Chemical Components of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Treating Alzheimer's Disease and Its Mechanism： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Alzheimer's disease （AD） is one of the most common diseases in the elderly population. Its etiology involves multiple pathogenic factors and pathological links such as abnormal deposition of β amyloid protein （Aβ）， hyperphosphorylation of Tau protein， abnormalities of the cholinergic system， oxidative stress， and inflammatory response. However， its specific pathogenesis has not been clarified， and no specific therapeutic drugs have been found. In recent years， more and more studies have paid attention to the potential of chemical components of traditional Chinese medicine （TCM） in the treatment of AD. However， the diversity and complexity of the chemical components of TCM may have a positive impact on multiple pathological links of AD. Researchers have isolated many active components from TCMs， and the effects of treating AD have been confirmed by modern pharmacological studies. Through literature analysis， this article found that the main chemical components of TCM with anti-AD effects were saponins （31%）， flavonoids （24%）， polysaccharides （20%）， lactones （8%）， alkaloids （7%）， phenols （3%）， and other compounds （7%）. Among them， ginsenoside， notoginsenoside， epimedium flavones， puerarin， baicalein， schisandra polysaccharide， angelica polysaccharide， ganoderma lucidum polysaccharide， pachyman， huperzine A， berberine， andrographolide， curcumin， emodin， and gastrodin have been extensively studied in terms of their anti-AD effects， and their mechanisms of pharmacological action have been involved in many aspects of AD pathogenesis. This article reviews the anti-AD activities and possible mechanisms of chemical components of TCM， so as to provide a reference for the development of new drugs for the prevention and treatment of AD.

Research progress on chemical constituents and pharmacological effects of safflower / 新乡医学院学报

The traditional Chinese medicine safflower is mainly used to promote blood circulation and eliminate meridians obstruction and its effective ingredients,pharmacological activity and application development have attracted much attention,with broad application prospects.Safflower contains quinone chalcones,flavonoids,alkaloids,polyacetylenes,lignans,fatty acids and other chemical components.Modern pharmacological studies have shown that the various pharmacological effects of safflower have been applied in the vascular system,nervous system,immune system diseases and antioxidant,anti-inflammatory,anti-tumor and other aspects.At the same time,safflower seed oil has the function of anti-aging and preventing dietary obesity.This article mainly reviews the research progress on the chemical composition,pharmacological effects,and food health effects of safflower,and summarize the development and application prospects of safflower,in order to provide reference for further research and development of safflower.

Research progress on the chemical components anti-tumor effects and preparations of zedoary turmeric oil / 中国药房

Zedoary turmeric oil， volatile oil extracted from zedoary turmeric， composed mainly of monoterpenes （including α-pinene， β-pinene， etc.） and sesquiterpenes （including β-elemene， zedoary alcohol， zedoary ketone， etc.）， and has been used in clinical practice to treat various malignant tumors such as ovarian cancer， cervical carcinoma， colorectal cancer， lung cancer and liver cancer. Zedoary turmeric oil regulates vascular endothelial growth factor and nuclear factors- κB， signal transducers and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways to play a role in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis， inhibiting tumor cell proliferation， inducing tumor cell apoptosis， and blocking cell cycle. However， due to its insolubility in water and poor stability， its clinical application is limited； the application of new formulations and technologies such as liposomes， microspheres， and nanoemulsion improves the solubility and stability of zedoary turmeric oil. This paper summarizes recent research progress on the chemical composition， anti-tumor effects， and formulations of zedoary turmeric oil， both domestically and internationally， providing a reference for further expanding the clinical application and formulation development of zedoary turmeric oil in the anti-tumor field.

Research progress on the chemical components anti-tumor effects and preparations of zedoary turmeric oil / 中国药房

Zedoary turmeric oil， volatile oil extracted from zedoary turmeric， composed mainly of monoterpenes （including α-pinene， β-pinene， etc.） and sesquiterpenes （including β-elemene， zedoary alcohol， zedoary ketone， etc.）， and has been used in clinical practice to treat various malignant tumors such as ovarian cancer， cervical carcinoma， colorectal cancer， lung cancer and liver cancer. Zedoary turmeric oil regulates vascular endothelial growth factor and nuclear factors- κB， signal transducers and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathways to play a role in inhibiting tumor angiogenesis， inhibiting tumor cell proliferation， inducing tumor cell apoptosis， and blocking cell cycle. However， due to its insolubility in water and poor stability， its clinical application is limited； the application of new formulations and technologies such as liposomes， microspheres， and nanoemulsion improves the solubility and stability of zedoary turmeric oil. This paper summarizes recent research progress on the chemical composition， anti-tumor effects， and formulations of zedoary turmeric oil， both domestically and internationally， providing a reference for further expanding the clinical application and formulation development of zedoary turmeric oil in the anti-tumor field.

In vivo and in Vitro Component Identification and Pharmacokinetic Analysis of Houpo Wenzhongtang Based on Rats with Deficiency-cold of Spleen and Stomach / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo identify the chemical components of Houpo Wenzhongtang in vivo and in vitro and to analyze the pharmacokinetic properties of the index components in rats with deficiency-cold of spleen and stomach. MethodThe chemical components of Houpo Wenzhongtang was analyzed and identified by ultra performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight tandem mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS）. Six rats were randomly selected from 18 SD rats as the blank group， and the remaining rats were given lard and cold vinegar for a long time to construct a rat model with deficiency-cold of spleen and stomach. After successful modeling， the rats were randomly divided into the model group and Houpu Wenzhongtang group（13.5 g·kg-1， calculated as crude drug）. The administration group was given the corresponding dose of Houpu Wenzhongtang by gavage， and the blank group and the model group were given the same amount of distilled water by gavage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay（ELISA） were used to measure gastrin（GAS） and motilin（MTL） levels in each group. At the same time， plasma samples were collected at different time points after administration， and blood-entry prototype components and metabolites of Houpo Wenzhongtang were analyzed by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS. On this basis， plasma concentrations of magnolol， honokiol， alpinetin and hesperidin in Houpo Wenzhongtang were determined by ultra performance liquid chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole/linear ion trap mass spectrometry（UPLC-QTRAP-MS/MS）， and the pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated using DAS 2.0 software. ResultA total of 79 chemical components， including 44 flavonoids and 11 lignans， were identified in Houpo Wenzhongtang. Meanwhile， 18 blood-entry prototype components and 27 metabolites were identified， the main metabolic pathways of metabolites were glucuronidation， sulfation， oxidation and hydrolysis， and phase Ⅰ and phase Ⅱ were the two primary forms of metabolism. Pharmacokinetic results showed that among the four index components， the time to peak（tmax） values of magnolol and honokiol were consistent and exhibited similar drug metabolism characteristics， the tmax of alpinetin was the shortest， and the absorption rate was the fastest， which had the earliest peak plasma concentration levels， and hesperidin had the shortest mean residence time（MRT0-t） and the highest metabolic rate in rats. ConclusionThis study clarifies the blood-entry prototype components and their metabolites of Houpo Wenzhongtang in the rat model of deficiency-cold of spleen and stomach， and reveals the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the main active ingredients， which can provide a scientific basis for the study of pharmacodynamic material basis of this formula and its clinical application in treating the syndrome of deficiency-cold of spleen and stomach.

Identification of chemical components and network pharmacology of Huanglian Decoction based on UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology / 中国中药杂志

The chemical components of Huanglian Decoction were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-tandem mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS) technology. The gradient elution was conducted in Agilent ZORBAX Extend-C_(18) column(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.8 μm) with the mobile phase of 0.1% formic acid aqueous solution(A)-acetonitrile(B) at a flow rate of 0.3 mL·min~(-1) and the column temperature of 35 ℃. The MS adopted the positive and negative ion mode of electrospray ionization(ESI), and the MS data were collected under the scanning range of m/z 100-1 500. Through high-resolution MS data analysis, combined with literature comparison and confirmation of reference substances, this paper identified 134 chemical components in Huanglian Decoction, including 12 alkaloids, 23 flavonoids, 22 terpenes and saponins, 12 phenols, 7 coumarins, 12 amino acids, 23 organic acids, and 23 other compounds, and the medicinal sources of the compounds were ascribed. Based on the previous studies, 7 components were selected as the index components. Combined with the network pharmacology research and analysis me-thods, the protein and protein interaction(PPI) network information of the intersection targets was obtained through the STRING 11.0 database, and 20 core targets of efficacy were screened out. In this study, UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS technology was successfully used to comprehensively analyze and identify the chemical components of Huanglian Decoction, and the core targets of its efficacy were discussed in combination with network pharmacology, which laid the foundation for clarifying the material basis and quality control of Huanglian Decoction.

Progress in Mechanism of Astragalus membranaceus and Its Chemical Constituents on Multiple Sclerosis / 中国结合医学杂志

The primary chemical components of Astragalus membranaceus include polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, and amino acids. Recent studies have shown that Astragalus membranaceus has multiple functions, including improving immune function and exerting antioxidative, anti-radiation, anti-tumor, antibacterial, antiviral, and hormone-like effects. Astragalus membranaceus and its extracts are widely used in clinical practice because they have obvious therapeutic effects against various autoimmune diseases and relatively less adverse reaction. Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune disease of central nervous system (CNS), which mainly caused by immune disorder that leads to inflammatory demyelination, inflammatory cell infiltration, and axonal degeneration in the CNS. In this review, the authors analyzed the clinical manifestations of MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and focused on the efficacy of Astragalus membranaceus and its chemical components in the treatment of MS/EAE.

Tannin Components of Geranium Plants in Prevention and Treatment of Alzheimer's Disease： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Alzheimer's disease （AD） is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by mechanisms including excessive deposition of β amyloid （Aβ）， neuroinflammatory responses， and hyperphosphorylation of microtubule-associated protein （Tau protein）. Currently， there are no effective clinical treatments available for AD. Traditional Chinese herbal drugs have gained attention for their potential to exert anti-AD effects through multi-component， multi-target approaches. As a traditional Chinese herbal drug with over 600 years of clinical use， Geranii Herba has substantial medicinal potential and wide application prospects. Geranium medicinal plants contain chemical components such as tannins， flavonoids， organic acids， and volatile oils. Research has indicated that various tannin compounds found in Geranii Herba possess pharmacological activities like enhancing learning and memory abilities， and improving cognitive function. These effects are linked to mechanisms involving anti-Aβ effects， Tau protein regulation， antioxidation， anti-inflammation， and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase activity. These compounds can act through multiple pathways and targets to inhibit neurodegenerative changes in neurons， thus effectively preventing and treating neurodegenerative diseases like AD. Based on relevant literature， this study focused on reviewing various tannin components in Geranium plants and their role in preventing and treating AD and identified potential drug components for treating neurodegenerative diseases such as AD by exploring the tannin components and their mechanisms in Geranium plants， thereby providing a theoretical foundation and research direction for further development and clinical application.

Identification of Chemical Components and Blood Components of Tianmaxingnao capsules Based on UPLC-Q/TOF-MS / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Objective The chemical composition and blood components of Tianmaxingnao capsules were discovered and examined using UPLC-Q/TOF-MS,and the possible pharmacological substance basis was preliminarily elucidated.Methods An UPLC-Q/TOF-MS method was developed in this study to determine the chemical composition of Tianma Xingnao capsules.After administration of Tianmaxingnao capsules,gather and examine rat plasma samples to investigate the exposed components of Tianmaxingnao capsules in rats.Results A total of 195 chemical components were identified in Tianmaxingnao capsules,including phenols,triterpenoid saponins,phenylethanol glycosides,cyclic ether terpenes,lipids,and phenylpropanoids.These components include those that are typical of Gastrodia elata Bl,Pheretima,Cistanche deserticola Ma,Rehmannia glutinosa,Polygala hybrida DC,and Acorus tatarinowii.Rat plasma samples were used to identify 37 prototype components and 3 metabolites of Tianmaxingnao capsules after they were administered.Conclusion This approach is easy to use,effective,sensitive,and precise.It may be used to investigate Tianmaxingnao capsules and the components that reach the bloodstream in detail,as well as to provide a first understanding of the pharmacological basis of the capsules.This study serves as a foundation for clarifying the pharmacological basis of Tianmaxingnao capsules and holds some reference value in exposing the pharmacological mechanism of the product.

Identification of metabolites in different parts of Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and their hypoglycemic activities / 数字中医药（英文）

Objective @#To identify the main components in the extracts of different parts of Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) technology and investigate their hypoglycemic activities.@*Methods@#The MS fragmentation pathways of the main types of compounds in Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) were studied, and the main components in the extracts were systematically identified using MS fragmentation pathways combined with MS mining technology. Based on the hyperglycemia male mouse model [specific pathogen free (SPF)-grade Kunming mice] induced by streptozotocin (intragastric administration of 80 mg/kg for 3 d), the hypoglycemic effects of extracts of Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) roots, stems, corms, leaves, and flowers were evaluated by measuring the changes of blood glucose, daily water consumption, daily food intake, and body weight.@*Result@#The MS fragmentation pathways of regalosides, dioscins, phenylpropanoids, flavonoids, and chlorogenic acids in Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) were clarified, and a mining method for compounds in this plant was constructed. A total of 58 compounds, including 6 chlorogenic acids, 14 regalosides, 13 phenylpropanoids, 5 flavonoids, and 20 dioscins, were identified from the roots, stems, corms, leaves, and flowers of Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium). Among them, 30 compounds were reported for the first time from this plant. The root and corm extracts demonstrated significant hypoglycemic activities by reducing blood glucose levels from 23.76 ± 1.21 and 24.29 ± 1.35 mmol/L to 17.21 ± 1.23 and 18.78 ± 1.49 mmol/L, respectively (P < 0.05). The roots and corms extracts could also attenuate the symptoms of polydipsia (P < 0.01), polyphagia (P < 0.05), and weight loss caused by diabetes.@*Conclusion@#This study clarifies that the roots of Juandan Baihe (Lilium lancifolium) are rich in regalosides and dioscins for the first time, and have significant hypoglycemic activities, providing the foundation for the comprehensive utilization of this plant and the development of hypoglycemic drugs.

Difference analysis of chemical components in roots and rhizomes of 3 medicinal plants of Gentiana from the same origin / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide reference for exploring alternative resources of Gentiana rigescens from the plants of Gentiana. METHODS The contents of four components （gentiopicroside， swertiamarin， swertioside and amarogentin） in the roots and rhizomes from 3 plants of Gentiana （G. rigescens， G. cephalantha， G. delavayi） were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The chemical compositions in the above roots and rhizomes were identified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization quarter-time of flight mass spectrometry （UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS）， and the differences were analyzed by principal component analysis （PCA）. RESULTS Four active components such as gentiopicroside， swertiamarin， swertioside and amarogentin were detected in the roots and rhizomes of G. rigescens and G. cephalantha， and the contents of the four components were similar in both. The contents of gentiopicroside in the root and rhizome of G. cephalantha and G.rigescens were more than four times of the limit standard of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia （Part Ⅰ） in 2020； However， only swertiamarin， swertioside and amarogentin were detected in the roots and rhizomes of G.delavayi， and the contents of swertioside and amarogentin were 34.12 and 8.81 times of those of G. rigescens， respectively. In addition， a total of 33 compounds 术。E-mail：515227235@qq.com were identified from the roots and rhizomes of 3 plants of Gentiana by UPLC-ESI-Q-TOF-MS， mainly iridoids. Additionally， G. rigescens and G. cephalantha contained xantones， G. delavayi contained flavonoids. PCA showed that there was a small difference between G. rigescens and G. cephalantha； however， there was a big difference between G. delavayi and G. rigescens. CONCLUSIONS The difference between the roots and rhizomes of G. cephalantha and G. rigescens from the same origin is small and there is substitutability； while the difference in the chemical components from roots and rhizomes between G. delavayi and G. rigescens is great and G. delavayi cannot be used as medicine instead of G. rigescens.

Chemical Components of Phellinus and Antitumor Mechanism： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Malignant tumor poses a threat to human health and life. The incidence and fatality rate of malignant tumor have been on the rise. The currently available therapies are radiotherapy and chemotherapy， which cause severe adverse reactions and irreversible damage and thus influence the quality of life of patients. Therefore， it is urgent to find new， safe and effective antitumor drugs. Chinese medicinals are safe with little adverse reactions and long-lasting effect in the treatment of tumor， which have attracted the attention of scholars. Amid the advancement of medical research， more and more anti-tumor components have been extracted from Chinese medicinals. Phellinus is a valuable Chinese medicinal material， and the chemical components mainly include polysaccharides， flavonoids， triterpenes， and polyphenols， which have anti-inflammatory， hypoglycemic， liver-protecting， and anti-tumor effect. The chemical components of Phellinus can inhibit various malignant tumors such as lung cancer， gastric cancer， colon cancer， and melanoma. It exerts the anti-tumor effect by inhibiting proliferation and metastasis of tumor cells， inducing apoptosis and autophagy of the cells， suppressing tumor angiogenesis， and regulating the immunity. In addition， it can enhance efficacy， reduce toxicity， and boost the sensitivity in the radiotherapy and chemotherapy. In this paper， articles were retrieved from China National Knowledge Infrastructure （CNKI）， Web of Science， Pubmed， and Google Scholar with keywords such as "Phellinus， chemical components， and anti-tumor"， and then the chemical components of Phellinus and the anti-tumor mechanisms were summarized. The findings are expected to lays a basis for further development and clinical application of this medicinal.

Analysis of chemical components of Shenqi tiaoshen formula / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To analyze chemical components of Shenqi tiaoshen formula （SQTS）. METHODS UPLC-QE-MS method was adopted. The determination was performed on ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid solution-0.1% formic acid acetonitrile solution （gradient elution） at the flow rate of 0.4 mL/min. The column temperature was set at 40 ℃ ， and the sample size was 5 μL. The electrospray ionization source was used to scan positive and negative ions， and the scanning range was m/z 100-1 500. Combined with TCMSP， PubChem and other databases， SQTS active component database was established and the components were identified in combination with relevant literature. RESULTS & CONCLUSIONS Totally 131 chemical components were identified from SQTS， including 23 terpenoids， 22 flavonoids， 21 phenylpropanoids， 12 alkaloids， 11 phenols， 9 amino acid derivatives， 4 fatty acyls， 3 organic acids and others， such as rutin， citrinin， synephrine， cinnamic acid and ginsenoside Rg1，etc. The cracking process of the main components involved the breaking of glycosidic bonds， dehydration， etc.

Analysis of chemical components of Changtong oral liquid by UHPLC-Orbitrap HRMS / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To identify the chemical components of Changtong oral liquid （CTOL），and to provide reference for the basic research and secondary development of its pharmacological substances. METHODS UHPLC-Orbitrap HRMS technique was adopted. CTOL sample was separated on a Hypersil Gold column with mobile phase consisted of 0.1% formic acid （containing 5 mmol/L ammonium formate）-acetonitrile （gradient elution）. The eluent was detected in positive and negative ion modes using an electrospray ionization source. The data was processed by Xcalibur 4.3 and Compound Discoverer 3.3 software. The primary and secondary mass spectra data of each compound were collected. The unknown compounds were identified according to the mass spectrometry library of the instrument and the network databases mzCloud，mzVault，etc. Through matching with the pharmacology database and analysis platform of the traditional Chinese medicine system，the chemical components could be attributed to the traditional Chinese medicine. RESULTS Fifty-three chemical components were identified and analyzed from CTOL，such as 24 flavonoids，8 quinones，5 phenylpropanoids，4 sugars and glycosides，5 organic acids，3 amino acids，1 alkaloid，1 phenolic and 2 other compounds. Among them，12 components were derived from Salvia miltiorrhiza，9 from Citrus aurantium，7 from Rheum palmatum，4 from Angelica sinensis，1 from Magnolia officinalis，16 from Glycyrrhiza uralensis，and 4 from many kinds of medicinal materials. CONCLUSIONS CTOL mainly contains flavonoids，quinones and phenylpropanoid compounds，and its chemical components mainly come from G. uralensis，S. miltiorrhiza and C. aurantium.

Rapid Characterization of Chemical Constituents in Dayuanyin by UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo characterize the chemical constituents of Dayuanyin based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/electrostatic field orbitrap mass spectrometry（UPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap MS）. MethodThe detection was performed on a Thermo Acclaim™ RSLC 120 C18 column（2.1 mm×100 mm， 2.2 μm）， the mobile phase was acetonitrile（A）-0.1% formic acid aqueous solution（B） for gradient elution （0-7.5 min， 10%-19%A； 7.5-12 min， 19%-22.5%A； 12-23 min， 22.5%-27%A； 23-27 min， 27%-56%A； 27-35 min， 56%-84%A； 35-36 min， 84%-90%A）， the flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1， and the column temperature was 30 ℃. The data were collected in the positive and negative ion modes by heated electrospray ionization（HESI）， and the detection range was m/z 80-1 200. Combining the retention time of the reference substance， fragment ions， databases such as PubChem and related literature， Xcalibur 3.0 was used to identify the chemical constituents of Dayuanyin. ResultA total of 161 compounds were identified， including 14 alkaloids， 60 flavonoids， 16 terpenoids， 26 saponins， 18 phenylpropanoids， 16 organic acids and 11 others. ConclusionThe established method can effectively and quickly identify the chemical components in Dayuanyin， and clarify its chemical composition， which can provide a basis for the development of compound preparations of this famous classical formula.

Heterocyclic compounds and phenolic glycosides from flowers of Dendrobium officinale / 中国中药杂志

Eight heterocyclic compounds and twelve phenolic glycosides were separated from the water extract of Dendrobium officinale flowers through chromatographic techniques, such as Diaion HP-20 macroporous adsorption resin column chromatography(CC), silica gel CC, ODS CC, Sephadex LH-20 CC, and preparative high performance liquid chromatography(PHPLC). According to the spectroscopic analyses(MS, ~1H-NMR, and ~(13)C-NMR) and optical rotation data, the compounds were identified as dendrofurfural A(1), 2'-deoxyadenosine(2), 4-[2-formyl-5-(hydroxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl] butanoic acid(3), 4-[2-formyl-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrol-1-yl] butanoic acid(4), 1-(2-hydroxyethyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde(5), 5-(methoxymethyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carbaldehyde(6), methyl 5-(hydroxymethyl)-furan-2-carboxylate(7),(S)-5-hydroxymethyl-5H-furan-2-one(8), 2-methoxyphenyl-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(9), arbutin(10), isotachioside(11), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxyphenol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(12), orcinol glucoside(13), tachioside(14), gastrodin(15), 4-O-β-D-glucopyranosylvanillyl alcohol(16), 2,6-dimethoxy-4-hydroxymethylphenol-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(17), icariside D_2(18), 4-formylphenyl-β-D-glucopyranoside(19), and vanillin-4-O-β-D-glucopyranoside(20). Among them, compound 1 is a new furfural benzyl alcohol condensate, with the skeleton first found in Dendrobium. Compounds 2-9, 11, 13, and 19 are reported from Dendrobium for the first time, and compounds 14 and 18 are reported for the first time from D. officinale. Compounds 11 and 14 showed moderate DPPH radical scavenging capacity, and compounds 11-14 demonstrated potent ABTS radical scavenging capacity, possessing antioxidant activity.

Research progress on the pharmacological effects and chemical constituents of Pien Tze Huang and its potential Q-markers / 中国天然药物

Pien Tze Huang (PTH) was documented as an imperial prescription composed of Notoginseng Radix, Calculus Bovis, Snake Gallbladder, and Musk. It is famous in China and Asian countries due to its excellent effects in heat clearing, detoxifying, swelling reduction, and pain relieving. Modern pharmacological studies demonstrate that PTH shows excellent effects against various inflammatory diseases, liver diseases, and cancers. This review summaries the pharmacological effects, clinical applications, and mainchemical components of PTH. More importantly, its potential quality markers (Q-markers) were then analyzed based on the "five principles" of Q-markers under the guidance of Traditional Chinese Medicine theory, including transfer and traceability, specificity, efficacy, compatibility, and measurability. As a result, ginsenosides Rb1, ginsenoside Rg1, ginsenoside Rd, ginsenoside Re, notoginsenoside R1, dencichine, bilirubin, biliverdin, taurocholic acid, and muscone are considered as the Q-markers of PTH. These findings will provide guidance and assistance for the construction of a quality control system for PTH.

Chemical Components and Pharmacological Effect of Trib. Lorantheae in China： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Trib. Lorantheae used as traditional Chinese materia medica has a long history. There are 41 genera of Trib. Lorantheae， of which 6 belong to China， all have medicinal value， mainly distributed in Southwest， Southern， and Central and Southern China， with abundant resources. Twenty-two species of Trib. Lorantheae are used as medicinal materials or herbs in China. It mainly includes Taxillus. chinensis， T. sutchuenensis， Scurrula parasitica， Loranthus tanakae， Dendrophthoe pentandra， S. ferruginea， etc.， of which T. chinensis is the most widely used. The main chemical components of Trib. Lorantheae include flavonoids， terpenoids， sterols， phenylpropanoids， curcumins， phenolic acids， violate oils， sugars， and other compounds. Modern studies show that the extracts and monomer compounds of Trib. Lorantheae have various pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammation， anti-tumor， anti-oxidation， anti-osteoporosis， bacteriostasis， anti-virus， and lowering blood sugar， blood pressure， and lipid. It is believe that most active components related to their pharmacological effects are flavonoids， most of which are the main pharmacodynamic substances of the parasitic plants of Trib. Lorantheae， playing an important role in anti-inflammation， anti-tumor， anti-oxidation， anti-osteoporosis， and other pharmacological effect. This paper systematically summarized the literature and data on plants of Trib. Lorantheae and reviewed their chemical components and pharmacological effects， which provided references for the research， development， and utilization of Trib. Lorantheae.

Study on the extraction and antifungal activity of volatile oil from stems，leaves and roots of Glehnia littoralis / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To explore the extraction process of volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of Glehnia littoralis， analyze the chemical components of the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis， and preliminarily evaluate its in vitro antifungal activity. METHODS Based on the steam distillation method， single factor test and orthogonal experiment were conducted to optimize the extraction method of volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis. The chemical components of the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis were identified by using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry （GC-MS) technology and their relative contents were calculated. The antifungal activity of volatile oils from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis against Fusarium solani， Fusarium incarnatum， Fusarium oxysporum， Aspergillus parasiticus and Aspergillus flavus was determined by paper diffusion method. RESULTS The optimal extraction process of G. littoralis was solid-liquid ratio of 1∶15， distillation time of 5 hours， and KCl concentration of 15%. Eleven components were identified from the volatile oil of the stems and leaves of G. littoralis， and a total of eight components were identified from the volatile oil of the roots. Ginsenethinol was a common component in the volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis， its contents in the stems and leaves， roots were 38.21% and 74.02%， respectively. The volatile oil from the stems， leaves and roots of G. littoralis had a certain E-mail：zwhjzs@126.com inhibitory effect on F. solani， F. incarnatum， F. oxysporum， A. parasiticus and A. flavus， especially volatile oil from the stems and leaves. CONCLUSIONS There is a significant difference in chemical components of the volatile oil between the roots， stems and leaves of G. littoralis， both of which have certain in vitro antifungal activity.

Determinação do rendimento, teor e composição química de óleo essencial de espécie medicinal aloysia gratíssima (gillies & hook.) tronc. em diferentes horários do dia / Determination of yield, content and chemical composition of essential oil of medicinal plant aloysia gratissima (gillies & hook.) tronc. at different times of the day / Determinación del rendimiento, contenido y composición química del aceite esencial de la especie medicinal aloysia gratíssima (gillies & hook.) tronc. en distintos momentos del día

A Aloysia gratíssima, popularmente conhecida como alfazema-do-brasil é uma importante planta medicinal, sendo o óleo essencial rico em terpenos. Determinar o horário de colheita que resulte em maior rendimento, teor de óleo essencial e compostos químicos, são informações importantes para toda cadeia produtiva de plantas medicinais. Neste sentido, o objetivo do trabalho foi analisar o rendimento, teor e composição química do óleo essencial de A. gratíssima, em diferentes horários de colheita. O experimento foi realizado na Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, nos anos de 2018 e 2019. Os tratamentos foram diferentes horários de colheita (9:00, 11:00, 15:00 e 17:00 horas) de massa fresca de A. gratíssima. O óleo essencial foi obtido pelo método de hidrodestilação e a composição química determinada por cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa. Os melhores resultados de teor (1,18 e 0,55%) e rendimento de óleo essencial (0,71 e 0,33 g planta-1) foram obtidos nos horários de colheita das 9:00 e 11:00 horas, respectivamente, quando as plantas estavam no estádio de floração, e também as condições climáticas favoráveis, como temperaturas amenas. A cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massa revelou que os principais componentes dos óleos essenciais foram classificados como terpenos. Eucaliptol (39,30%) foi o componente majoritário do óleo essencial no horário de colheita das 9:00 horas. Os resultados desse estudo podem contribuir para otimizar o período de colheita de A. gratíssima, quanto à quantidade e qualidade dos óleos essenciais para indústria de produtos farmacêuticos e cosméticos.

Aloysia gratissima, popularly known as Brazilian lavender, is an important medicinal plant, the essential oil being rich in terpenes. Determining the harvest time that results in greater yield, essential oil content and chemical compounds, are important information for the entire production chain of medicinal plants In this sense, the objective of this work was to analyze the yield, content and chemical composition of the essential oil of A. gratíssima, at different harvest times. The experiment was carried out at the Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, in the years 2018 and 2019. The treatments were different harvest times (9:00 am, 11:00 am, 3:00 pm and 5:00 pm) of fresh mass by A. gratissima. The essential oil was obtained by the hydrodistillation method and the chemical composition determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The best results for essential oil content (1.18 and 0.55%) and yield (0.71 and 0.33 g plant-1) were obtained at 9:00 am and 11:00 am, respectively, when the plants were in the flowering stage, and also favorable climatic conditions, such as mild temperatures. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry revealed that the main components of essential oils were as terpenes. Eucalyptol (39.30%) was the major component of the essential oil at the 9:00 am harvest time. The results of this study may contribute to optimizing the period of harvesting A. gratissima, regarding the quantity and quality of essential oils for the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry.

Aloysia gratissima, conocida popularmente como lavanda brasileña, es una importante planta medicinal, siendo el aceite esencial rico en terpenos. Determinar el tiempo de cosecha que resulte en mayor rendimiento, contenido de aceites esenciales y compuestos químicos, son información importante para toda la cadena productiva de las plantas medicinales. En ese sentido, el objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar el rendimiento, contenido y composición química del aceite esencial de A. gratíssima, en diferentes épocas de cosecha. El experimento se realizó en la Universidad Tecnológica Federal de Paraná - Campus Dois Vizinhos, en los años 2018 y 2019. Los tratamientos fueron diferentes tiempos de cosecha (9:00 am, 11:00 am, 3:00 pm y 5:00 pm ) de masa fresca por A. gratissima. El aceite esencial se obtuvo por el método de hidrodestilación y la composición química determinada por cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas. Los mejores resultados para contenido de aceite esencial (1.18 y 0.55%) y rendimiento (0.71 y 0.33 g planta-1) se obtuvieron a las 9:00 am y 11:00 am, respectivamente, cuando las plantas se encontraban en etapa de floración, y también condiciones climáticas favorables, como temperaturas suaves. La cromatografía de gases-espectrometría de masas reveló que los principales componentes de los aceites esenciales se clasificaron como terpenos. El eucaliptol (39,30%) fue el componente mayoritario del aceite esencial a las 9:00 a. m. del tiempo de cosecha. Los resultados de este estudio pueden contribuir a optimizar el período de cosecha de A. gratissima, en cuanto a la cantidad y calidad de los aceites esenciales para la industria farmacéutica y cosmética.