and diseases of the circulatory system (8.9%). Next, in males, diseases of the digestive system (4.8%) occurred, while, in females, maternal deaths succeeded, included in the chapter on pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium, accounting for 5.9% of female deaths. The leading overall associated (non-underlying) cause of deaths were septicemias (29.4%), followed by respiratory failure (20.9%), pneumonias (18.3%), and renal failure (14.7%). CONCLUSION: In Brazil, COVID-19 deaths produced trend changes in sickle cell disease-related causes of death, age at death, and regional distribution of deaths in 2020.

Deaths of children under 5 years old in Changsha in 2016 - 2021 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the death status and main causes of death among children under 5 years old in Changsha from 2016 to 2021, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating preventive measures for children's health care. Methods The data of 1 761 deaths of children under 5 years old in Changsha City from 2016 to 2021 were collected, and the mortality trend, the order of causes of death and the utilization of pre-death medical care services were retrospectively analyzed. Results The 7-day neonatal mortality, 28-day neonatal mortality, 0-1-year-old neonatal mortality, and the mortality rate of children under 5 years old (U5MR) in Changsha City from 2016 to 2021 were 0.76‰, 1.28‰, 2.41‰, and 3.86‰, respectively. All the mortality rates showed a decreasing trend (P<0.05). U5MR in males was significantly higher than that in females (P<0.05), and U5MR in rural areas was significantly higher than that in urban areas (P<0.05). The top five causes of U5MR were drowning, premature delivery or low birth weight, pneumonia, other congenital anomalies, and accidental asphyxia, respectively. The death places of children under 5 years old were mainly medical and health institutions, and 81.72% of them were treated in hospitals before death. Conclusion From 2016 to 2021, the mortality rate of children under the age of 5 in Changsha City has gradually decreased. Preventing congenital malformations, reducing preterm birth or low birth weight, improving the treatment level of pneumonia, and preventing accidents such as drowning and accidental suffocation are the key to reducing the mortality rate of children under 5 years old.

The Progression of Postmortem Biochemistry Analysis in Forensic Discrimination of Cause of Death / 中山大学学报(医学科学版)

The discrimination of the cause of death is an important part in forensic medicine. With the advantages of simple operation， high test efficiency， and easy sensitivity to the death mechanism of the deceased， postmortem biochemistry analysis has become a significant auxiliary analysis method for discrimination of the cause of death. In this paper， we discuss the development status， advantages and current problems of postmortem biochemical analysis， and then describe the application prospect of postmortem biochemistry in the discrimination of the cause of death by posing feasible solutions， so that to provide an idea for this research.

Análisis temporal de la mortalidad por causas evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida, 2000-2021 / Temporal analysis of mortality from preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life, 2000-2021 / Análise temporal da mortalidade por causas evitáveis nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, 2000-2021

Objetivo: analizar el patrón temporal y estimar las tasas de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida y por causas evitables en el estado de Pernambuco en el período de 2000 a 2021. Método: estudio ecológico, teniendo como unidad de análisis el trimestre. La fuente de datos se constituyó por el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Mortalidad y el Sistema de Informaciones sobre Nacidos Vivos. El modelado de series temporales se realizó según el Modelo Autorregresivo Integrado de Promedio Móvil. Resultados: se registraron 14.462 óbitos en las primeras 24 horas de vida, siendo 11.110 (el 76,8%) evitables. Se observa para los pronósticos ( forecasts) que la tasa de mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida registro una variación de 3,3 a 2,4 por 1.000 nacidos vivos, y la tasa de mortalidad por causas evitables de 2,3 a 1,8 por 1.000 nacidos vivos. Conclusión: la predicción sugirió avances en la reducción de la mortalidad en las primeras 24 horas de vida en el estado y por causas evitables. Los modelos ARIMA presentaron estimaciones satisfactorias para las tasas de mortalidad y por causas evitables en las primeras 24 horas de vida.

Objective: to analyze the temporal pattern and estimate mortality rates in the first 24 hours of life and from preventable causes in the state of Pernambuco from 2000 to 2021. Method: an ecological study, using the quarter as the unit of analysis. The data source was made up of the Mortality Information System and the Live Birth Information System. The time series modeling was conducted according to the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average Model. Results: 14,462 deaths were recorded in the first 24 hours of life, 11,110 (76.8%) of which being preventable. It is observed from the forecasts that the mortality rate in the first 24 hours of life ranged from 3.3 to 2.4 per 1,000 live births, and the mortality rate from preventable causes ranged from 2.3 to 1.8 per 1,000 live births. Conclusion: the prediction suggested progress in reducing mortality in the first 24 hours of life in the state and from preventable causes. The ARIMA models presented satisfactory estimates for mortality rates and preventable causes in the first 24 hours of life.

Objetivo: analisar o padrão temporal e estimar as taxas de mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida e por causas evitáveis no estado de Pernambuco no período de 2000 a 2021. Método: estudo ecológico, tendo como unidade de análise o trimestre. A fonte de dados foi constituída pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade e pelo Sistema de Informações sobre Nascidos Vivos. A modelagem da série temporal foi conduzida segundo o Modelo Autorregressivo Integrado de Médias Móveis. Resultados: foram registrados 14.462 óbitos nas primeiras 24 horas de vida, sendo 11.110 (76,8%) evitáveis. Observa-se para os forecasts que a taxa de mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida variou de 3,3 a 2,4 por 1.000 nascidos vivos, e a taxa de mortalidade por causas evitáveis variou de 2,3 a 1,8 por 1.000 nascidos vivos. Conclusão: a previsão sugeriu avanços na redução da mortalidade nas primeiras 24 horas de vida no estado e por causas evitáveis. Os modelos ARIMA apresentaram estimativas satisfatórias para as taxas de mortalidade e por causas evitáveis nas primeiras 24 horas de vida.

Continuidad de vínculos en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido / Continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one / Manutenção de vínculos em homens em luto por um ente querido

Objetivo: examinar la continuidad de vínculos interna y externa en hombres que experiencian duelo por un ser querido. Método: estudio correlacional, descriptivo y transversal. Muestra a conveniencia de 170 hombres dolientes. Las variables fueron mediadores del duelo, continuidad de vínculos y datos sociodemográficos. Se utilizó un cuestionario en línea compuesto por mediadores de duelo, escala de continuidad de vínculos y datos sociodemográficos. Se empleó estadística descriptiva, análisis de varianza y coeficiente de Spearman. El nivel de significancia correspondió a p<0,05. Resultados: la media de edad de los participantes fue de 36,61 años (DE=13,40), y el 80,00% tenía educación superior. Los valores medios de continuidad de vínculos interna y externa fueron 24,85 (DE=7,93) y 7,68 (DE=2,33), respectivamente. Se establecieron diferencias significativas referentes a la continuidad de vínculos interna y externa entre parentesco de la persona fallecida (p<0,001), y ninguna con la causa de muerte o con el tiempo transcurrido desde el fallecimiento. No se precisaron correlaciones significativas entre continuidad de vínculos interna/externa y mediadores del duelo. Conclusión: los hombres dolientes expresan la continuidad de vínculos interna de manera frecuente y la externa en ocasiones, con diferencias respecto a quién era la persona fallecida. La Enfermería podría diseñar estrategias específicas que fortalezcan el afrontamiento del duelo en este grupo.

Objective: to examine internalized and externalized continuing bonds in men grieving a loved one. Method: a correlational, descriptive and cross-sectional study. Convenience sample comprised by 170 mourning men. The variables were mediators of mourning, continuing bonds and sociodemographic data. The instrument used was an online questionnaire comprised by mediators of mourning, a continuing bonds scale and sociodemographic data. Descriptive statistics, analysis of variance and Spearman's coefficient were used. The significance level adopted was p<0.05. Results: the participants' mean age was 36.61 years old (SD=13.40), and 80.00% had Higher Education. The mean values corresponding to internalized and externalized continuing bonds were 24.85 (SD=7.93) and 7.68 (SD=2.33), respectively. Significant differences were established referring to internalized and externalized continuing bonds in terms of kinship with the deceased person (p<0.001), and none with the cause of death or with the time elapsed since the event. No significant correlations were defined between internalized/externalized continuing bonds and mediators of mourning. Conclusion: grieving men express internalized and externalized continuing bonds frequently and occasionally, respectively, with differences according to who the deceased person was. The Nursing discipline might devise specific strategies that strengthen coping with grief in this population group.

Objetivo: examinar a manutenção de vínculos interna e externa em homens vivenciando o luto por um ser querido. Método: estudo correlacional, descritivo e de corte transversal. Amostra de conveniência de 170 homens em luto. As variáveis foram: mediadores do luto, manutenção de vínculos e dados sociodemográficos. Utilizou-se um questionário online composto por mediadores de luto, escala de manutenção de vínculos e dados sociodemográficos. Empregou-se estatística descritiva, análise de variância e coeficiente de Spearman. Nível de significância p<0,05. Resultados: os participantes tinham uma média de idade de 36,61 anos (DP=13,40) e 80,00% tinham ensino superior. A média de manutenção interna dos vínculos foi de 24,85 (DP=7,93) e a de manutenção externa foi de 7,68 (DP=2,33). Foram estabelecidas diferenças significativas para a manutenção dos vínculos internos e externos entre os parentes do falecido (p<0,001), nenhuma com a causa da morte ou o tempo decorrido desde a morte. Não foram encontradas correlações significativas entre a manutenção dos vínculos internos e externos e os mediadores do luto. Conclusão: os homens em luto expressaram a manutenção interna dos vínculos com frequência e a manutenção externa dos vínculos ocasionalmente, com diferenças a respeito de quem era a pessoa falecida. A enfermagem poderia criar estratégias específicas para fortalecer o enfrentamento do luto nesse grupo.

Riesgo de muerte por insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva en pacientes anémicos de la población peruana / Risk of death due to congestive heart failure in anemic patients in the Peruvian population

Objetivo: Determinar el riesgo de muerte por insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva subyacente en pacientes anémicos de la población peruana. Materiales y métodos: Estudio observacional, descriptivo, de casos y controles y retrospectivo basado en datos del Sistema Informático Nacional de Defunciones (Sinadef) del Ministerio de Salud (Minsa) peruano entre enero de 2021 y agosto de 2022. El muestreo fue no probabilístico, intencional por conveniencia según los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. Se incluyó a todos los pacientes con y sin anemia que fallecieron por insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva u otras comorbilidades, que sumaron un total de 35 724 personas. Las variables fueron anemia, definida como un trastorno del tamaño o número de hematíes, de la hemoglobina, así como de la absorción y disponibilidad del hierro, e insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva, definida como la incapacidad del miocardio para bombear sangre de forma competente. Se realizó la prueba de chi al cuadrado y de los coeficientes Phi y V de Cramer para determinar la existencia y grado de asociación de las variables y la razón de probabilidades para la estimación del riesgo. Se consideró un valor de p significativo menor del 0,05, con un intervalo de confianza al 95 %. Resultados: La anemia estuvo moderadamente asociada a la insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva: fallecieron 62,80 % de personas con anemia. Las variables están estadísticamente relacionadas y, según los coeficientes Phi y V de Cramer, se trata de una relación moderada. Se halló que los anémicos tuvieron 11,14 veces mayor riesgo de morir por insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva que las personas con otras comorbilidades. Conclusiones: La anemia se asocia a un alto riesgo de muerte por insuficiencia cardiaca subyacente en la población peruana. Es necesario el seguimiento de los niveles de hierro, hemoglobina y hematíes en pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca, así como tratar las causas de estas deficiencias, con el objetivo de reducir la morbimortalidad en este grupo de pacientes.

Objective: To determine the risk of death from underlying congestive heart failure among Peruvian patients with anemia. Materials and methods: An observational, descriptive, case-control and retrospective study based on data from the Sistema Informático Nacional de Defunciones (SINADEF National Death Computer System) of the Ministry of Health of Peru (MINSA) and conducted between January 2021 and August 2022. A non-probability purposive convenience sampling was used considering the inclusion and exclusion criteria. All patients with and without anemia who died from congestive heart failure or other comorbidities were included in the research, totaling 35,724 people. The variables were anemia, defined as a condition related to the amount or number of red blood cells and hemoglobin, as well as to iron absorption and availability, and congestive heart failure, defined as the inability of the myocardium to pump blood efficiently. Chi-square test and phi and Cramer's V coefficients were used to determine the presence and degree of association of the variables and the odds ratio for risk estimation. A significant p value less than 0.05 with a 95 % confidence interval was considered. Results: Anemia was moderately associated with congestive heart failure: 62.80 % of people with anemia died from this disease. The variables were statistically related and, according to phi and Cramer's V coefficients, there was a moderate relationship. People with anemia had 11.14 times higher risk of dying from congestive heart failure than people with other comorbidities. Conclusions: Anemia is associated with high risk of death from underlying heart failure in the Peruvian population. It is necessary to monitor iron, hemoglobin and red blood cell levels among patients with heart failure, as well as to identify the causes of these deficiencies in order to reduce morbidity and mortality in this group of patients.

Caracterización de la mortalidad por accidentes en Cuba en el decenio 2010-2019

Fundamento: los accidentes constituyen cadenas de eventos y circunstancias que llevan a la ocurrencia de lesiones no intencionales. Son responsables de numerosas muertes cada año en el mundo. En el año 2019, los accidentes del tránsito y las caídas estuvieron entre las primeras 20 causas de muerte. En Cuba se erigieron como la quinta causa de mortalidad por todas las causas y edades en el decenio 2010-2019. Objetivo: caracterizar la mortalidad por accidentes en Cuba en el decenio 2010- 2019. Métodos: se realizó un estudio ecológico, longitudinal, descriptivo, de la mortalidad anual por accidentes en Cuba, a lo largo del decenio que comprende los años 2010 al 2019. Los anuarios estadísticos, publicados desde el año 2012 al 2022, por la Dirección de Registros Médicos y Estadísticas de Salud, del Ministerio de Salud Pública de Cuba, constituyeron la principal fuente de información. Para su procesamiento estadístico, los datos obtenidos fueron incluidos en una hoja de cálculo en Microsoft Excel y los resultados se expresaron en figuras y tablas. Resultados: las tasas brutas de mortalidad por accidentes en Cuba en el decenio 2010- 2019 se incrementaron de 43 a 49,9 por 100 000 habitantes, las más elevadas fueron por caídas: 23,7 en el año 2018 y 23,4 por 100 000 habitantes en el 2019. Los años de vida potencialmente perdidos por accidentes disminuyeron de 5,4 a 4,7 por 1 000 habitantes de 1 a 74 años. Conclusiones: en Cuba, en el decenio 2010- 2019, se observó un aumento en la mortalidad por accidentes a expensas de las caídas accidentales, estas con mayor frecuencia en el sexo femenino.

Background: accidents constitute chains of events and circumstances that lead to the occurrence of unintentional injuries. They are responsible for numerous deaths every year in the world. In 2019, traffic accidents and falls were among the top 20 causes of death. In Cuba, they stood as the fifth cause of mortality from all causes and ages in the decade 2010-2019. Objective: to characterize mortality from accidents in Cuba in the 2010-2019 decade. Methods: an ecological, longitudinal, descriptive study of annual mortality due to accidents in Cuba was carried out, throughout the decade from 2010 to 2019. The statistical yearbooks, published from 2012 to 2022, by the Directorate of Medical Records and Health Statistics, from the Ministry of Public Health of Cuba, constituted the main source of information. For its statistical processing, the data obtained were included in a spreadsheet in Microsoft Excel and the results were expressed in figures and tables. Results: the gross mortality rates due to accidents in Cuba in the 2010-2019 decade increased from 43 to 49.9 per 100,000 inhabitants, the highest being due to falls: 23.7 in 2018 and 23.4 per 100 000 inhabitants in 2019. The years of potential life lost due to accidents decreased from 5.4 to 4.7 per 1,000 inhabitants between 1 and 74 years of age. Conclusions: in Cuba, in the 2010-2019 decade, an increase in mortality from accidents was observed at the expense of accidental falls, these more frequently in the female sex.

Common Causes of Neonatal Death in Calabar, South-South Nigeria: An Autopsy Study

Background: Neonatal deaths are deaths of live born babies occurring before 28 completed days. The vast majority occur in low-income countries like Nigeria with a high neonatal mortality rate. There is paucity of autopsy studies due to refusal of family to give consent for such procedures. Aim: To identify the commonest causes of neonatal death in 53 neonatal autopsies in Calabar, Nigeria. Materials and Methods: Detailed postmortem was carried out using lettules techniques and bits taken for histological analysis to ascertain the cause of death. Other relevant contributory factors such as the gestational age, mode of delivery, place of birth, antemortem cause of deaths and maternal obstetric history were obtained from the medical records and autopsy request forms. Results: In the one-year retrospective study of 53 neonatal autopsies, male: female ratio was 1: 0.83 and mean age at death was 6.5 + 7.3 days, ranging from 1 to 28 days. The commonest cause of neonatal death was severe birth asphyxia seen in 10 cases (18.9%), followed by kernicterus in 6 cases (11.3%), birth trauma seen in 6 cases (11.3%), congenital heart disease seen in 5 cases (9.4%), and prematurity seen in 5 cases (9.4%). Conclusion: The study confirms the usefulness of neonatal autopsy in ascertaining the definitive cause of death. Severe birth Asphyxia was identified as the commonest cause of death in the neonatal period followed by birth trauma, kernicterus and congenital heart diseases.

Accuracy of mortality indicators due sepsis-associated deaths in the Federal District / Acurácia dos indicadores de mortalidade devido a sepse dos óbitos ocorridos no Distrito Federal / Precisión de los indicadores de mortalidad por sepsis de las defunciones ocurridas en el Distrito Federal

Background: Sepsis currently represents a challenge for health systems, this fact may be related to the spread of bacterial resistance, the increase in the population of elderly, immunosuppressed individuals, and the improvement of emergency care, favoring the survival of critically ill patients. This article aimed to evaluate the accuracy of mortality indicators due to sepsis in 2018. Method: Validation study of death certificates that occurred in the Federal District in 2018. Declarations whose basic causes of death identified were classified as garbage codes were identified, which were investigated by a multidisciplinary team, capable of reclassifying them with codes that allow for the improvement of health data. In order to assess accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, positive and negative likelihood ratios of death certificates from sepsis were calculated, with 95% confidence intervals. Results: A total of 6.244 statements were evaluated, of which 233 (3.74%) presented sepsis as the underlying cause before being investigated and only 35 (0.56%) maintained it after the investigation. The filling of statements with sepsis as the underlying cause by physicians showed a sensitivity of 0.9% (95%CI: 0.6 to 1.3) and a specificity of 92.0% (95%CI: 90.9 to 93.1). Conclusion: The low accuracy of the declarations demonstrates the non-reliability of the underlying cause of death from sepsis, especially the completion of death certificates that occurred in the Federal District in 2018.(AU)

Justificativa: A sepse, atualmente, representa um desafio para os sistemas de saúde, tal fato pode estar relacionado com a disseminação da resistência bacteriana, o aumento da população de idosos, os indivíduos imunossuprimidos, e a melhoria do atendimento de emergência, favorecendo a sobrevivência de pacientes críticos. Este artigo teve por objetivo avaliar a acurácia dos indicadores de mortalidade devido à sepse em 2018. Método: Estudo de validação da causa básica dos óbitos ocorridos no Distrito Federal em 2018. Foram identificadas as declarações de óbito cujas causas básicas de morte apontadas foram classificadas como garbage code sepse, as quais foram investigadas por uma equipe multidisciplinar, capacitada para reclassificá-las com códigos que permitem o aprimoramento dos dados em saúde. A fim de avaliar a acurácia, foram calculados os valores de sensibilidade, especificidade, valores preditivos positivo e negativo, razões de verossimilhança positiva e negativa das declarações dos óbitos por sepse, com intervalos de confiança de 95%. Resultados: Um total de 6.244 declarações foram avaliadas, das quais 233 (3,74%) apresentavam a sepse como causa básica antes de serem investigadas e apenas 35 (0,56%) mantiveram-na após a investigação. O preenchimento das declarações com a sepse enquanto causa básica pelos médicos apresentou sensibilidade de 0,9% (IC95%: 0,6 a 1,3) e especificidade de 92,0% (IC95%: 90,9 a 93,1). Conclusão: A baixa acurácia das declarações demonstra a não fidedignidade da causa básica de óbito por sepse, sobretudo, do preenchimento das declarações dos óbitos ocorridos no Distrito Federal em 2018.(AU)

Justificación: Sepsis representa en la actualidad un desafío para los sistemas de salud, este hecho puede estar relacionado con propagación de resistencias bacterianas, aumento de la población de ancianos, inmunodeprimidos, y mejora de la atención de urgencias, favoreciendo la supervivencia de los pacientes críticos. Este artículo tuvo como objetivo evaluar la precisión de los indicadores de mortalidad por sepsis en 2018. Método: Estudio de validación de causa básica de muertes ocurridas en Distrito Federal en 2018. Se identificaron actas de defunción cuyas causas básicas de muerte fueron clasificadas como sepsis código basura y fueron investigadas por un equipo multidisciplinario capacitado para reclasificarlas con códigos que permitan la mejora de datos de salud. Para evaluar la precisión, se calcularon sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivo y negativo y razones de verosimilitud positiva y negativa de certificados de defunción por sepsis, con intervalos de confianza del 95%. Resultados: se evaluaron 6.244 declaraciones, de las cuales 233 (3,74%) tenían como causa básica la sepsis antes de ser investigadas y solo 35 (0,56%) mantuvieron después de investigación. Realización de declaraciones con sepsis como causa subyacente por parte de los médicos mostró sensibilidad del 0,9% (95%IC: 0,6 a 1,3) y especificidad del 92,0% (95%IC: 90,9 a 93,1). Conclusión: Baja precisión de las declaraciones demuestra la poca confiabilidad de la causa subyacente de muerte por sepsis, especialmente la finalización de los certificados de defunción ocurridos en Distrito Federal en 2018.(AU)

De que morrem as crianças de 5 a 14 anos no estado do Rio de Janeiro? Análise do período 2000-2019 / What do children aged 5 to 14 years die from in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil? Trend analysis of the period 2000-2019

Resumo Objetivou-se investigar a magnitude e a tendência da mortalidade de crianças de 5 a 14 anos por causas, no estado do Rio de Janeiro, de 2000 a 2019. Estudo ecológico de tendência temporal utilizando dados do Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade (SIM). Calcularam-se taxas de mortalidade por 100 mil crianças, por capítulos, grupos e categorias (CID-10). Estimou-se a série temporal por regressão joinpoint. As taxas de mortalidade de 10 a 14 anos foram superiores às da faixa de 5 a 9 anos. As cinco principais causas foram as mesmas de 5 a 14 anos, com diferente ordem de importância. As duas principais foram causas externas e neoplasias (31% e 15% para 5 a 9 anos; 45% e 11% para 10 a 14 anos). De 5 a 9 anos, a tendência da mortalidade teve declínio anual (8%) entre 2011 e 2015. De 10 a 14 anos, o declínio anual foi 1,3%, de 2000 a 2019. A mortalidade por causas externas decresceu em ambas as faixas, menos para a categoria "Agressão por arma de fogo" (meninos,10-14 anos) e "Afogamento" (meninos, 5-9 anos). A mortalidade por neoplasias ficou estável para todos. Doenças infecciosas e respiratórias decresceram de forma diferenciada entre os grupos. A maioria das causas de morte é evitável ou tratável, apontando necessidade de investimentos em saúde e intersetoriais.

Abstract This study investigated the magnitude and trends of cause-specific mortality among children 5 to 14 years of age in the state of Rio de Janeiro (RJ) from 2000 to 2019. We performed an ecological study, using data from the Mortality Information System (MIS). We calculated mortality rates per 100,000 children by chapters, groups, and categories of causes of death (ICD-10). Trends were estimated by joinpoint regression. Mortality rates among children aged 10 to 14 years were higher than those among children 5 to 9. The five leading causes of death were the same in both age groups, but they ranked differently. The two leading ones were external causes and neoplasms (31% and 15% among children aged 5 to 9 years; 45% and 11% among children aged 10 to 14 years). Among children 5 to 9 years, the mortality trend showed an annual decline (8%) from 2011 to 2015. Among children aged 10 to 14 years, the annual decline was 1.3% from 2000 to 2019. Mortality due to external causes decreased in both age groups, except for the category "Assault by unspecified firearm" (boys, 10 to 14 years) and "Unspecified drowning and submersion" (boys, 5 to 9 years). Mortality caused by neoplasms remained steady in both age groups. Infectious and respiratory diseases decreased differently between the two groups. Most causes of death are preventable or treatable, indicating the need for health and intersectoral investments.

Óbitos por condições de saúde posteriores à COVID-19 no Brasil / Deaths from post-COVID conditions in Brazil

Resumo O objetivo deste artigo é avaliar a magnitude e o perfil dos óbitos por condições posteriores à COVID-19 no Brasil. Estudo descritivo com base nos dados preliminares de registro de óbitos do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade ocorridos em 2021. Foram considerados os registros com código CID B94.8 como causa básica e com código U09 em alguma linha da parte I ou II da declaração de óbito. Foi avaliada a distribuição dos óbitos por região geográfica, semestre de ocorrência, sexo, faixa etária, raça/cor, escolaridade e local de ocorrência. Foram registrados 2.948 óbitos por condições posteriores à COVID-19, variando de 0,5 óbito por 1.000 registros na região Nordeste a 3,6/1.000 na região Centro-Oeste. Mais da metade ocorreu entre o sexo masculino (58,0%), aqueles com 60 anos ou mais de idade (66,9%) e de cor da pele branca (51,8%). Os óbitos por condições posteriores à COVID-19 apresentaram características sociodemográficas distintas entre as regiões.

Abstract This paper aims to assess the magnitude and profile of deaths from post-COVID conditions in Brazil. Descriptive study based on preliminary data from the 2021 Mortality Information System. Records with ICD code B94.8 as the Basic Cause and with code U09 in some lines of part I or II of the declaration were considered for analysis. The distribution of deaths by geographic region, semester of occurrence, sex, age group, ethnicity/skin color, schooling, and place of occurrence was evaluated. We identified 2,948 deaths from conditions subsequent to COVID-19 were recorded, ranging from 0.5 deaths per 1,000 records in the Northeast Region to 3.6/1,000 in the Midwest Region. More than half occurred among males (58.0%), those aged 60 years or older (66.9%), and whites (51.8%). Conclusion: Deaths from post-COVID conditions had distinct sociodemographic characteristics between regions.

Mortalidade de imigrantes bolivianos em São Paulo, Brasil: análise de causas evitáveis / Mortality of Bolivian immigrants in São Paulo, Brazil: analysis of avoidable causes

Resumo Objetivou-se analisar a mortalidade dos imigrantes bolivianos residentes no município de São Paulo comparada à dos brasileiros, com ênfase na análise das mortes evitáveis. Estudo descritivo dos óbitos do município de São Paulo entre 2007 e 2018 registrados no Sistema de Informações sobre Mortalidade. Foram analisados os óbitos de pessoas de 5 a 74 anos, conforme a lista de causas de mortes evitáveis por intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde, segundo grupos e sexo; o teste de qui-quadrado foi utilizado na comparação das nacionalidades. A tendência temporal foi avaliada pela regressão de Prais-Winsten. Houve 1.123 óbitos de bolivianos e 883.116 de brasileiros, com predomínio de óbitos masculinos, com idade média ao morrer menor (-13,6 anos) para bolivianos. A proporção de óbitos por causas evitáveis foi semelhante entre bolivianos (71,0%) e brasileiros (72,8%) e a tendência não apresentou variação anual proporcional significante para ambas as nacionalidades. Para bolivianos, houve maior frequência de causas externas (27,6%) e de causas reduzíveis por ações de promoção, prevenção, controle e atenção às doenças infecciosas (20,8%). Os bolivianos exibiram mortalidade mais jovem, sem redução na proporção de causas evitáveis, o que pode indicar acesso desigual aos serviços de saúde.

Abstract The objective was to analyze the mortality of Bolivian immigrants compared to the Brazilian population, living in the city of São Paulo, with an emphasis on the analysis of avoidable deaths. Descriptive study of deaths in the city of São Paulo, between 2007 and 2018, registered in the Mortality Information System. Deaths of people aged 5 to 74 years were analyzed, according to "Brazilian List of Causes of Preventable Deaths", according to groups and sex; Pearson's chi-square test was used to compare nationalities. The temporal trend of avoidable deaths was evaluated by Prais-Winsten regression. There were 1.123 Bolivians deaths and 883.116 among Brazilians, with a predominance of male deaths and the Bolivians died on average 13.6 years younger. The proportion of deaths from preventable causes was similar between Bolivians (71.0%) and Brazilians (72.8%) and the trend did not show significant proportional annual variation for both nationalities. There is a higher frequency, among Bolivians, of external causes (27.6%) and of causes reducible by actions to health promotion, prevention, control, and care for infectious diseases (20.8%) than to Brazilians. Conclusion: Bolivians died younger and showed no reduction in the proportion of potentially avoidable causes, which may indicate unequal access to health services.

Prediction of maternal mortality ratio in China based on analysis of data from 2010 to 2020 / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To analyze the changing trends in maternal mortality ratios (MMRs) and the main cause-specific MMRs in China from 2010 to 2020, evaluate the association between MMRs and pregnancy healthcare and predict the MMRs for the next five years.Methods:Data on MMRs, the main cause-specific MMRs, and maternal healthcare in China from 2010 to 2020 were collected from China Health Statistical Yearbook. Estimated annual percent changes (EAPCs) were used to analyze the trends in MMRs and the main cause-specific MMRs in China. Average growth rate was used to describe the trend of perinatal healthcare indicators, and spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the correlation between MMRs and perinatal healthcare indicators. GM (1,1) model was established to predict the MMRs for the following five years. Results:(1) From 2010 to 2020, the EAPCs were－5.16%,－6.24%, and－4.28%, respectively, indicating downward trends in MMRs in the whole nation, urban and rural areas ( t=－0.98,－12.42 and－8.96, all P<0.001). (2) From 2010 to 2020, the main cause-specific MMRs in China from obstetric hemorrhage, hypertension during pregnancy, amniotic fluid embolism, and liver disease were all in downward trends ( t=－12.42,－5.44,－3.98 and－3.63, all P<0.001). Except for the MMR from hypertension during pregnancy in urban areas (average growth rate =0.51%), all main cause-specific MMRs in both urban and rural areas decreased significantly, especially the MMRs from hepatopathy in urban and rural areas (average growth rate=－10.40% and－13.96%). (3) The nation wide MMR was negatively correlated with maternal system management rate ( r s=－0.80, P=0.003), prenatal examination rate ( r s=－0.97, P<0.001), postpartum visit rate ( r s=－0.82, P=0.002) and hospital delivery rate ( r s=－0.98, P<0.001). Negative correlations were also found between the MMR and hospital delivery rate in both urban ( r s=－0.82, P=0.002) and rural areas ( r s=－0.95, P<0.001). (4) The GM (1, 1) models for forecasting MMRs in the whole nation, urban and rural areas were established with an accuracy of level 1. The MMR was predicted to show a downward trend in the following five years. The MMRs in China were 15.86/100 000 in 2021 and 15.13/100 000 in 2022 through prediction, similar to the 16.1/100 000 and 15.7/100 000 as announced by the government. Conclusions:The overall MMR in China shows a downward trend, and it dropped faster in urban areas than the rural areas. In addition, it is predicted that the MMR will continue to decline in the following five years, but the gap between urban and rural areas will remain.

Death of hospitalized neonates of different gestational age in Shaanxi Province: a multi-center survey / 中华围产医学杂志

Objective:To investigate the current status of hospitalized neonatal death of different gestational ages in Shaanxi Province.Methods:All neonatal deaths in six hospitals in Shaanxi Province from 2016 to 2020 were retrospectively analyzed, and the differences in perinatal complications, the causes of death, and the age at death were compared using Chi-square (or Fisher's exact ) test. Results:(1) Totally, 220 488 neonates were delivered in the obstetric department of the six hospitals during the study period; 71 782 out of them were admitted to the neonatal department. While 424 neonatal death was reported, giving the total hospitalized neonates mortality rate of 5.5‰ (394/71 782), which included 152 deaths of transferred patients ( n=9 103, 16.7‰), 226 premature (53.3%), 196 term (46.2%), and two post-term infants (0.5%). (2) Among mothers of dead neonates, 73.6% were found to have at least one perinatal complication. The most common one was fetal distress (146 cases, 34.4%), followed by gestational diabetes mellitus (113 cases, 26.7%), amniotic fluid abnormalities ( n=73, 17.2%), maternal infectious diseases ( n=71, 16.8%), and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP) ( n=52, 12.3%). The lower the gestational age, the higher the proportion of multiple pregnancies and assisted reproduction technology applied (Fisher exact test, P<0.05). On the contrary, the higher the gestational age, the higher the cesarean section rate ( χ 2=26.69, P<0.001). HDP was more likely to occur in the gestational age of 28-31 +6 and 32-34 +6 weeks ( χ 2=37.16, P<0.001), and amniotic fluid abnormalities were more likely to occur in those over 37 weeks ( χ 2=27.47, P<0.001). (3) The five leading causes of neonatal death were neonatal respiratory distress syndrome (NRDS, n=100, 23.6%), neonatal asphyxia ( n=88, 20.8%), maternal infectious diseases ( n=80, 18.9%), and birth defects ( n=54, 12.7%), and pulmonary hemorrhage ( n=22, 5.2%). The first three causes of death in term and post-term infants were neonatal asphyxia ( n=65, 32.8%), birth defects ( n=42, 21.2%), and infectious diseases ( n=26, 13.1%). NRDS ( n=83, 36.7%), infectious diseases ( n=54, 23.9%), and neonatal asphyxia ( n=23, 10.2%) were the three leading causes of death of premature babies. (4) Out of the 326 (76.9%) neonatal deaths within seven days after birth, 162 (38.2%) died within 24 h after birth and 164 cases (38.7%) between one to seven days after birth. Conclusions:Most neonatal deaths occurred among preterm ones and within seven days after birth, whose mothers suffered perinatal complications. The causes of neonatal death vary among different gestational age groups.

Pathological Changes and Cause of Death Associated with the Global Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) / 法医学杂志

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been a global epidemic for more than three years, causing more than 6.9 million deaths. COVID-19 has the clinical characteristics of strong infectivity and long incubation period, and can cause multi-system damage, mainly lung damage, clinical symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and systemic multiple organ damage. The SARS-CoV-2 virus is still constantly mutating. At present, there is no global consensus on the pathological changes of COVID-19 associated deaths and even no consensus on the criteria for determining the cause of death. The investigation of the basic pathological changes and progression of the disease is helpful to guide the clinical treatment and the development of therapeutic drugs. This paper reviews the autopsy reports and related literature published worldwide from February 2020 to June 2023, with a clear number of autopsy cases and corresponding pathological changes of vital organs as the inclusion criteria. A total of 1 111 autopsy cases from 65 papers in 18 countries are included. Pathological manifestations and causes of death are classified and statistically analyzed, common pathological changes of COVID-19 are summarized, and analytical conclusions are drawn, suggesting that COVID-19 infection can cause life-threatening pathological changes in vital organs. On the basis of different health levels of infected groups, the direct cause of death is mainly severe lung damage and secondary systemic multiple organ failure.

Metabonomics Analysis of Brain Stem Tissue in Rats with Primary Brain Stem Injury Caused Death / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To explore the potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of primary brain stem injury (PBSI) by using metabonomics method to observe the changes of metabolites in rats with PBSI caused death.@*METHODS@#PBSI, non-brain stem brain injury and decapitation rat models were established, and metabolic maps of brain stem were obtained by LC-MS metabonomics method and annotated to the HMDB database. Partial least square-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and random forest methods were used to screen potential biomarkers associated with PBSI diagnosis.@*RESULTS@#Eighty-six potential metabolic markers associated with PBSI were screened by PLS-DA. They were modeled and predicted by random forest algorithm with an accuracy rate of 83.3%. The 818 metabolic markers annotated to HMDB database were used for random forest modeling and prediction, and the accuracy rate was 88.9%. According to the importance in the identification of cause of death, the most important metabolic markers that were significantly up-regulated in PBSI group were HMDB0038126 (genipinic acid, GA), HMDB0013272 (N-lauroylglycine), HMDB0005199 [(R)-salsolinol] and HMDB0013645 (N,N-dimethylsphingosine).@*CONCLUSIONS@#GA, N-lauroylglycine, (R)-salsolinol and N,N-dimethylsphingosine are expected to be important metabolite indicators in the diagnosis of PBSI caused death, thus providing clues for forensic medicine practice.

Mortalidad en estudiantes universitarios según causas de muerte (2004-2018) / College student mortality by causes of death (2004-2018)

Introduction: College students represent an important subpopulation of the United States, with over 19 million college students in the U.S. enrolled yearly. Methods: Descriptive analysis of the causes of death for all deceased students reported by the UW Dean of Students Office (DSO) between 2004 and 2018. We analyzed frequencies and yearly rates. Results: Our analysis shows that contrary to published data and national statistics for the relevant age groups, intentional by self-harm deaths lead causes of death in enrolled students from 2004 to 2018. Intentional by self-harm is the main cause of death in male students, younger students, and white students. "Other" causes of death is the main cause in female students, older students, and students of color. Conclusions: These results must be shared with different stakeholders across campus as well as with other universities in order to support and evaluate campus-wide prevention strategies for means restriction and environmental safety.

Introducción: Los estudiantes universitarios representan una subpoblación importante de los Estados Unidos, con más de 19 millones de matriculados anualmente. Sin embargo, hay pocos datos publicados sobre la mortalidad y causas de muerte en la población universitaria. El propósito de este estudio fue analizar las causas de muerte, basadas en datos de certificados de defunción, de estudiantes matriculados en University of Winconsin- Madison desde 2004 hasta 2018. Métodos: Análisis descriptivo de las causas oficiales de muerte de todos los estudiantes fallecidos reportados por la Oficina del Decano de Estudiantes entre 2004 y 2018. Se analizaron frecuencias y tasas anuales. Resultados: El análisis muestra que, contrariamente a los datos publicados y las estadísticas nacionales para los grupos de edad relevantes, las muertes intencionales por autolesión lideran las causas de muerte en los estudiantes matriculados entre esos años. Las autolesiones intencionales son la principal causa de muerte en los estudiantes varones, en los estudiantes más jóvenes y en los estudiantes blancos. Las causas incluidas en la categoría indicada como Otras son las principales en las estudiantes mujeres, en estudiantes mayores y en estudiantes de color. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este estudio deben compartirse con las diferentes áreas interesadas en todo el campus universitario y con otras instituciones universitarias, para apoyar y evaluar las estrategias de prevención, la aplicación de los medios de restricción y la seguridad ambiental.

Improving the quality of external cause of death data in Brazil: evaluation and validation of a new form to investigate garbage codes / Melhorando a qualidade dos dados de causa externa de morte no Brasil: avaliação e validação de um novo formulário para investigar códigos garbage / Mejora en la calidad de los datos de causa externa de muerte en Brasil: evaluación y validación de un nuevo formulario para investigar códigos garbage

Garbage codes, such as external causes with no specific information, indicate poor quality cause of death data. Investigation of garbage codes via an effective instrument is necessary to convert them into useful data for public health. This study analyzed the performance and suitability of the new investigation of deaths from external causes (IDEC) form to improve the quality of external cause of death data in Brazil. The performance of the IDEC form on 133 external garbage codes deaths was compared with a stratified matched sample of 992 (16%) investigated deaths that used the standard garbage codes form. Consistency between these two groups was checked. The percentage of garbage codes from external causes reclassified into valid causes with a 95% confidence interval (95%CI) was analyzed. Reclassification for specific causes has been described. Qualitative data on the feasibility of the form were recorded by field investigators. Investigation using the new form reduced all external garbage codes by -92.5% (95%CI: -97.0; -88.0), whereas the existing form decreased garbage codes by -60.5% (95%CI: -63.5; -57.4). The IDEC form presented higher effectivity for external-cause garbage codes of determined intent. Deaths that remained garbage codes mainly lacked information about the circumstances of poisoning and/or vehicle accidents. Despite the fact that field investigators considered the IDEC form feasible, they suggested modifications for further improvement. The new form was more effective than the current standard form in improving the quality of defined external causes.

Códigos garbage (códigos inespecíficos ou incompletos), como causas externas sem informações específicas, indicam dados de má qualidade sobre a causa da morte. É necessário investigar os códigos garbage com um instrumento efetivo para convertê-los em dados úteis para a saúde pública. Este estudo analisou o desempenho e a adequação do novo formulário de investigação de óbitos por causas externas (IDEC) para melhorar a qualidade dos dados de causa externa de morte no Brasil. O desempenho deste formulário em 133 óbitos com códigos garbage de causas externas foi comparado com uma amostra estratificada e pareada de 992 (16%) óbitos investigados que utilizaram o formulário padrão de códigos garbage existente. A consistência entre esses dois grupos foi verificada. Analisou-se o percentual de códigos garbage de causas externas reclassificados em causas válidas com um intervalo de 95% de confiança (IC95%). A reclassificação para causas específicas foi descrita. Dados qualitativos sobre a viabilidade do formulário foram registrados por pesquisadores de campo. A investigação com o novo formulário reduziu todos os códigos garbage de causas externas em -92,5% (IC95%: -97,0; -88,0) enquanto o formulário existente diminuiu os códigos garbage em -60,5% (IC95%: -63,5; -57,4). O formulário IDEC foi mais eficaz para os códigos garbage de causa externa sem intenção indeterminada. As mortes que permaneceram como códigos garbage careciam principalmente de informações detalhadas sobre as circunstâncias do envenenamento e dos acidentes de trânsito. O formulário IDEC foi considerado viável pelos investigadores de campo, no entanto, eles sugeriram modificações para um maior aperfeiçoamento. O novo formulário foi mais eficaz do que o formulário padrão atual na melhoria da qualidade das causas externas definidas.

Códigos garbage (códigos inespecíficos o incompletos), como causas externas inespecíficas, son los indicadores de datos de mala calidad sobre la causa de muerte. Es necesario investigar los códigos garbage con un instrumento eficaz para convertirlos en datos útiles para la salud pública. Este estudio analizó el desempeño y la adecuación del nuevo formulario de investigación de muertes por causas externas (IDEC) para mejorar la calidad de los datos de causa externa de muerte en Brasil. El desempeño de este formulario en 133 muertes con códigos garbage de causas externas se comparó con una muestra estratificada y emparejada de 992 (16%) muertes investigadas que usaron el formulario estándar de códigos garbage existente. Se comprobó la consistencia entre estos dos grupos. Se analizó el porcentaje de códigos garbage por causas externas reclasificados en causas válidas con un intervalo del 95% de confianza (IC95%). Se procedió a una reclasificación por causas específicas. Los datos cualitativos sobre la viabilidad del formulario fueron registrados por investigadores de campo. La investigación con el nuevo formulario tuvo una reducción de todos los códigos garbage de causas externas en -92,5% (IC95%: -97,0; -88,0), mientras que el formulario existente redujo todos los códigos garbage de causas externas en -60,5% (IC95%: -63,5; -57,4). El formulario IDEC fue el más efectivo para códigos garbage de causa externa sin intención indeterminada. Las muertes que quedaron como códigos garbage carecían principalmente de información detallada sobre las circunstancias de envenenamiento y de accidentes de tránsito. Los investigadores de campo confirmaron la viabilidad del formulario IDEC, además de sugerir modificaciones para mejorarlo. El nuevo formulario fue el más efectivo que el formulario estándar actual en cuanto a la mejora de la calidad de las causas externas definidas.

Mortalidade neonatal precoce e tardia: causas evitáveis e tendências nas regiões brasileiras / Mortalidad neonatal temprana y tardía: causas evitables y tendencias en las regiones brasileñas / Early and late neonatal mortality: preventable causes and trends in Brazilian regions

Resumo Objetivo Analisar as principais causas e a tendência da mortalidade neonatal precoce e tardia evitável segundo as regiões brasileiras. Métodos Estudo de séries temporais do tipo ecológico realizado com registros dos óbitos neonatais no período de 2000 a 2018 por meio do Sistema de Informação sobre Mortalidade. Para classificação das causas evitáveis utilizou-se a Lista de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde. A partir das taxas de mortalidade dos componentes neonatal precoce e tardio foram realizadas regressões por joinpoints das principais causas com indicação da variação percentual anual e variação percentual anual média. Resultados As maiores taxas de mortalidade evitável foram encontradas na fase neonatal precoce. A região Sul apresentou as menores taxas de mortalidade evitável. As principais causas segundo grupos da lista foram tétano do recém-nascido, síndrome da angústia respiratória, asfixia ao nascer, septicemia bacteriana, pneumonia e síndrome da morte súbita. A redução na mortalidade neonatal precoce foi maior de 2000 a 2004 (4,19% ao ano, p<0,001) e menor, entre os anos de 2012 e 2018 (1,80% ao ano, p<0,001). Considerando a mortalidade neonatal tardia houve redução anual média de 2,02% (p<0,001). A região Nordeste apresentou mais de um ponto de inflexão na tendência da mortalidade por desconforto respiratório e asfixia ao nascer e estabilidade por septicemia. Na região Sul foi identificado tendência de redução para todas as causas evitáveis estudadas. Conclusão Houve menor redução na mortalidade neonatal precoce e desigualdades na tendência da mortalidade neonatal evitável segundo causas e regiões de residência.

Resumen Objetivo Analizar las principales causas y la tendencia de la mortalidad neonatal temprana y tardía evitable según las regiones brasileñas. Métodos Estudio de series temporales del tipo ecológico, realizado con registros de las defunciones neonatales en el período de 2000 a 2018, por medio del Sistema de Información sobre Mortalidad. Para la clasificación de las causas evitables, se utilizó la Lista de causas de muertes evitables por intervenciones del Sistema Único de Salud. A partir de las tasas de mortalidad de los componentes neonatal temprano y tardío, se realizaron regresiones joinpoints de las principales causas con indicación de la variación porcentual anual y variación porcentual anual promedio. Resultados Las mayores tasas de mortalidad evitable se encontraron en la fase neonatal temprana. La región Sur presentó las menores tasas de mortalidad evitable. Las principales causas, según los grupos de la lista, fueron: tétanos neonatal, síndrome de dificultad respiratoria, asfixia al nacer, septicemia bacteriana, neumonía y síndrome de la muerte súbita. La reducción de la mortalidad neonatal temprana fue mayor del año 2000 al 2004 (4,19 % al año, p<0,001) y menor entre los años 2012 y 2018 (1,80 % al año, p<0,001). Considerando la mortalidad neonatal tardía, hubo una reducción anual promedio del 2,02 % (p<0,001). La región Nordeste presentó más de un punto de inflexión en la tendencia de la mortalidad por malestar respiratorio y asfixia al nacer y estabilidad por septicemia. En la región Sur se identificó una tendencia de reducción de todas las causas evitables estudiadas. Conclusión Hubo menor reducción de la mortalidad neonatal temprana y desigualdades en la tendencia de la mortalidad neonatal evitable según las causas y la región de residencia.

Abstract Objective To analyze the main causes and trends in preventable early and late neonatal mortality according to Brazilian regions. Methods This is an ecological time series study carried out with records of neonatal deaths from 2000 to 2018 through the Mortality Information System. To classify the avoidable causes, the Unified Health System List of Preventable Causes of Death by Interventions (Lista de Causas de Mortes Evitáveis por Intervenções do Sistema Único de Saúde) was used. From mortality rates of early and late neonatal components, joinpoint regressions of the main causes were performed using the Annual Percentage Change and Average Annual Percentage Change. Results The highest avoidable mortality rates were found in the early neonatal phase. The South had the lowest avoidable mortality rates. The main causes according to groups on the list were tetanus of newborns, respiratory distress syndrome, birth asphyxia, bacterial septicemia, pneumonia and sudden death syndrome. The reduction in early neonatal mortality was higher from 2000 to 2004 (4.19% per year, p<0.001) and lower between 2012 and 2018 (1.80% per year, p<0.001). Considering late neonatal mortality, there was an average annual reduction of 2.02% (p<0.001). The Northeast had more than one turning point in the trend of mortality due to respiratory distress and asphyxia at birth and stability due to septicemia. In the South, a downward trend was identified for all the preventable causes studied. Conclusion There was a lower reduction in early neonatal mortality and inequalities in the trend of preventable neonatal mortality according to causes and regions of residence.