Inteligencia Artificial: precisión diagnóstica de lesiones preneoplásicas de cérvix uterino / Artificial Intelligence: accuracy for the diagnosis of pre cancerous lesions of the cervix

Resumen Introducción : Objetivo: comparar sensibilidad diag nóstica de videocolposcopia con inteligencia artificial (IA) auxiliar, con la videocolposcopia común realizada por colposcopistas. Métodos : Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal retrospectivo, en 782 historias clínicas anonimizadas del Sistema Informático para el Tamizaje (SITAM), de mujeres a las cuales se les efectuaron videocolposcopia con IA y colposcopías con videocolposcopio común rea lizadas por especialistas, con sus biopsias (gold standard). Se evaluó la relación entre los resultados de videocol poscopia con IA y videocolposcopia común con resulta dos de las biopsias. Se calculó precisión global de cada procedimiento diagnóstico. Se determinó sensibilidad y concordancia de los resultados de la videocolposcopia con IA, con el gold standard. Resultados : Se analizaron 395 historias clínicas de pacientes con videocolposcopia con IA y 387 con vi deocolposcopia común. La precisión diagnóstica de resultados fue 80% (IC 95%: 75-83%) en videocolposco pias con IA y 65% (IC 95%: 60-69%) en videocolposcopia común (p<0.001). Los resultados de videocolposcopia con IA y colposcopia común se correlacionaron signifi cativamente con los resultados de las biopsias, rs=0.75 vs. rs=0.57 respectivamente (p<0.001). La sensibilidad de videocolposcopia con IA fue 96% (IC 95%: 94-98%), y 93% (IC 95%: 89-95%) en colposcopías comunes. La concordancia general de las impresiones colposcópicas clasificadas por videocolposcopia con IA y enfermedad fue mayor que la de la interpretación colposcópica de los colposcopistas (90% frente a 83%, Kappa 0.59 frente a 0.47, p<0.001). Conclusión : La alta precisión diagnóstica de video colposcopia con IA permite aumentar la sensibilidad del estudio y mejorar la detección precoz de lesiones precursoras de neoplasias cervicouterinas.

Abstract Introduction : To compare the diagnostic sensitivity of artificial intelligence (AI) assisted videocolposcopy with standard videocolposcopy performed by specialist colposcopists. Methods : A descriptive retrospective cross-sectional study, 782 anonymized medical records from the Com puterized System for Screening (SITAM) of women who underwent videocolposcopy with AI and colposcopy with common videocolposcopy performed by specialists, with their corresponding biopsies (gold standard) were analyzed. The relationship between the results of IA videocolposcopy and regular videocolposcopy and the results of biopsies was evaluated. The overall accuracy of each diagnostic procedure was calculated. The sensitiv ity and concordance of the results of AI videocolposcopy with the gold standard (biopsy) were determined. Results : A total of 395 patient records of patients with IA videocolposcopy and 387 with regular vi-deocolposcopy were analyzed. The accuracy of results was 80% (IC 95%: 75-83%) in IA videocolposcopy and 65% (IC 95%: 60-69%) in regular videocolposcopy (p<0.001). Videocolposcopy results with IA and com mon colposcopy were significantly correlated with bi opsy results, rs=0.75 vs. rs=0.57 respectively (p<0.001). The sensitivity of videocolposcopy with AI was 96% (95% CI: 94-98%), and 93% (95% CI: 89-95%) for regu lar colposcopy. The overall agreement of colposcopic impressions classified by videocolposcopy with AI and disease was higher than that of colposcopic interpretation by colposcopists (90% vs. 83%, Kappa 0.59 vs. 0.47, p<0.001). Conclusion : The high diagnostic accuracy of AI vi-deocolposcopy allows obtaining highly sensitive studies that help in the early detection of precursor lesions of cervical neoplasia.

Evaluación de la cito-colposcopia e histología para detectar neoplasia cervical intraepitelial de alto grado en el Hospital Materno Infantil German Urquidi

Objetivo: Bolivia enfrenta serios problemas en la prevención secundaria del cáncer cervicouterino. Este estudio tiene por objetivo evaluar la eficacia y concordancia de los métodos de diagnóstico en la prevención secundaria del cáncer de cuello uterino para detectar lesiones cervicales intraepiteliales de alto grado. Métodos: sesenta y dos pacientes con una citología alterada o una prueba VPH-ar positiva complementada obligatoriamente con una citología, fueron sometidas a una colposcopia y biopsia dirigida. Aquellas pacientes con diagnósticos histopatológicos de NIC2+ en la biopsia colposcópica recibieron el tratamiento escisional correspondiente, obteniéndose muestras de tejido para su análisis histopatológico (biopsias escisionales). Los resultados de la citología e impresión colposcópica fueron comparados con los resultados histopatológicos de la biopsia colposcópica. Finalmente, los resultados histopatológicos de NIC2+ de la biopsia colposcópica fueron comparados con los resultados de la biopsia escisional. Resultados: la sensibilidad de la citología y la impresión colposcopia para detectar NIC 2+ fue de 31,43% y 80% respectivamente. La concordancia (Índice Kappa) de los resultados de la citología y la impresión colposcópica comparadas con los resultados NIC 2+ de la biopsia colposcópica fue 0,15 (leve) y 0,43 (moderado) respectivamente. Finalmente, la comparación entre los resultados histopatológicos de la biopsia colposcópica (NIC2+) y de la biopsia escisional dio una coincidencia del 68%. Conclusiones: la citología tuvo una baja eficacia y concordancia para detectar NIC 2+. La colposcopia mejora la identificación de lesiones subyacentes NIC 2+ en pacientes con citologías iguales o menores a LIE-BG.

Objectives: Bolivia faces serious problems in cervical cancer secondary prevention. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness and concordance of diagnostic methods in the secondary prevention of cervical cancer to detect high-grade cervical intraepithelial lesions. Methods: sixty-two patients with altered cytology or a positive HR-HPV test, compulsorily complemented by cytology, underwent colposcopy and targeted biopsy. Those patients with histopathological diagnoses of CIN2+ in the colposcopic biopsy received the corresponding excisional treatment, obtaining tissue samples for histopathological analysis (excisional biopsies). The results of the cytology and colposcopy impression were compared with the histopathological results of the colposcopic biopsy. Finally, the histopathological results of CIN2+ from the colposcopic biopsy were compared with the results from the excisional biopsy. Results: the sensitivity of cytology and colposcopy impression to detect CIN 2+ was 31.43% and 80% respectively. The agreement (Kappa Index) of the results of cytology and colposcopic impression compared with the CIN 2+ results of colposcopic biopsy was 0.15 (mild) and 0.43 (moderate) respectively. Finally, the comparison between the histopathological result of the colposcopic biopsy and the excisional biopsy gave a simple percentage coincidence of 68%. Conclusions: cytology had low efficacy and concordance to detect CIN 2+. Colposcopy improves the identification of underlying CIN 2+ lesions in patients with cytology equal to or less than LIE-BG.

Infección por Virus del Papiloma Humano en mujeres con citología negativas

Introducción: La infección genital por el PVH es la ITS más frecuente. Objetivos: Describir los resultados de la atención a mujeres con citologías negativas y positividad en test de PVH. Método: Estudio analítico longitudinal en el Hospital Gineco obstétrico Docente Mariana Grajales desde 2019 hasta 2021. Constituida la muestra por 174 mujeres. Se crearon tablas de distribución de frecuencias con valores absolutos (número de casos) y relativos (por cientos). Se determinó la media, mediana, moda, mínimo y máximo. Desde el punto de vista inferencial se aplicó la prueba de Chi cuadrado para bondad de ajuste. Resultados: En 8 mujeres se encontraron más de una cepa 4,44%. Acuden a seguimiento 174 mujeres 96,66% del total. Se encuentran entre los 31 a 40 años 54,02%. Iniciaron las relaciones sexuales antes de los 20 años el 94%, con una media de 16,8 años. El 37,35% ha tenido más de 5 parejas sexuales. Refirieron sangramiento intermenstrual el 74,71%. A la totalidad de las mujeres se les realizo colposcopia y en el 54,59% se encontraron hallazgos. En los estudios de citología y cepillados resultaron positivos en 29 mujeres: 16,66% se diagnosticaron LIEBG y en el 12,66% ASCUS. En 15 mujeres se diagnosticaron LIEAG. Se les realizo conización por ASA diatérmica a 82 mujeres 47,12%. De las 128 mujeres con pull positivo a otros PVH el 55,17% tiene sangramiento intermenstrual. De las 46 mujeres con colposcopia de alto grado se confirmaron en 43 para una correlación positiva del 93,4% y de las 49 mujeres con colposcopia de bajo grado en 39 para un 79,5%. Conclusiones: la mayoría de las mujeres tienen entre 31 y 40 años, con inicio de las relaciones sexuales antes de los 20 años, refieren varias parejas sexuales, el principal síntoma referido es el sangramiento intermenstrual. Se realizó colposcopia a todas las mujeres y conización por ASA diatérmica a casi la mitad de la muestra. Se comprobó correlación positiva colpo histológica en la mayoría de los casos fundamentalmente en el alto grado. (provisto por Infomedic International)

Introduction: Genital HPV infection is the most frequent STI. Objectives: To describe the results of care for women with negative cytology and positive HPV test. Methods: Longitudinal analytical study at the Hospital Gineco Obstetrico Docente Mariana Grajales from 2019 to 2021. The sample consisted of 174 women. Frequency distribution tables were created with absolute (number of cases) and relative (per hundreds) values. The mean, median, mode, minimum and maximum were determined. From the inferential point of view, the Chi-square test was applied for goodness of fit. Results: In 8 women more than one strain 4.44% were found. A total of 174 women attended follow-up 96.66% of the total. They were between 31 and 40 years old 54.02%. 94% initiated sexual relations before the age of 20 years, with an average of 16.8 years. 37.35% had had more than 5 sexual partners. Intermenstrual bleeding was reported by 74.71%. All the women underwent colposcopy and in 54.59% of them findings were found. Cytology and brushing studies were positive in 29 women: 16.66% were diagnosed with LIEBG and 12.66% with ASCUS. In 15 women LIEAG was diagnosed. ASA diathermic conization was performed in 82 women 47.12%. Of the 128 women with positive pull positive for other HPV, 55.17% had intermenstrual bleeding. Of the 46 women with high-grade colposcopy, 43 were confirmed for a positive correlation of 93.4% and of the 49 women with low-grade colposcopy, 39 were confirmed for 79.5%. Conclusions: most of the women were between 31 and 40 years old, with onset of sexual relations before the age of 20, with several sexual partners, and the main symptom reported was intermenstrual bleeding. Colposcopy was performed in all women and conization by diathermic ASA in almost half of the sample. Positive colpo histological correlation was found in most of the cases, mainly in the high grade. (provided by Infomedic International)

¿Está la virtud en el punto medio? La incertidumbre del CIN2 y el papel del VPH / Is virtue at the midpoint? The uncertainty of CIN2 and the role of HPV

Objetivo: La biopsia guiada por colposcopia (BGC) marca el manejo de la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la concordancia de los resultados entre la BGC y la escisión amplia de la zona de transformación (LLETZ, large loop excision of the transformation zone), y la utilidad del genotipado del virus del papiloma humano (VPH) para seleccionar a las pacientes con riesgo de lesión intraepitelial escamosa de alto grado/neoplasia intraepitelial cervical 3 (HSIL/CIN3). Método: Se compararon los resultados de la BGC y de la LLETZ, siendo esta última el método de referencia. Se evaluó la relación del genotipo del VPH con el diagnóstico final de HSIL/CIN3. Resultados: La precisión de la biopsia comparada con LLETZ fue del 61,4%. La tasa de concordancia fue del 64,4% para CIN1, del 31,4% para CIN2 y del 77,4% para CIN3. La tasa global de sobrediagnóstico fue del 18,68% y la de subdiagnóstico del 19,89%. En mujeres menores de 30 años, la concordancia fue del 62,79% (CIN1 65%, CIN2 39,58% y CIN3 73,08%), la tasa de sobrediagnóstico del 22,67% y la tasa de subdiagnóstico del 15,11%. La infección por VPH16 tuvo una odds ratio de 3,86 para el diagnóstico final de HSIL/CIN3+. Conclusiones: El diagnóstico de CIN2 por BGC parece insuficiente para seleccionar a las pacientes para tratamiento escisional, principalmente en mujeres jóvenes. El hallazgo de VPH16 es un factor de riesgo de HSIL/CIN3+ independientemente del resultado de la biopsia.

Objective: Colposcopy-guided biopsy (CGB) is a basic tool for the management of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. The aim of this study is to evaluate the concordance of results between CGB and large loop excision of the transformation zone (LLETZ), and the usefulness of human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping to select patients at risk of H-SIL/CIN3. Method: The results of colposcopy-guided biopsy and LLETZ were compared, with LLETZ being the gold standard. The relationship of HPV genotype to the final diagnosis of CIN3 was assessed. Results: The accuracy of CGB compared to LLETZ was 61.4%. The concordance rate was 64.4% for CIN1, 31.4% for CIN2 and 77.4% for CIN3. The overall overdiagnosis rate was 18.68% and underdiagnosis rate was 19.89%. In women under 30 years of age the concordance rate was 62.79% (CIN1 65%, CIN2 39.58% and CIN3 73.08%), and the rate of overdiagnosis and underdiagnosis was 22.67% and 15.11%, respectively. HPV16 infection had an odds ratio of 3.86 for the final diagnosis of CIN3+ and the result was significant regardless of the biopsy result. Conclusions: The CGB result as CIN2 is inaccurate and seems insufficient to select patients for excisional treatment, mainly in young women. HPV16 infection is a risk factor for CIN3+ regardless of the colposcopy-guided biopsy result.

Relación de lesiones cervicales: factores demográficos, Historia reproductiva y tamizaje / Cervical Lesions Relationship: Demographic Factors, Reproductive History, and Screening Tests

El cáncer cervical es una preocupación de salud pública en Ecuador y América Latina. Este artículo explora factores de riesgo y pruebas de detección como predictores de lesiones cervicales. Objetivo: Evaluar factores demográficos, historia reproductiva y pruebas de tamizaje como predictores de lesiones cervicales en mujeres que acudieron al servicio de Colposcopía del Hospital Universitario de Guayaquil entre los años 2021 y 2022. Materiales y Métodos: Se analizaron los registros de 1610 mujeres, excluyendo 129 por falta de información completa. Se utilizaron análisis estadísticos, como la prueba de Chi Cuadrado de Pearson, para examinar la asociación entre variables categóricas. Los resultados se expresaron en promedios y porcentajes. Resultados: 1118 mujeres (69.4%) tuvieron resultados negativos para lesiones cervicales, mientras que 332 mujeres (30.6%) presentaron lesiones intraepiteliales cervicales o cáncer cervical. (tabla 1) Se encontraron relaciones significativas entre un índice de masa corporal (IMC) elevado y las lesiones cervicales, así como entre la multiparidad y estas lesiones. Además, se identificaron correlaciones entre múltiples parejas sexuales, sinusorragia y lesiones cervicales. La colposcopía demostró ser efectiva en la evaluación de resultados citológicos. (tabla 2). Conclusiones: Factores como el IMC alto, la multiparidad, múltiples parejas sexuales y la sinusorragia se relacionaron significativamente con las lesiones cervicales. No se encontraron relaciones significativas con otras variables. Se resalta la importancia de futuras investigaciones para abordar limitaciones, como la falta de pruebas de genotipificación del virus del papiloma humano (VPH), para una comprensión más completa de estas patologías cervicales en la población ecuatoriana...(AU)

Colposcopia en situaciones especiales / Colposcopy in special situations

A escala mundial, el cáncer cervical es el cuarto tipo de cáncer más frecuente en las mujeres y tiene la cuarta tasa de mortalidad más alta de los cánceres en las mujeres. La colposcopia forma parte de los recursos con los que cuenta la medicina para el diagnóstico y seguimiento de las lesiones preinvasivas y el cáncer de cuello uterino. Se requiere de profesionales bien capacitados para realizar una colposcopia precisa y segura. El mismo resultado citológico tiene un riesgo diferente de neoplasia intraepitelial 2, 3, o cáncer en varios grupos de mujeres, por ello, varias poblaciones requieren consideraciones especiales de manejo, entre ellas, las menores de 25 años, las embarazadas, las inmunodeprimidas, las que fueron sometidas a histerectomía y las mayores de 65 años. La presente revisión se realizó para actualizar la información disponible sobre la colposcopia en estas poblaciones especiales(AU)

Globally, cervical cancer is the fourth most common type of cancer in women and has the fourth highest death rate of cancers in women. Colposcopy is part of the resources available to medicine for the diagnosis and monitoring of preinvasive lesions and cervical cancer. Well-trained professionals are required to perform an accurate and safe colposcopy. The same cytologic outcome has a different risk of intraepithelial neoplasia 2, 3, or cancer in various groups of women, so several populations require special management considerations, including those younger than 25 years, pregnant women, immunosuppressed women, those who underwent hysterectomy, and those older than 65 years. We conducted this review to update the available information on colposcopy in these special populations(AU)

Accuracy of visual inspection, cytology and colposcopy in the diagnosis of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia / Acurácia da inspeção visual, citologia e colposcopia no diagnóstico da neoplasia intraepitelial cervical de alto grau

Cervical cancer is still one of the leading causes of cancer and mortality in women, especially in low- and middle-income countries. Normally, the prevention of its occurrence is done through efficient screening and treatment programs for high-grade epithelial lesions, which are pre-malignant lesions. Cheaper diagnostic techniques ensure greater access to women, which can prevent a large number of cancer cases worldwide. Objective: The aim of the study was to evaluate the accuracy of visual inspection either with acetic acid or with Lugol's iodine, cervical cytology and colposcopy in the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3. Methods: This is a study of diagnostic accuracy. We evaluated 115 women with high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion confirmed by biopsy, 54 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 61 with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3, from January 2016 to December 2018 at the Lower Genital Tract Pathology and Colposcopy Service of the Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil. A comparative analysis of the visual inspection, Pap smear and colposcopy diagnostic methods was performed. Results: The average age was 33.1 years (standard deviation=9.83) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 cases and 35.2 years (standard deviation=7.97) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3. In the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 group, visual inspection tests were positive for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 98.1% of the cases with acetic acid and 94.4% with Lugol's iodine. Colposcopy identified a probable high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 94.4% of the cases, while cytology only in 42.6%. In the cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 3 group, the visual inspection tests were positive for high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 91.8% of the cases with acetic acid and 95.1% with Lugol's iodine. Colposcopy identified a probable high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion in 93.5% of the cases, while cytology in 65.6%. Conclusion: Visual inspection with acetic acid and Lugol's iodine, and colposcopy test were more accurate for the diagnosis of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3 than through cytopathology. (AU)

Introdução: O câncer do colo de útero ainda é uma das principais causas de câncer e mortalidade em mulheres, especialmente em países de baixa e média renda. Normalmente, a prevenção de sua ocorrência é feita por meio de programas eficientes de triagem e tratamento de lesões epiteliais de alto grau, que são as lesões pré-malignas. Técnicas diagnósticas mais baratas garantem maior acesso às mulheres, podendo evitar um grande número de casos de câncer no mundo inteiro. Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a acurácia da inspeção visual (com ácido acético e com solução de lugol), da citologia cervical e da colposcopia no diagnóstico de neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais 2/3. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo de acurácia diagnóstica. Foram avaliadas 115 mulheres com lesão intraepitelial escamosa de alto grau confirmada por biópsia, 54 com neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais 2 e 61 com neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais 3, no período de janeiro de 2016 a dezembro de 2018 no Serviço de Patologia e Colposcopia do Trato Genital Inferior do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, em Porto Alegre, Brasil. Foi realizada análise comparativa dos métodos de diagnóstico Inspeção visual com ácido acético, Inspeção visual com Solução de Lugol, colpocitologia oncótica e colposcopia. Resultados: A média de idade foi de 33,11 anos (DP 9,83) para os casos de neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais 2 e de 35,28 anos (DP 7,97) para neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais 3. No grupo de neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais 2, os testes de inspeção visual foram positivos para tratamento de lesões epiteliais de alto grau em 98,1% dos casos com Inspeção visual com ácido acético e em 94,4% daqueles com Inspeção visual com Solução de Lugol. A colposcopia identificou provável tratamento de lesões epiteliais de alto grau em 94,4% dos casos, enquanto a citologia apenas 42,6%. No grupo neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais 3, os testes de inspeção visual foram positivos para tratamento de lesões epiteliais de alto grau em 91,8% dos casos com Inspeção visual com ácido acético e em 95,1% daqueles com Inspeção visual com Solução de Lugol. A colposcopia identificou provável tratamento de lesões epiteliais de alto grau em 93,5% dos casos, enquanto a citologia em 65,6%. Conclusão: A inspeção visual (com ácido acético e com Solução de Lugol) e a colposcopia foram mais precisas para o diagnóstico de neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais 2/3 do que a citopatologia. (AU)

Concordancia de los hallazgos citológicos, colposcópicos e histológicos en lesiones premalignas del cuello uterino / Concordance in cytological, colposcopic and histological findings in premalignant lesions of the cervix

Resumen OBJETIVO: Determinar la concordancia de los hallazgos citológicos, colposcópicos e histopatológicos en lesiones premalignas del cuello uterino. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal, retrospectivo y comparativo, efectuado en la Clínica de Displasias del Hospital General Regional 1 del estado de Querétaro, México, del 1 de enero a diciembre del 2020, con base en la información de los expedientes de mujeres con reporte citológico, colposcópico e histopatológico (biopsia) de lesión intraepitelial de bajo y alto grado. El plan de análisis estadístico incluyó intervalos de confianza para promedios y porcentajes. Se utilizó el Índice de Kappa ponderado para conocer el nivel de concordancia. RESULTADOS: Se analizaron 290 expedientes. La edad promedio de las pacientes fue 36 años, el índice de kappa ponderado fue k = 0.41 (IC95%: 0.33-0.53) para la citología y la colposcopia con un valor moderado (regular). Para la citología y la biopsia fue de k= 0.33 (IC95%: 0.22-0.49) con un valor escaso (medio). En cuanto a la colposcopia y la biopsia fue de k = 0.61 (IC95%: 0.49-0.72) con un valor de buena (sustancial) concordancia. CONCLUSIÓN: Entre la citología y la colposcopia el coeficiente de concordancia fue moderado, para la citología y la biopsia fue escaso, mientras que para la colposcopia y la biopsia fue un sustancial.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the concordance in cytologic, colposcopic and histopathologic findings in premalignant lesions of the uterine cervix. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cross-sectional, retrospective and comparative study, carried out in the dysplasia clinic of the Hospital General Regional 1 of the state of Querétaro, Mexico, from January 1 to December 2020, based on information from the records of women with cytology, colposcopy and histopathology (biopsy) report with low- and high-grade intraepithelial lesion. The statistical analysis plan included confidence intervals for averages and percentages. The weighted Kappa Index was used to determine the level of concordance. RESULTS: Two hundred and ninety records were analyzed. The mean age of the patients was 36 years, the weighted kappa index was k = 0.41 (95%CI: 0.33-0.53) for cytology and colposcopy with a moderate value (fair). For cytology and biopsy, it was k= 0.33 (95%CI: 0.22-0.49) with a poor value (medium). For colposcopy and biopsy, it was k = 0.61 (95%CI: 0.49-0.72) with a value of good (substantial) agreement. CONCLUSION: Between cytology and colposcopy the concordance coefficient was moderate, for cytology and biopsy it was poor, while for colposcopy and biopsy it was a substantial.

Risk Profile of High-grade Cervical Lesions and Cervical Cancer Considering the Combination of Cytology, HPV Genotype, and Age among Women Undergoing Colposcopy / Perfil de risco de lesões cervicais de alto grau e câncer cervical considerando a combinação de citologia, genótipo do HPV e idade entre mulheres submetidas a colposcopia

Abstract Objective The present study aims to establish a risk profile for high-grade cervical lesions and cervical cancer (CIN2 + ) in women undergoing colposcopy at the Hospital do Câncer de Barretos, through the analysis of Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection, cervical cytology, and patient's age. Methods Retrospective cross-sectional study based on a computerized database of women aged ≥ 18 years old who underwent colposcopy at the Prevention Department of the Hospital do Câncer de Barretos from 2017 to 2019. Results A total of 3,411 women were included, 58.0% were positive for high-risk-HPV test, with a higher prevalence of CIN2+ for HPV16 (30.3%) and other HPV (45.0%). Cytological findings that suggest invasive cervical cancer (squamous cells or adenocarcinoma), regardless of the status of HPV test, showed 100% diagnosis of CIN2 + , while atypias that suggest high-grade lesions, HSIL and ASC-H, positive for HPV test, showed in 86 and 55.2%, respectively, diagnosis of CIN2 + . ASC-H cytological results among women aged > 40 years old and negative HPV were mainly associated with benign findings. We observed that ≤ CIN1 has a higher prevalence among older women with negative HPV, while for high-grade lesions there is an increase among young women HPV16- and/or 18-positive. In cancer diagnosis, we observed a predominance of HPV 16/18 regardless of the age group. Conclusion The highest risks of precursor lesions and cervical cancer were found among women with positive HPV 16/18 tests and severe cytological atypia in population screening tests. In addition, cytological findings of ASC-H HPV negative in women > 40 years old usually represent benign findings in histological investigation.

Resumo Objetivo Estabelecer um perfil de risco de lesões intraepiteliais de alto grau e câncer do colo do útero (NIC2 + ) em mulheres submetidas a colposcopia considerando-se a infecção pelo papilomavírus humano (HPV), citologia cervical e idade. Métodos Estudo retrospectivo transversal em banco de dados informatizado de mulheres com idade ≥ 18 anos que realizaram colposcopia no departamento de Prevenção de Câncer no Hospital do Câncer de Barretos/SP no período de 2017 a 2019. Resultados Foram incluídas 3.411 mulheres, sendo 58,0% positivas para HPV de alto risco, e maior prevalência de NIC2+ para HPV16 (30,3%) e outros HPV (45,0%). Resultados citológicos sugestivos de lesões invasivas (epidermoide ou adenocarcinoma), independente do teste de HPV, apresentaram 100% de diagnóstico NIC2 + , enquanto atipias sugestivas de lesões de alto grau, HSIL e ASC-H, associados a HPV positivo, apresentaram 86 e 55,2%, respectivamente. Resultados citológicos de ASC-H entre mulheres > 40 anos e HPV negativo foram associados principalmente a achados benignos. Observamos que ≤ NIC1 apresenta uma maior prevalência entre mulheres mais velhas com HPV negativo, enquanto para lesões de alto grau, há um aumento entre mulheres mais jovens positivas para HPV16/18. Para diagnóstico de câncer, observamos que há um predomínio de HPV16/18 independente da faixa etária. Conclusão Foi identificado maior risco de lesões precursoras e câncer entre mulheres com HPV 16/18 positivo e atipias citológicas graves em testes de rastreio populacional. Além disso, resultados citológicos de ASC-H quando associados a HPV negativo com idade > 40 anos habitualmente representam achados benignos em investigação histológica.

Cáncer de cérvix: una mirada práctica / Cervical cancer, a practical view

Resumen Introducción: El cáncer de cérvix (CC) es un problema de salud pública en países desarrollados y no desarrollados; esta patología tiene repercusiones socioeconómicas en mujeres en edad reproductiva. Objetivo: Describir las características sobre métodos de prevención, tamizaje, diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer de cérvix. Método: Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva en un período de seis años (2016-2021) en la base de datos de la Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, utilizando motores de búsqueda como Dialnet, Science Direct, Medline, LIlacs, Scopus para revisar los conceptos generales sobre cáncer de cérvix. Resultados: El CC es el segundo cáncer más frecuente en Colombia, la principal etiología del cáncer de cérvix es el virus del papiloma humano (VPH), el cual es un virus prevenible mediante la adecuada educación e información y seguimiento a sus lesiones precancerosas. Conclusión: El CC es una patología con altas tasas de mortalidad, especialmente en países en vía de desarrollo y en las infecciones asociadas a VPH de alto riesgo, afectando principalmente a mujeres en edad reproductiva y estratos socioeconómicos bajos. Los principales pilares para el manejo de esta patología siguen siendo las estrategias de salud pública, como la vacunación y realización de las pruebas de tamizaje.

Abstract Introduction: Cervical cancer (CC) is a public health problem in both developed and undeveloped countries; besides it has socio-economic repercussions in women of reproductive age. Objective: To describe the characteristics of cervical cancer prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment methods. Method: An exhaustive bibliographic search was carried out within a period of 6 years (2016-2021) in the database of the Fundación Universitaria del Área Andina, using search engines such as Dialnet, Science Direct, Medline, Lilacs, and Scopus to review the concepts general information about cervical cancer. Results: The main etiology of cervical cancer is the human papillomavirus (HPV) which is a preventable virus through adequate education and information and follow-up of its precancerous lesions. It is the second most frequent cancer in Colombia. Conclusion: CC is a pathology that mainly affects women of reproductive age belonging to low socioeconomic strata. This type of cancer has high mortality rates, especially in developing countries and in high-risk HPV infections. Regarding the management of this pathology, public health strategies, such as vaccination and conducting screening tests continue being the fundamental pillars.

Association of Swede Score and 2011 IFCPC Nomenclature in Women with Abnormal Cytology / A Associação entre o escore Swede e a nomenclatura IFCPC 2011 em mulheres com citologia anormal

Abstract Objective To assess the association between two colposcopic indices, the Swede score and the 2011 International Federation of Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy (IFCPC) Nomenclature as well as to determine the efficacy of the Swede score with cutoffs of 7 and 8. Methods In the present cross-sectional pilot study, 34 women who had at least 1 colposcopy-directed biopsy due to abnormal cytology were enrolled. The colposcopic findings were scored by both the Swede score and the 2011 IFCPC Nomenclature and were compared with each other. The Kappa coefficient and the McNemar test were used. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values (NPV and PPV, respectively) were calculated, as well as the effectiveness with cutoffs of 7 and 8 in identifying cervical intraepithelial neoplasm (CIN) 2+ when using the Swede score. Results The correlation between the 2 colposcopic indices was 79.41%. The Kappa coefficient and the McNemar p-value were 0.55 and 0.37, respectively. The IFCPC Nomenclature had sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV of 85.71, 55.00, 67.64, 57.14, and 84.61%, respectively. The Swede score had sensitivity, specificity, accuracy, PPV, and NPV of 100, 63.15, 79.41, 68.18, and 100%, respectively. A Swede score cutoff of 7 for CIN 2+ detection had a specificity of 94.73%, while with a cutoff of 8 it increased to 100%. The sensitivity for both values was 60%. The PPV and NPV for cutoffs of 7 and 8 were 90 and 75 and 100 and 76%, respectively. Conclusion Although both colposcopic indices have good reproducibility, the Swede score showed greater accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity in identifying CIN 2 + , especially when using a cutoff of 8.

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a associação entre dois índices colposcópicos, o escore Swede e a Nomenclatura International Federation of Cervical Pathology and Colposcopy (IFCPC, na sigla em inglês) 2011, assim como determinar a eficácia do escore Swede com os pontos de corte 7 e 8. Métodos Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com 34 mulheres incluídas, que realizaram colposcopia com biópsia dirigida devido a uma citologia anormal. Os achados colposcópicos foram categorizados pelo escore Swede e pela Nomenclatura IFCPC 2011 e comparados um com o outro. Foram avaliados o coeficiente Kappa e o teste de McNemar e foram calculados a acurácia, a sensibilidade, a especificidade e valores preditivos negativos e positivos (VPN e VPP, respectivamente) de cada índice, assim como a eficácia com os pontos de corte 7 e 8 do escore Swede para determinar as lesões de neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC) 2 + . Resultados A concordância entre os 2 índices foi de 79,41% e o coeficiente Kappa e o valor-p do teste de McNemar foram 0.55 e 0.37, respectivamente. Pela Nomenclatura IFCPC 2011, obtivemos como sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, VPP e VPN, respectivamente: 85,71, 55,00, 67,64, 57,14 e 84,61%. Pelo escore Swede obtivemos como sensibilidade, especificidade, acurácia, VPP e VPN, respectivamente: 100, 63,15, 79,41, 68,18 e 100%. O uso do escore Swede para detecção das lesões NIC 2+ obteve como especificidade 94,73% com o valor de corte de 7, enquanto o valor de corte 8 obteve 100%. A sensibilidade para ambos os cortes foi de 60%. O VPP e o VPN com os cortes 7 e 8 foram, respectivamente: 90,00 e 75,00 e 100,00 e 76,00%. Conclusão Ambos os índices colposcópicos tiveram boa reprodutibilidade; no entanto, o escore Swede mostrou melhor acurácia, sensibilidade e especificidade em identificar as lesões NIC 2+ e o melhor ponto de corte para identificar as lesões NIC2+ foi com o valor 8.

Anal High-risk HPV and Liquid-based Cytology of Immunocompetent Brazilian Women with Genital High-risk HPV / HPV de alto risco e citologia em meio líquido de canal anal de mulheres brasileiras imunocompetentes com HPV genital de alto risco

Abstract Objective The purpose of this study was to compare the frequency of the occurrence of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) and abnormal anal cytology in immunocompetent women with and without HPV-induced genital lesions. Methods This analytical cross-sectional, observational study was conducted between July 2017 and December 2018 in a specialized outpatient clinic of a tertiary hospital in Fortaleza, CE. Fifty-seven immunocompetent women with and without genital intraepithelial lesions were assessed; they were divided into two groups: group 1 was comprised of women with HPV-associated genital lesions (n=26), and group 2 was comprised of those without HPV-associated genital lesions (n=31). Samples for liquidbased cytology and high-risk DNA-HPV polymerase chain reaction real-time tests were collected from the cervix and anus. All cases were evaluated using high-resolution anoscopy; biopsies were performed when required. The Fisher exact and chi-squared tests were applied for consolidated data in the contingency table, and the Student ttest and Mann-Whitney U-test for independent variables. Results Anal high-risk HPV infections were more frequent in group 1 (odds ratio [OR], 4.95; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.34-18.3; p=0.012), along with concomitant highrisk HPV infections in the uterine cervix and the anus (OR 18.8; 95% CI, 2.20-160; p<0.001). The incidence of high-risk cervical HPV infection was associated with highrisk anal HPV infection (OR, 4.95; 95% CI, 1.34-18.3; p=0.012). There was no statistical difference concerning abnormal anal cytology or anoscopy between the groups, and no anal intraepithelial lesion was found in either group. Conclusion Immunocompetent women with HPV-associated genital lesions and high-risk cervical HPV were more likely to have high-risk anal HPV.

Resumo Objetivo O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a frequência de papilomavírus humano (HPV) de alto risco e citologia anal anormal em mulheres imunocompetentes com e sem lesões genitais induzidas por HPV. Métodos Este estudo transversal analítico e observacional foi realizado entre julho de 2017 e dezembro de 2018 em um ambulatório especializado de um hospital terciário em Fortaleza, CE. Cinquenta e sete mulheres imunocompetentes com e sem lesões intraepiteliais genitais foram avaliadas. Foram divididas em dois grupos: grupo 1, composto por mulheres com lesões genitais associadas ao HPV (n=26) e grupo 2, composto pormulheres sem lesões genitais associadas ao HPV (n=31). Amostras para citologia em meio líquido e testes de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real para DNA-HPV de alto risco foram coletadas do colo do útero e do ânus. Todos os casos foram avaliados por anuscopia de alta resolução; sendo realizada biópsia quando necessária. Os testes exatos de Fisher e qui-quadrado foram aplicados para dados consolidados na tabela de contingência; o teste t de Student e o teste U de Mann-Whitney foram aplicados para variáveis independentes. Resultados As infecções anais por HPV de alto risco forammais frequentes no grupo 1 (razão de chances [RC], 4,95; intervalo de confiança [IC] de 95%, 1,34-18,3; p=0,012), assim como infecções concomitantes por HPV de alto risco em colo uterino e ânus (RC 18,8; IC de 95%, 2,20-160; p<0,001). A incidência de infecção de HPV cervical de alto risco foi associada à infecção de HPV anal de alto risco (RC, 4,95; IC de 95%, 1,34-18,3; p=0,012). Não houve diferença estatística em relação à citologia anal anormal ou anuscopia entre os grupos, e não houve caso de lesão intraepitelial anal em nenhum dos grupos. Conclusão Mulheres imunocompetentes com lesões genitais associadas ao HPV e com HPV cervical de alto risco foram mais propensas a ter HPV anal de alto risco.

Neoplasia intraepitelial escamosa cervical de alto grau: abordagem ambulatorial / High-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: outpatient approach

As neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais correspondem a alterações identificadas por rastreamento citológico cervical e estudo histológico, pós-biópsia incisional guiada por colposcopia ou procedimento diagnóstico excisional. Podem ser tratadas com abordagens conservadoras e procedimentos excisionais. A vacinação anti-HPV e o tratamento excisional oportuno constituem, respectivamente, prevenção primária e secundária contra o câncer do colo uterino.(AU)

Cervical intraephitelial neoplasms correspond to changes identified by cervical citological screening and histological study, post-incisional biopsy guided by colposcopy or excisional diagnostic procedure. They can be treated with conservative approaches and excision procedures. Anti-HPV vaccination and timely excional treatment are primary and secondary prevention against cervical cancer, respectively.(AU)

Carcinoma con células en anillo de sello primario del cuello uterino: reporte de un caso y revisión de la bibliografía / Primary signet ring cell carcinoma of the cervix: A case report and literature review

Resumen INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer de cuello uterino sigue prevaleciendo; sin embargo, el adenocarcinoma cervical primario con células en anillo de sello es raro y está categorizado en los subtipos de adenocarcinomas mucinosos, con menos reportes. Esta neoplasia puede iniciarse con diferentes síntomas ginecológicos y gastrointestinales, que requieren estudios exhaustivos para identificar el foco primario. CASO CLÍNICO: Paciente de 31 años, sin antecedentes patológicos de importancia, con diagnóstico de adenocarcinoma invasor de células en anillo de sello. Inició con sangrado poscoital. En la citología reciente se reportó: lesión intraepitelial de bajo grado, y la colposcopia con inmunohistoquímica positiva para CK7, CK20, CA125, CEA, P16, KI67. En los estudios complementarios se descartaron lesiones metastásicas y se clasificó en estadio IB2. El tratamiento consistió en histerectomía radical, linfadenectomía pélvica, quimioterapia con cisplatino y radioterapia pélvica. A la fecha del último seguimiento la paciente permanecía estable, en controles y libre de la enfermedad. CONCLUSIÓN: El adenocarcinoma con células en anillo de sello primario de cuello uterino es poco frecuente, de diagnóstico complejo en el que debe descartarse la coexistencia de un tumor primario no ginecológico, luego de confirmar el primario en el cuello uterino y ofrecer el tratamiento.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Cervical cancer remains a prevalent entity, however, primary cervical adenocarcinoma with signet ring cells is a rare condition categorized as one of the subtypes of mucinous adenocarcinomas with fewer scientific reports. This can debut with a wide variety of gynecological and gastrointestinal symptoms that require exhaustive studies to identify the primary focus, therefore this report demonstrates how one of its presentations can be primary of the cervix without presenting gastrointestinal involvement in a patient previously healthy with no risk factors. CLINICAL CASE: A 31-year-old patient with no pathological history diagnosed with an invasive signet ring cell adenocarcinoma who debuted with postcoital bleeding, a cytology that reported a low-grade intraepithelial lesion (LIEB) and colposcopy with positive immunohistochemistry for CK7, CK20, CA125 , CEA, P16, KI67. Complementary studies were performed, metastatic lesions were ruled out, classifying it as stage IB2, a radical hysterectomy, pelvic lymphadenectomy was carried out, after chemotherapy with cisplatin and pelvic radiotherapy. At the date of the last follow-up, the patient is stable, in controls and free of the disease. CONCLUSION: Primary signet ring cell adenocarcinoma of the cervix is a rare entity, with a difficult diagnosis, in which the existence of a non-gynecological primary tumor must be ruled out, and once the primary tumor in the cervix is confirmed, provide the treatment.

Concordancia citocolposcópica con la prueba histopatológica en la identificación de neoplasias intraepiteliales cervicales / Cytocolposcopic concordance with histopathologic testing in the identification of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia

Resumen OBJETIVO: Evaluar la concordancia diagnóstica entre la citología y la colposcopia respecto del diagnóstico histopatológico de cáncer cervicouterino en mujeres del estado de San Luis Potosí que acudieron a un hospital de segundo nivel de atención. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio correlacional efectuado en un hospital de segundo nivel de atención del Municipio de San Luis Potosí, entre 2015 y 2017. Criterios de inclusión: reunir tres reportes de las pruebas de Papanicolaou, colposcopia e histopatología basados en la clasificación de Richart, ser usuarias de la clínica de colposcopia del hospital y haber firmado el consentimiento informado. Para evaluar la concordancia diagnóstica, tomando como referencia el resultado histopatológico, se realizó la prueba de Kappa. RESULTADOS: Se estudiaron 379 pacientes con media de edad de 34.61 años. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de la prueba de Papanicolaou fueron: 95.60, 6.60, 96.13 y 5.82%, respectivamente. La sensibilidad, especificidad, valor predictivo positivo y negativo de la colposcopia fueron: 95.98, 33.33, 98.90 y 11.76%, respectivamente. Al hacer la prueba de Kappa el desenlace para el Papanicolaou fue: 0.021 (p = 0.677) y para la colposcopia 0.154 (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONES: La sensibilidad de la prueba diagnóstica de Papanicolaou y la colposcopia fue alta al igual que el valor predictivo positivo. Es importante analizar las variables que pudieran estar ocasionando la discordancia diagnóstica entre Papanicolaou-colposcopia-histopatología.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic concordance between cytology and colposcopy with respect to the histopathological diagnosis of cervical cancer in women from the state of San Luis Potosí who attended a second-level care hospital. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Correlational study performed in a second-level care hospital in the municipality of San Luis Potosí, between 2015 and 2017. Inclusion criteria: to gather three reports of Papanicolaou, colposcopy and histopathology tests based on Richart's classification, to be users of the hospital's colposcopy clinic and to have signed the informed consent. To evaluate the diagnostic concordance, taking the histopathological result as a reference, the Kappa test was performed. RESULTS: We studied 379 patients with a mean age of 34.61 years. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of the Papanicolaou test were: 95.60, 6.60, 96.13 and 5.82%, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive value of colposcopy were: 95.98, 33.33, 98.90 and 11.76%, respectively. When doing the Kappa test the outcome for Papanicolaou was: 0.021 (p = 0.677) and for colposcopy 0.154 (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The sensitivity of the Papanicolaou diagnostic test and colposcopy was high as was the positive predictive value. It is important to analyze the variables that could be causing the diagnostic discordance between Papanicolaou-colposcopy-histopathology.

Neoplasia intraepitelial escamosa cervical: abordagem por estimativas de risco / Cervical squamous intraepithelial neoplasia: risk estimation approach

As neoplasias intraepiteliais cervicais representam a fase pré-tumoral da neoplasia invasiva do colo uterino; são identificadas por citologia e testes de DNA-HPV e conduzidas por intervenções ambulatoriais. A perspectiva de estimativas de risco, para abordagem de tais lesões, constitui uma verdadeira mudança de paradigma, tendo em vista que as recomendações serão baseadas em riscos, não em resultados.(AU)

Cervical intraepithelial neoplasms represent the pre-tumor phase of invasive cervical cancer; identified by cytology, HPV-DNA testing and conducted by outpatient interventions. The perspective of risk estimates, to address such injuries, constitutes a true paradigm shift, considering that recomendations will be based on risks, not results.(AU)

Histerectomia radical após parto cesáreo por adenocarcinoma de colo uterino: relato de caso / Radical hysterectomy after c-section in cervical adenocarcinoma: a case report

Mundialmente, o câncer de colo uterino ocupa o quarto lugar das neoplasias em mulheres, porém, nos países em desenvolvimento, as taxas de incidência superam de forma impactante os casos de países desenvolvidos. Apesar de ser um evento incomum durante a gestação, é cada vez mais observado, o que talvez possa ser atribuído às gestações programadas em idades mais avançadas. O caso descrito refere-se a uma paciente de 32 anos de idade, diagnosticada no terceiro trimestre da gestação com adenocarcinoma de origem endocervical com estadiamento anatomopatológico final (FIGO 2018) 1B2. Ela foi submetida à abordagem cirúrgica como tratamento inicial. Foi adotada como conduta a resolução da gestação, com boa vitalidade fetal, ao final da 34ª semana, após corticoterapia para maturação pulmonar fetal. Foi realizado parto cesariano seguido de histerectomia radical tipo C1 na classificação de Querleu e Morrow associado a linfadenectomia pélvica, no mesmo ato operatório.(AU)

Worldwide, cervical cancer ranks fourth in female cancers, but when assessing data from developing countries, incidence rates are significantly higher than in developed countries. Although it is an uncommon event during pregnancy, it is increasingly observed, which may perhaps be justified due to pregnancies postponed at older ages. The case described relates to a 32-year-old woman diagnosed in the third trimester of pregnancy with endocervical adenocarcinoma, whose final anatomopathological staging (FIGO 2018) was IB2. The same was submitted to the surgical approach as an initial treatment. It was adopted as a conduct, the resolution of pregnancy, with good fetal viability, at the end of the 34th week, after corticosteroid therapy for fetal lung maturation. The patient underwent cesarean section followed by radical type C1 hysterectomy in the classification of Querleu and Morrow associated with pelvic lymphadenectomy in the same surgery.(AU)

Access to colposcopy in the State of São Paulo, Brazil: probabilistic linkage study of administrative data / Acesso à colposcopia no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: um estudo de relacionamento probabilístico de dados administrativos / Acceso a la colposcopía en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil: estudio de vinculación probabilística con datos administrativos

Cervical cancer screening is a multistage process, therefore access to both the primary test and subsequent diagnostic procedures is essential. Considering women undergoing screening on the public health system in the State of São Paulo, Brazil, we aimed to estimate the proportion of women accessing colposcopy within six months of an abnormal smear result. We retrieved records from two administrative databases, the Information System on Uterine Cervical Cancer (SISCOLO) that contains smear results and the Outpatient Information System of the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SIA/SUS) that records colposcopies. A reference cohort consisted of women, aged 25 years or older, with an abnormal smear result between May 1, 2014, and June 30, 2014. We excluded prevalent cases. We linked the reference cohort and records in the SIA/SUS extending to December 31, 2014. After excluding prevalent cases, 1,761 women with abnormal cytology results were left. A total of 700 (39.8%) women were linked to a colposcopy record within the follow-up period; this dropped to 671 (38.1%) women when follow-up was censored at six months. We could notice a slightly higher attendance in women living in the metropolitan region of São Paulo compared with residents of the rest of the state. We found no association between colposcopy attendance and age or cytology class. These results emphasize that access to colposcopy in the public health system in São Paulo is limited. This compromises the quality of screening, and the issue needs to be prioritized in service planning.

A triagem do câncer de colo uterino é um processo que envolve múltiplas etapas. É essencial o acesso ao teste primário e aos procedimentos diagnósticos subsequentes. Com foco nas mulheres que fazem triagem no sistema de saúde pública no Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, buscamos estimar a proporção daquelas que acessam a colposcopia dentro de seis meses após um resultado anormal no teste de Papanicolau. Recuperamos os registros de duas bases de dados administrativos: o Sistema de Informação do Controle do Câncer do Colo do Útero (SISCOLO), que contém os resultados de Papanicolau, e o Sistema de Informação Ambulatorial do Sistema Único de Saúde (SIA/SUS), com os registros das colposcopias. Uma coorte de referência foi constituída de mulheres com idade de 25 anos ou mais com Papanicolau anormal entre 1º de maio de 2014 e 30 de junho de 2014. Excluímos casos prevalentes. Relacionamos a coorte de referência aos registros no SIA/SUS, estendendo até 31 de dezembro de 2014. Após a exclusão dos casos prevalentes, restaram 1.761 mulheres com citologia anormal. Setecentas delas (39,8%) foram relacionadas a um registro de colposcopia dentro do período de seguimento; esse número diminuiu para 671 (38,1%) quando o seguimento foi censurado aos seis meses. Foi observada uma cobertura ligeiramente maior entre mulheres residentes na Grande São Paulo, em comparação com mulheres residentes do interior do estado. Não houve associação entre realização de colposcopia e idade ou classe citológica. Os resultados destacam o acesso restrito à colposcopia no sistema público de saúde no Estado de São Paulo. O cenário compromete a qualidade da triagem, e a questão deve ser priorizada no planejamento dos serviços.

Las pruebas de detección del cáncer cervical forman parte de un proceso multietapa. El acceso a tanto el test primario, como a los subsiguientes procedimientos de diagnóstico, es esencial. Considerando a las mujeres que se realizan las pruebas de detección en el sistema público de la salud en el Estado de São Paulo, Brasil, el objetivo del estudio fue estimar la proporción de mujeres que acceden a una colposcopía dentro de los seis meses, tras el resultado anormal en una citología. Recuperamos los registros de dos bases de datos administrativas: el Sistema de Información del Cáncer de Cuello de Útero (SISCOLO), que contiene resultados citológicos, y el Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del Sistema Único de Salud (SIA/SUS), que registra colposcopías. La cohorte de referencia consistía en mujeres, con 25 años de edad o mayores, quienes recibieron un resultado anormal en su citología entre el 1º mayo de 2014 y el 30 de junio 2014. Excluimos los casos prevalentes. Vinculamos la cohorte de referencia y los registros en la SIA/SUS, extendiéndolos hasta el 31 de diciembre 2014. Tras excluir los casos prevalentes, quedaron 1.761 mujeres con resultados citológicos anormales; 700 (39.8%), vinculados a un registro de colposcopía dentro del periodo de seguimient. Esta cifra cayó a 671 (38.1%) cuando el seguimiento fue censurado a los seis meses. Se observó una participación ligeramente superior en mujeres que viven en la región metropolitana de la gran São Paulo, comparada con los residentes del resto del estado. No hubo asociación entre la participación en la colposcopía y edad o tipo de citología. Estos resultados resaltan que el acceso a la colposcopía en el sistema público de São Paulo es limitado. Esto compromete la calidad de las pruebas de detección por lo que se necesita darles prioridad en la planificación de los servicios sanitarios.

Estudio Descriptivo: Colposcopia en el diagnóstico de lesiones de cuello uterino en el Hospital de Especialidades José Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca ­ Ecuador. 2015-2019 / Descriptive Study: Colposcopy as a diagnostic method for cervix lesions in Hospital de Especialidades Jose Carrasco Arteaga, Cuenca-Ecuador. 2015-2019

INTRODUCCIÓN: El cáncer de cuello uterino es un problema de salud pública, siendo una de las principales causas de morbilidad y mortalidad en países en vía de desarrollo. Para el screening y diagnóstico de las lesiones del cuello uterino se realiza citología cervical (Papanicolaou). Ante un reporte de citología sospechosa, la colposcopia es un procedimiento imprescindible en la evaluación del tracto genital inferior para detectar lesiones tempranas y cáncer. El objetivo de la presente investigación fue caracterizar los procedimientos colposcópicos realizados, como método diagnóstico y terapéutico, en las pacientes con resultados anormales del Papanicolaou. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: El presente es un estudio observacional, descriptivo de corte transversal, cuyo universo lo conformaron todas las pacientes con diagnóstico citológico anormal en Papanicolaou, que se realizaron un procedimiento colposcópico entre el año 2015 hasta el año 2019 en el Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, con un total de 1 628 pacientes. RESULTADOS: Se incluyen 1 628 procedimientos colposcópicos. El 55.46% de la población estuvieron entre los 27 a 46 años de edad. El estado civil predominante fue casada (75%). El 63.45% de las mujeres iniciaron vida sexual entre los 21 a 30 años. El 95.20% de las pacientes tuvieron entre 1 y 3 parejas sexuales. Los resultados de Papanicolaou anormales representan; el 37.28% a LIE-BG, seguido de 35.81% con ASC-US y 14.18% como LIE-AG. El 67.32% de colposcopías fueron satisfactorias. Se realizó biopsia en el 71% de las pacientes, seguido de la toma de muestra de cono con ASA-LEEP (13.69%), legrado endocervical en el 11.05%. Los resultados de anatomía patológica reportaron LIE-AG en 46.56% de los casos, seguido de 22.23 % como LIE-BG y cervicitis crónica en el 16.27%, 12.28% de los resultados fueron negativos. CONCLUSIÓN: Tres cuartas partes de las colposcopias se realizaron en mujeres entre los 27 y 56 años de edad. Los resultados anormales más frecuentemente encontrados en el Papanicolaou fueron: LIE-BG, seguido de ASC-US. 67% de las colposcopias realizadas fueron satisfactorias. Tras la colposcopia, en la mayoría de pacientes se realizó biopsia, en un menor porcentaje y en orden de frecuencia: conización electro quirúrgica con asa (ASA-LEEP), legrado endocervical e histerectomía diagnóstica. Los resultados de anatomía patológica reportaron LIE-AG en el 46.56%, LIE-BG en el 22.23 % como y cervicitis crónica en el 16.27%; 12.28% de estudios fueron negativos.(au)

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is a public health issue, being one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in developing countries. Cervical cytology (Papanicolaou) is performed for screening and diagnosis of cervical lesions. In case of a suspicious cytology report, colposcopy is an essential procedure for evaluation of the lower genital tract, to detect early lesions and cancer. The aim of this study was to characterize the colposcopy procedures performed, as a diagnostic and therapeutic method, in patients with abnormal Papanicolaou results. METHODS: This is an observational, descriptive cross-sectional study, whose universe were all the patients with abnormal cytological diagnosis in pap smear, who underwent a colposcopy procedure between 2015 and 2019 at Hospital José Carrasco Arteaga, with a total of 1 628 patients. RESULTS: 1 628 colposcopic procedures were included. 55.46% of the population were between 27 to 46 years of age. The predominant marital status was married status (75%). 63.45% of women had their first sexual experience between 21 and 30 years of age. 95.20% of the patients had between 1 and 3 sexual partners. Abnormal pap smear results represent; 37.28% to LSIL, followed by ASC-US (35.81%), and HSIL (14.18%). 67.32% of colposcopies were classified as satisfactory. Biopsy was performed in 71% of the patients, followed by loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP) (13.69%), endocervical curettage in 11.05%. The pathology results reported HSIL in 46.56% of the cases, followed by 22.23% as LSIL and chronic cervicitis in 16.27%, 12.28% of the results were negative. CONCLUSION: Three-quarters of all colposcopies were performed on women between 27 and 56 years of age. The most frequently abnormal Pap smear results were: LSIL, followed ASC-US. 67% of the colposcopies were satisfactory. After colposcopy, biopsy was performed in most of the patients, in lower percentage: loop electrosurgical excision procedure (LEEP), endocervical curettage and diagnostic hysterectomy. Pathology results reported HSIL in 46.56%, LSIL IN 22.23% and chronic cervicitis in 16.27%; 12.28% of studies were negative.(au)

Bioética en la práctica de la colposcopia

El objetivo de esta presentación es estimular en los profesionales especialistas en ginecología y obstetricia la reflexión ética del manejo de todos sus casos y procedimientos clínicos, cuidando que su desempeño profesional esté apegado al conocimiento científico, a la medicina basada en la evidencia y al respeto por los principios de la bioética. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 20 años sometida a diversos exámenes de tamizaje de cáncer de cuello uterino y diagnóstico que desencadenan una recomendación quirúrgica. Se realiza un análisis clínico y ético del caso, y se dan recomendaciones para el manejo adecuado guiado por la evidencia y las recomendaciones nacionales e internacionales.

The objective of this presentation is to encourage gynecology and obstetrics specialists to reflect on the ethical management of all their cases and clinical procedures, ensuring that their professional performance is in line with scientific knowledge, evidencebased medicine and respect for the principles of bioethics. We present the case of a 20-year-old patient who underwent several cervical cancer screening and diagnostic tests that triggered a surgical recommendation. A clinical and ethical analysis of the case is made, and recommendations are given for appropriate management guided by evidence and national and international recommendations.