Identification of laccase gene family members in peach and its relationship with chilling induced browning / 生物工程学报

The laccase (PpLAC) gene family members in peach fruit were identified and the relationship between their expression pattern and chilling induced browning were investigated. The study was performed using two varieties of peaches with different chilling tolerance, treated with or without exogenous γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) during cold storage. Twenty-six genes were screened from the peach fruit genome. These genes were distributed on 6 chromosomes and each contained 5-7 exons. The PpLAC gene family members shared relatively similar gene structure and conserved motifs, and they were classified into 7 subgroups based on the cluster analysis. Transcriptome sequencing revealed that the expression levels of PpLAC7 and PpLAC9 exhibited an increasing pattern under low temperature storage, and displayed a similar trend with the browning index of peach fruit. Notably, GABA treatment reduced the degree of browning and inhibited the expression of PpLAC7 and PpLAC9. These results suggested that PpLAC7 and PpLAC9 might be involved in the browning of peach fruit during cold storage.

Ablandamiento d frutos de pitaya amarilla (acathocereus pitajaya) a temperatuura ambiente y en refrigeración: actividad de poligalacturonasa, celulasa y xilanasa / Yellow Pitaya (Acanthocereus pitajaya) Fruit Softening During its Storage at Room Temperature and on Refrigerated Conditions: Polygalacturonase, Celualase and Xilanase Activities

Una de las mayores causas de pérdidas poscosecha de frutos de pitaya amarilla es su ablandamiento excesivo, el cual ha sido documentado previamente cuando la fruta es almacenada a temperaturas de cosecha o después de refrigeración. Además, tratamientos de choque térmico antes del almacenamiento refrigerado ofrecen control en el ablandamiento de estos frutos. Diferentes experimentos fueron llevados a cabo para evaluar el papel de algunas enzimas degradadoras de pared celular en el ablandamiento de frutos de pitaya amarilla: almacenamiento a 18 °C (TA) y refrigeración con choque térmico previo (ChT-R). Se incluyó también un tratamiento refrigerado control, sin choque térmico (control-R). Si midió el color de la corteza, la firmeza y las actividades de poligalacturonasa (PG), celulasa (CEL) y xilanasa (XIL). La evaluación del color indicó que los frutos almacenados a TA alcanzaron su madurez comercial luego de seis días. Luego de 12 días de almacenamiento a TA el pardeamiento y ablandamiento excesivo afectaron negativamente la calidad de los frutos. El pardeamiento y ablandamiento excesivo fueron detectados también en los frutos control-R cuando se movieron de 2 a 18 °C. Un ligero pardeamieno fue observado en los frutos ChT-R. Estos frutos alcanzaron su madurez comercial luego de 24 días de almacenamiento (nueve días luego de terminado el almacenamiento refrigerado). La actividad de XIL se asoció al ablandamiento en los frutos almacenados a TA y ChT-R. No se observó una clara correlación entre las actividades de PG y el ablandamiento, como tampoco entre CEL y el ablandamiento.

One of the major causes of yellow pitaya fruit loss during its marketing is its excessive softening, which has been previously documented when the fruit is stored at harvest temperature or after refrigeration. Furthermore, its excessive softening has been controlled by the application of heat shock treatments before refrigeration. Different experiments were carried out to evaluate the role of cell wall degrading enzymes on yellow pitaya fruit softening: storage at 18 °C (RT) as well as refrigeration with previous heat shock treatment (HS-R). A refrigerated control, without heat shock, was included (control-R). Peel color, firmness, poligalacturonase (PG), celulase (CEL) and xilanase (XIL) activities were measured. RT fruits reached the commercial ripeness after six days, as indicated by the color evaluation. After 12 days of storage at RT browning and excessive softening negatively affected the fruit quality. Browning and excessive softening were also detected in the control-R fruit when moving from 2 to 18°C. Minor browning was found in the HS- R fruit. HS-R fruit was full ripe 24 days of storage (nine days after finishing the refrigerated storage). XIL activity was associated to the softening in the RT and HS-R fruits. No clear correlation was observed between PG and softening neither between CEL and softening.

Inibição da ação do etileno e temperatura de armazenamento no padrão de amadurecimento de tomates / Ethylene action inhibition and storage temperature on the tomatoes ripening patterns

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da inibição da ação do etileno sobre o amadurecimento e o desenvolvimento de dano causado pelo frio em tomates do tipo não longa vida da cultivar 'Monte Carlo'. O experimento foi conduzindo no delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em esquema fatorial (3x2), com quatro repetições. O Fator A foi composto por temperaturas de armazenamento (20°C, 10°C e 5°C), já o Fator B foi composto pela aplicação ou não de 1,0µL L-1 de 1-metilciclopropeno (1-MCP), um composto que bloqueia a ação do etileno. Depois de 14 dias de armazenamento, verificaram-se dois padrões distintos de amadurecimento dependentes da temperatura de armazenamento. A temperatura de 5°C levou ao desenvolvimento de dano pelo frio, o que resultou em elevada produção de etileno sem, contudo, levar a alterações significativas no amadurecimento dos frutos. Esses resultados indicam que sob essa temperatura os frutos perdem a sensibilidade ao etileno. No entanto, sob temperaturas acima do limite de dano, a aplicação de 1-MCP não apenas reduziu a síntese de etileno, mas também inibiu o amadurecimento, sendo a duração desse efeito maior a 10°C do que a 20°C. A qualidade de tomates não longa vida pode ser mantida por até 14 dias com o armazenamento a 10°C ou com a aplicação de 1-MCP a 20°C.

This research aimed to evaluate the effect of inhibiting the ethylene action on the ripening and on the development of chilling injury in non-long life 'Monte Carlo' tomatoes. The experiment was a fatorial (3x2), with storage temperature (20°C, 10°C and 5°C) and the treatment or not of 1.0µL L-1 of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP), a compound that blocks the ethylene action. After 14 days of storage, two distinct patterns of ripening dependents on the storage temperature were observed. The storage under 5°C led the fruits to develop chilling injury (CI). Although CI-affected fruits showed higher ethylene production, they did not ripen properly, suggesting that CI results in a lack of ethylene sensitivity in tomatoes. On the other hand, above chilling temperatures, 1-MCP treatment not only reduced the ethylene synthesis, but also inhibited the ripening process. The inhibitory effect of 1-MCP was, however, significantly longer at 10°C as compared to 20°C. The quality of non-long-life tomato fruits can be maintained during 14 days either by storing at 10°C or by applying 1-MCP at 20°C.