RESUMEN
The field of psychology has advanced over the years in treating psychiatric disorders such as major depressive disorder (MDD), Schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Depression or clinical depression is a major mental health issue characterized by chronic sadness, hopelessness, and emptiness, which diminishes the patient's quality of life. According to WHO, an estimated 3.8% of the world's population experience depression, in which 15% of depressed patients eventually die by suicide. Recent studies in treating depressive patients have progressed with the usage of psychobiotics. Psychobiotics contain both probiotics and prebiotics, meaning psychobiotics possess the ability to introduce beneficial bacteria in the gut as well as support the growth of existing bacteria in the human gut. The gut-brain axis, which mediates the mechanism of action of psychobiotics in treating clinical depression, has been cleverly studied, and it provides promising results in the improvement of a patient's mental health status. Psychobiotics have proven their worth not only in upgrading the patient's mental health in psychological disorders but also in the enhancement of overall patient health by improving one's gut health.
RESUMEN
Background: Depression is a commonly prevailing condition that goes undetected in clinical settings. Both abdominal obesity and periodontal disease have a bearing on mental health and have an impact on the quality of life. Objective: To assess the level of clinical depression in abdominally obese subjects with periodontal disease. Methods: Two hundred and ten subjects with a mean age of 37.45 ± 9.59 years (males = 117; females = 93) were grouped as per their abdominal obesity and periodontal status and assessed for their clinical depression levels (mental health) using the Centre for Epidemiologic Studies?Depression Scale (CES?D). Collected data were analysed. Results: The clinical depression score significantly varied in subjects with different periodontal status in both non?obese (F (2,102) = 113.66, P < 0.0001) and abdominally obese subjects (F (2,102) = 132.04, P < 0.001). Significantly higher depression score was demonstrated in healthy (P < 0.001), gingivitis (P < 0.001), and periodontitis (P < 0.001) groups in abdominally obese subjects. Conclusion: Clinical depression is significantly associated with abdominal obesity and periodontal disease in subjects with abdominal obesity and severe periodontal disease demonstrating higher depression scores
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ABSTRACT Background: Persistence of cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) and cavum vergae (CV) into adulthood and their association with mood disorders is unknown. Objective: We aimed to assess persistence of these cava in Atahualpa cohort individuals, and their association with clinical depression (as a surrogate of limbic system dysfunction). Methods: Cases were defined as Atahualpa residents aged ≥20 years with CSP and/or CV and paired 1:1 to age- and sex-matched randomly-selected controls. A board-certified psychiatrist (blinded to case-control status) interviewed individuals with the aid of the Patient Health Questionnaire depression module (PHQ-9) to establish a diagnosis of clinical depression. The McNemar's test and conditional logistic regression models were fitted to assess the independent association between persistence of CSP and/or CV and clinical depression (as the dependent variable). Results: Of 1,298 individuals undergoing a head CT, 51 (3.9%) had a CSP and/or CV. The selection process for the nested case-control study on the Atahualpa cohort (after excluding eight missing individuals with midline cava) generated 43 pairs. Nine of 43 case-patients (20.9%) and only two control subjects (4.7%) had moderate-to-severe scores on the PHQ-9 (cutoff ≥10 points). Clinical depression was significantly more frequent among case-patients than controls by the McNemar's test (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.1 - 354.9) and the conditional logistic regression model (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.00 - 63.96). Conclusions: This study provides epidemiological evidence favoring the association between midline cava and clinical depression, supporting their relationship with limbic system dysfunction.
RESUMEN Antecedentes: La persistencia de cavum septum pellucidum (CSP) y cavum Vergae (CV) en adultos y su asociación con trastornos del estado de ánimo es desconocida. Objetivo: Evaluar la persistencia de estas cavidades y su asociación con depresión clínica (como marcador de disfunción del sistema límbico). Métodos: Los casos se definieron como residentes de Atahualpa con edades ≥20 años con CSP y/o CV y se emparejaron 1:1 con controles aleatoriamente seleccionados de acuerdo con edad y sexo. Un psiquiatra (ciego al estado caso/control) entrevistó a los individuos con el módulo de depresión del cuestionario de salud del paciente (PHQ-9) para establecer diagnóstico de depresión clínica. La prueba de McNemar y modelos de regresión logística condicional se utilizaron para evaluar la asociación independiente entre persistencia de CSP y/o CV y depresión clínica (como variable dependiente). Resultados: De 1.298 individuos sometidos a TC de cerebro, 51 (3.9%) tenían un CSP y/o CV. El proceso de selección para el estudio de casos y controles generó 43 pares. Nueve de 43 casos (20.9%) y solo dos controles (4.7%) tuvieron puntajes de moderados a severos en el PHQ-9 (punto de corte ≥10 puntos). La depresión clínica fue significativamente más frecuente entre los pacientes que en los controles mediante la prueba de McNemar (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.1 - 354.9) y la regresión logística condicional (OR: 8; 95% C.I.: 1.00 - 63.96). Conclusiones: Este estudio proporciona evidencia epidemiológica que favorece la asociación entre persistencia de CSP y/o CV y depresión clínica, lo que favorece su relación con disfunción del sistema límbico.