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We assessed the effect of stocking density on physiological parameters (blood lactate, glucose, cortisol, hematocrit), water quality (temperature, dissolved oxygen, pH, unionized ammonia, carbon dioxide), and survival during the transportation of fingerling (24.5 ± 4.7 g) and juvenile (615.8 ± 122.2 g) pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) for six hours in plastic bags. The tested densities were 65, 80, 95, 110 and 125 g L-1 for fingerlings, and 50, 80, 110, 140 and 170 g L-1 for juveniles (three replicates each). Parameters were measured prior to and immediately after transportation, and at 24 and 96 hours recovery after transportation. No mortality was observed, except for fingerlings (< 3%) at densities of 110 and 125 g L-1 during recovery. All the water quality parameters were significantly altered after the transportation of fingerlings and juveniles. Water temperature, dissolved oxygen, carbon dioxide and unionized ammonia increased, but pH decreased. Only carbon dioxide and unionized ammonia differed among densities. Cortisol levels did not increase over time, except for the juveniles at 170 g L-1, which still had high cortisol after 96 hours. Glucose significantly increased after transportation for all the treatments and returned to the initial values during the recovery period. Conversely, the lactate values were still high after 96 hours. Hematocrit was assessed only for juveniles and was significantly lower after transportation. We conclude that fingerling and juvenile pirarucu can be safely transported at densities up to 95 g L-1 and 140 g L-1, respectively. (AU)
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Hidrocortisona , Ácido Láctico , Glucosa , Calidad del Agua , HematócritoRESUMEN
Objective: The importance of occupational exposure control in cancer therapy is widely recognized, and measurement of anti-cancer drug exposure during preparation, as well as comprehensive measures, including administrative control, patients’ excrements, and environmental pollution, among others, are becoming important. The Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital introduced the closed system drug transfer device (CSTD) for administering anticancer drugs, and conducted consistent exposure measures from preparation to disposal. We simultaneously conducted an awareness survey on anti-cancer drug exposure measures for health care workers,observed the changes in their awareness and behavior, and examined the issues that constantly challenge anti-cancer drug exposure measures.Method: We surveyed doctors, nurses, and pharmacists who handle anticancer drugs belonging to the Osaka Women’s and Children’s Hospital from March 2018 to October 2018. The questionnaire was anonymous and was collected within one week after distribution. In the questionnaire survey, we obtained permission to present the contents on paper and orally.Results: The questionnaire response rate was approximately 70%. Following the training and introduction sessions, the participants had an improved understanding of Hazardous Drugs and CSTD. The introduction of the workshops on anti-cancer drug exposure measures and CSTD encouraged the nurses to reflect on the exposure measures and revisit the manuals on in-hospital treatment with anti-cancer drugs; however, there was little or no change in the behavior of the pharmacists.Discussion: Since nurses work primarily in the field of patient care, their awareness of anti-cancer drugs has gradually declined, and it was observed that procedures for exposure control were not being followed. In order to ensure that anti-cancer drug exposure measures are properly observed, pharmacists need to take initiatives and conduct in-hospital workshops once every six months. It is also necessary to educate the medical staff about electronic devices in order to ensure their easy participation in workshops and encourage e-learning.
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Objective To explore the extraction kinetic deviation of the chlorogenic acid (ChA) in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos through established extract kinetic model of closed system of Chinese materia medica. Methods The content of ChA (W0) and ρ2in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos were determined by HPLC; The V1and V2were measured by water absorbing further to calculate V0; The value of M, N, L, α, β, and π were estimated by curve fitting using SPSS19.0 edition; The extraction kinetic parameters k, k1′, k2′, ρ1, tmax, cmax, AUC, P%, and D% were calculated by Excel; their similarity was calculate by the total quantum statistical moment similarity (TQSMS). Results The V0, V1,and V2for Lonicerae Japonicae Flos were 18.69, 9.50, and 30.20 mL, respectively. The W0for the ChA in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos were 3.75%, and ρ2was 0.884; The V0, V1, and V2for Lonicerae Flos were 12.79, 7.80, and 37.00 mL, respectively. The W0for the ChA in Lonicerae Flos were 5.67%, and ρ2was 1.020; The extraction kinetic profiles for ChA in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos were fitted three compartment model. The main kinetic parameters as k were 0.1101, 0.3755 h-1; k1′ were 3.632, 3.288 h-1; k2′ were 53.12, 55.28 h-1; ρ1were 2.731, 2.751; tmaxwere 0.299 5, 0.216 3 h; cmaxwere 0.134 0, 0.252 7 mg/mL; AUC were 3.405, 1.560 h; P% were 35.73% and 44.57%; D% were 0.916 2% and 2.680 7%, respectively. Their TQSMS was 0.963 8, which indicated that the extraction kinetics of ChA in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos had good similarity. Conclusion The extraction kinetic model described the dissolution behavior and deviation of extraction kinetic profiles for ChA in Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos objectively and effectively. This research can provide some references for further study on extraction processes and preparation of Lonicerae Japonicae Flos and Lonicerae Flos.
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Los pacientes hospitalizados están en continuo riesgo de infecciones del torrente sanguíneo (ITS), especialmente en las unidades de cuidado intensivo (UCI). Las ITS constituyen 14% de las infecciones nosocomiales (IN) y representan casi un tercio de las muertes asociadas con IN. Es así que se han establecido pautas de prevención y protocolos de manejo para reducir el impacto de las ITS asociadas a catéteres (CR). Entre ellas están las diferencias entre contenedores de infusión intravenosa (IV). Los de infusión abierto necesitan la introducción de aire para su vaciamiento. Los de infusión cerrado son contenedores colapsables que no requieren aire para su vaciamiento. En conclusión, en la era de la seguridad del paciente se hace necesario que los sistemas de salud propendan por hacer los cambios en la tecnología que redundan en una mejor atención y que muchas veces son costo/efectivas (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 105-107).
Hospitalized patients are at continued risk of bloodstream infections (BSI), especially in intensive care units (ICU). BSI constitute 14% of nosocomial infections (HAI) and represent almost a third of deaths associated with HAI. It is well established that prevention guidelines and management protocols reduce the impact of BSI associated with catheters (CR). Among them are the differences between containers intravenous (IV). The open infusion required the introduction of air for emptying. The closed infusion are collapsible containers that do not require air for emptying. In conclusion, in the era of patient safety it is necessary to propitiate health systems to make the changes in technology that result in improved care and often are cost-effective (Acta Med Colomb 2011; 36: 105-107).
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OBJECTIVE:To establish a mathematical model for the dissolution kinetics of the components of the closed diffusion system of Chinese complex prescription,and to study and analyze the parameters of the extraction kinetics of catalpol,an active component in rehmanniae decoction of Liuwei dihuang decoction. METHDOS:The mathematic modeling method was applied to the extraction process of the traditional Chinese medicine; the mathematic model of the extraction process of the Chinese medicine was established based on the extraction principle and Fick law,and the function expression was derived from the fitting of the mathematic model and analysis of parameters,then the model was applied to the study of the kinetic parameters of the catalpol in rehmanniae decoction of Liuwei dihuang decoction. RESULTS:The analytic solution of the dissolution concentration of components consisting of 3 e in exponential form and the analytical method of parameters were obtained in this study. The optimal grain size of the herbal medicine was 60 meshes.Under this condition,the maximal peak time(tmax)of catalpol was 195.1 min;the peak concentration(Cmax) was 0.012 23 mg?mL-1;the maximal extraction rate(P) was 72.95%,and the loss rate(D) was 7.62%. CONCLUSION:The dissolution of the components of the closed soluble diffusion system of Chinese complex prescription fitted linear kinetic mathematical model,and the parameters can be derived from the expression relation of the dissolution concentration.
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Although chronic subdural hematoma(CSDH) is a well known entity, there is little knowledge concerning whether the results of radiological imaging can be used to predict CSDH recurrence or whether surgical methods can influence this rate. The aims of this study are to evaluate; 1) the relationship between the recurrence rate of CSDHs and their appearance on preoperative computerized tomography(CT) or magnetic resonance(MR) images and 2) relationship between the recurrence rate of CSDHs and the amount of postoperative drainage, and 3) the usefulness of one burr-hole irrigation with close-system drainage. From January 1991 through March 1998, 166 patients who were surgically treated were included. Thirty-six of these patients underwent bilateral operation and thus 202 operative sites of CSDH were analyzed. Preoperative CT was done in 151 patients and MR was done in the others. The cases of CSDH were separated into low-, iso-, layered-, high-, mixed-density groups on the basis of the appearance on CT images, and high-, nonhigh-intensity groups on T1-weighted MR images. All patients had underwent one burr-hole irrigation with closed system drainage and the drain was kept in place for 5 days. The amount of postoperative drainage decreased significantly from the 2nd day after operation compared to the 1st day after operation and decreasing tendency was continued through the rest of the days(p<0.0001) Overall recurrence rate was 3.5% and there was no significant relationship between the recurrence rate and their appearance on preoperative CT or MR. The average amount of postoperative drainage was larger in unrecurred CSDHs(381.0+/-36.9 ml, mean+/-standard error) than recurred cases(188.9+/-40.7ml). One burr-hole irrigation with closed-system drainage was useful regardless of CT findings. The amount of postoperative drainage, which means permeability of hematoma membrane, may be useful in predicting the propensity of CSDHs to recur.