Avaliação da deformação miocárdica pela ecocardiografia feature tracking em gatos com defeito perimembranoso do septo ventricular / Evaluation of myocardial deformation by the ecocardiography feature tracking in cats with perimembranosous defect of the septo ventricular

O desenvolvimento de novas ferramentas, como a ecocardiografia bidimensional feature tracking (2D-FTI), permite diagnosticar, de forma precoce, se há disfunção miocárdica em doenças cardíacas, inclusive as congênitas. O defeito septal ventricular (DSV) é a alteração congênita mais observada em felinos, no entanto pouco se sabe sobre a disfunção cardíaca nessa cardiopatia, especialmente em animais assintomáticos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar, por meio do 2D-FTI, a deformação miocárdica ventricular esquerda pela mensuração dos índices ecocardiográficos strain (St) e strain rate (StR) radial, circunferencial e longitudinal, em gatos saudáveis e com DSV. Foram avaliados 12 gatos saudáveis e seis gatos com DSV para obtenção de St e StR em diversos segmentos miocárdicos. No sentido longitudinal, houve diferença estatística (P<0,05) para os segmentos septal basal, mediano e apical epicárdicos (P=0,0017; P<0,0001; P=0,0288), lateral mediano epicárdico (P=0,0327), septal mediano endocárdico (P=0,0035), lateral mediano endocárdico (P=0,0461), St epicárdico (P=0,0250) e St global (P=0,0382). Também houve diferença no segmento lateral mediano circunferencial endocárdico (P=0,0248), lateral mediano radial (St: P=0,0409; StR: P=0,0166) e posterior mediano radial (P=0,0369). O estudo evidenciou que, mesmo em animais assintomáticos com DSV, há redução na deformação miocárdica ventricular principalmente no sentido longitudinal, demonstrando maior vulnerabilidade dessas fibras.(AU)

The development of new tools, such as two-dimensional feature tracking (2D-FTI), allows early diagnosis of myocardial dysfunction in heart diseases including congenital heart disease. The ventricular septal defect (VSD) is the most frequently observed congenital abnormality in cats, however, little is known about cardiac dysfunction, especially in asymptomatic animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the left ventricular myocardial deformation through 2D-FTI by the measurement of the radial, circumferential and longitudinal echocardiographic strain (St) and strain rate (StR) indices. Twelve healthy cats and six cats with VSD were evaluated to obtain St and StR in several myocardial segments. In the longitudinal direction, there was a statistical difference (P<0.05) for the epimyocardial basal septal, mid-septal, apical septal (P=0.0017; P<0.0001; P=0.0288), epimyocardial mid-lateral (P=0.0327), endomyocardial mid-septal (P=0.0035), endomyocardial mid-lateral (P=0.0461), St epimyocardial (P=0.0250) and St global (P=0.0382). There was also difference in the circumferential endomyocardial mid-lateral segment (P=0.0248), radial mid-lateral (St: P=0.0409; StR: P=0.0166) and radial mid-posterior (P=0.0369). The study showed that even in asymptomatic animals with VSD there is a reduction in ventricular myocardial deformation mainly in the longitudinal direction, demonstrating the fragility of these fibers.(AU)

Morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal por cardiopatías congénitas / Neonatal javascript:void(0)morbidity and mortality by congenital cardiopathies

RESUMEN Introducción: Las cardiopatías congénitas inciden en 8 x 1 000 recién nacidos vivos en el mundo y en gran medida determinan su mortalidad. Objetivo: Precisar la morbilidad y mortalidad neonatal por cardiopatías congénitas. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo, longitudinal y prospectivo realizado en 97 recién nacidos con estas cardiopatías, diagnósticados en el Servicio de Neonatología del Hospital Dr. Agostinho Neto de Guantánamo durante los años 2015- 2017. Se consideró el análisis segmentario, probable mecanismos que la determinan y tipo de cardiopatía. Resultados: Se identificaron cardiopatías congénitas en el 12,9 por ciento de los recién nacidos; la letalidad fue de 1,0 por ciento. Lo más común fue que se identificaron modos y tipos de conexión auriculoventricular y ventriculoarterial fisiológicos. Las anomalías en la muerte celular (47,3 por ciento) fue el mecanismo genético y molecular más observado. La cardiopatía más frecuente fue la comunicación interventricular (63,9 por ciento). La mayoría de las cardiopatías se clasificaron como: aisladas (95,9 por ciento), de gravedad moderada (92,8 por ciento), acianóticas (93,8 por ciento), no se asociaran a síndromes o enfermedades genéticas (94,9 por ciento) pero sí a malformaciones extracardiacas (94,9 por ciento). Se manifestaron sobre todo por soplo cardiaco (85,6 por ciento). El diagnóstico de 70,1 por ciento de las cardiopatías se realizó en etapa prenatal. Conclusiones: Estas afecciones no constituyen un problema de salud en el servicio de este hospital, pero a pesar de que la mayoría de las cardiopatías congénitas se diagnostican en etapa prenatal, se requiere continuar laborando en función de potenciar más su diagnóstico en esta etapa(AU)

ABSTRACT Introduction: Neonatal congenital cardiopathies have a global incidence of 8 x 1000 live births and it greatly determines their mortality. Objective: To specify the neonatal morbidity and mortality by congenital cardiopathies. Method: Descriptive, longitudinal and prospective study of 97 newborns with these cardiopathies diagnosed in the Neonatolgy Service in ´Dr. Agostinho Neto Hospital, Guantánamo province from 2015 to 2017. It was considered: the segmental analysis, probable mechanisms that determine it and cardiopathy type. Results: Congenital cardiopathies were identified in 12.9 percent of the newborns; the lethality was of 1.0 percent. The most common aspect was the identification of ways and types of aurículo-ventricular and physiologic ventrículo-arterial connection. Anomalies in the cellular death (47.3 percent) were the most frequent genetic and molecular mechanism. The most frequent congenital heart disease was the interventricular communication (63.9 percent). Most of the cardiopathies were classified as: isolated (95.9 percent); of moderate graveness (92.8 percent); acyanotic (93.8 percent); not associated to syndromes or genetic diseases (94.9 percent) but yes to extracardiac malformations (94.9 percent); and they manifested mainly by heart murmur (85.6 percent ). The diagnosis of 70.1 percent of the cardiopathies was carried out in prenatal stage. Conclusions: Congenital cardiopathies don't constitute a health problem in the Neonatology service of the Hospital; but instead that these were mainly diagnosed in the prenatal stage, it is required to continue working in function of boosting their prenatal diagnosis(AU)

Anomalía de Ebstein en un paciente con síndrome de Down. Reporte de un caso / Ebstein's anomaly in a patient with Down syndrome. Case report

Resumen Paciente con síndrome de Down referido a nuestro departamento con cianosis y soplo cardíaco. Un ecocardiograma transtorácico mostró anomalía de Ebstein. Esta asociación es extremadamente rara. Se inició manejo médico ya que la lesión en la válvula tricúspide era leve. De acuerdo con nuestra revisión, se han descrito únicamente 12 casos en literatura médica.

Abstract An infant with Down's syndrome was referred to our department with cyanosis and heart murmur. A transthoracic echocardiogram demonstrated the presence of Ebstein's anomaly. This association is extremely unusual. Medical management was initiated since the tricuspid valve lesion was mild. Only twelve cases, to our knowledge, have been previously reported.

Síndrome de Adams-Oliver en dos casos clínicos / Adams-Oliver Syndrom in two clinical cases

Introducción: El síndrome de Adams-Oliver es una enfermedad heterogénea, caracterizada por aplasia cutis congénita y defecto transverso terminal de extremidades, con un amplio espectro fenotípico de malformaciones asociadas. Se han descrito diferentes modos de herencia en esta enfermedad. En el contexto cubano no se ha presentado ni publicado hasta el momento, casos de pacientes afectados por este síndrome Objetivo: Aportar evidencia que demuestra la presentación de casos con síndrome de Adams-Oliver. Presentación de casos: Se exponen dos casos de pacientes neonatales con síndrome de Adams-Oliver desde el punto de vista clínico, ambos de presentación esporádica. Además de la aplasia cutis congénita y el defecto transverso terminal de extremidades, uno de los pacientes exhibía cutis marmorata telangiectásica congénita y una anomalía de Ebstein. Conclusiones: Se exponen dos neonatos con síndrome de Adams-Oliver, ambos de presentación esporádica y uno de estos con una cardiopatía congénita (anomalía de Ebstein) no informada hasta ahora en la literatura(AU)

Introduction: The Adams-Oliver syndrome is a heterogenic disease characterized by aplasia cutis congenita and terminal transverse limb defects, with a wide phenotypic spectrum of associated malformations. Different kinds of inheritance of this disease have been described. In Cuba, any cases of patients suffering this syndrome have not been presented or published so far. Objective: To provide evidence demonstrating the presentation of cases with Adams-Oliver syndrome. Cases report: Two cases of neonatal patients with Adams-Oliver syndrome are presented from the clinical point of view, both of which are sporadic. In addition to the aplasia cutis congenita and the terminal transverse defect of the limbs, one of the patients presented congenital cutis marmorata telangiectatic and Ebstein anomaly. Conclusions: Two newborns cases with Adams-Oliver syndrome, both of sporadic presentation and one of these with a congenital heart disease (Ebstein anomaly) not previously reported in the literature are presented(AU)

Cardiopatías congénitas en edad pediátrica, aspectos clínicos y epidemiológicos / Congenital heart disease in pediatric age, clinical and epidemiological aspects

RESUMEN Las malformaciones cardíacas congénitas constituyen un perfil de mortalidad que se planifica modificar de acuerdo con los objetivos, propósitos y directrices declarados por el Ministerio de Salud Pública. Para los pediatras es una preocupación el control de la morbilidad y mortalidad por esta causa, así como las acciones que contribuyen a facilitar las prioridades de salud de acuerdo a la evaluación de los resultados alcanzados en los programas y servicios implementados en relación con estas afecciones, por lo que el estudio de las cardiopatías congénitas deviene en una prioridad. Ante esta situación se decidió describir las características generales de esta afección mediante una revisión bibliográfica donde se expongan sus principales manifestaciones clínicas, factores etiológicos, clasificación, fisiopatología, aspectos demográficos, diagnóstico y tratamiento. Para ello se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de los trabajos más relevantes publicados a escala nacional e internacional y con ello contribuir en el proceso de educación médica continuada que se está ejecutando en la Universidad Médica y en todo el sector salud en nuestra provincia. Adicionalmente, el trabajo pudiera facilitar la creación de planes de acción que permitan en el futuro disminuir la prevalencia de cardiopatías congénitas en la provincia (AU).

ABSTRACT Congenital cardiac malformations constitute a mortality profile that is planned to be modified in accordance with the objectives, purposes and guidelines declared by the Ministry of Public Health. For pediatricians, it is a concern to control morbidity and mortality for this cause, and actions that contribute to facilitate health priorities with the evaluation of the results achieved in the programs and services implemented in relation to these conditions, the study of congenital heart disease becomes a priority. In view of this situation, the general objective of this condition is to describe the general characteristics of this condition by means of a bibliographical review that brings together its main clinical manifestations, etiological factors, classification, pathophysiology, demographic aspects, diagnosis and treatment. This will raise the level of knowledge about these diseases to identify risk factors preconceptionally and establish action plans that will in the future reduce the prevalence of congenital heart disease in the province (AU).

Relación entre estado nutricional y complicaciones posoperatorias en cardiopatías acianóticas y flujo pulmonar aumentado / Association of the nutritional status and the postoperative complications in acyanotic heart diseases and increased pulmonary flow

Introducción: los primeros trabajos que asocian desnutrición y cardiopatías se reportaron en los años 50. Los lactantes cardiópatas presentan alteraciones en el crecimiento y desarrollo, y es más severo el compromiso en aquellos que se presentan con insuficiencia cardiaca y cianosis. Se describen patrones de desnutrición de acuerdo con el tipo de cardiopatía, la que puede ser aguda o crónica. Objetivos: evaluar el impacto de la intervención nutricional, como medida que contribuye a disminuir las complicaciones posoperatorias, en lactantes con cardiopatías congénitas acianóticas y desnutridos, así como relacionar la presencia de infecciones posoperatorias con hipoalbuminemia. Métodos: estudio prospectivo que incluyó a 28 lactantes con cardiopatías congénitas acianóticas, flujo pulmonar aumentado y desnutridos, en el Cardiocentro Pediátrico William Soler, desde septiembre de 2008 hasta agosto de 2010. Fueron divididos en 2 grupos: Grupo I, no recibieron intervención nutricional; y Grupo II, recibieron intervención nutricional. El estado nutricional se determinó por el índice peso para la talla en ambos sexos. Se analizó la asociación de complicaciones posoperatorias y estado nutricional, así como la relación entre infección e hipoalbuminemia. Se aplicaron técnicas estadísticas descriptivas, se utilizaron los porcentajes y construyeron distribuciones de frecuencias absolutas y relativas. Resultados: el 69,2 por ciento de los niños del Grupo I se encontraron desnutridos en el momento de la cirugía, y las complicaciones infecciosas estuvieron presente en el 73,3 por ciento de los casos. En el Grupo II las complicaciones infecciosas se presentaron en el 13,3 por ciento de los pacientes. Conclusiones: el grupo de niños desnutridos presentó mayor número de complicaciones infecciosas, las que estuvieron relacionadas a hipoalbuminemia. La intervención nutricional preoperatoria favorece una menor incidencia de complicaciones posoperatorias

Introduction: the first papers that related malnutrition and heart diseases were reported in the 50's. The cardiopathic nurslings have growth and development disorders and they are more compromised if they present heart failure and cyanosis. Malnutrition patterns are described according to the type of heart disease, which may be acute or chronic. Objectives: to evaluate the impact of the nutritional intervention as a kind of measure to reduce postoperative complications in children with acyanotic congenital heart diseases as well as to relate the presence of postoperative infections to hypoalbuminemia. Methods: prospective study of 28 nurslings with acyanotic congenital heart diseases and increased pulmonary flow conducted in William Soler pediatric cardiocenter from September 2008 to August 2010; they were all evaluated prior to surgery. They were divided into 2 groups: Group I comprised malnourished cardiopathic nurslings and Group II included cardiopathic nurslings with no malnutrition. The nutritional status was determined by the weight for size indexes in both sexes. The association of the postoperative complications and the nutritional status was analyzed as well as the relationship of infection and hypoalbuminemia. To this end, summary statistic techniques and percentages were used and relative and absolute frequency distributions were created. Results: in Group I, 69.2 percent of children were found to be malnourished at the time of surgery and the infective complications were present in 73.3 percent of cases. In Group II, the infective complications occurred in 13.3 percent of patients. Conclusions: the group of malnourished children showed the highest number of infective complications, which were related to hypoalbuminemia. Preoperative nutritional intervention favors lower incidence of postoperative complications

Protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem para crianças com cardiopatias congênitas: uma proposta baseada em NANDA-NOC-NIC / Nursing care protocol for children with congenital heart defects: a proposal based on NANDA-NOC-NIC

Introdução: O conhecimento dos principais diagnósticos de enfermagem de crianças com cardiopatia congênita hospitalizadas contribui para prever os cuidados de enfermagem a essa clientela. Objetivos: Caracterizar as crianças com cardiopatias congênitas com relação a sexo, idade, comorbidades, tempo de internação e termos registrados nos prontuários pela equipe de enfermagem; identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem Nanda I, a partir dos termos encontrados nos registros de enfermagem de crianças com cardiopatias congênitas; verificar o grau de concordância da avaliação dos peritos em relação aos diagnósticos de enfermagem identificados; selecionar os resultados e intervenções de enfermagem para estes diagnósticos e analisar os dados encontrados sob a ótica da construção de um protocolo de cuidados de enfermagem com linguagem padronizada. Método: Trata-se de um estudo observacional, transversal com utilização da ferramenta metodológica mapeamento cruzado para identificação da classificação dos diagnósticos de enfermagem. Para a coleta de dados, foi utilizado um formulário preenchido a partir dos registros de enfermagem de 82 prontuários de crianças com cardiopatia congênita hospitalizadas. Os termos foram extraídos na íntegra, comparados com a classificação de diagnósticos de enfermagem pela pesquisadora e posteriormente avaliado por peritos. Os dados dos formulários foram digitados em computador residencial e armazenados em forma de banco de dados utilizando os programas Microsoft Excel 2007. A análise descritiva trouxe distribuições de frequências, cálculo das estatísticas mínimo, máximo, média, desvio padrão e percentis. Resultados: Os diagnósticos de enfermagem que compuseram o protocolo, após a análise de concordância entre peritos em ordem de maior frequência foram: risco de infecção (81,7%); troca de gases prejudicada (46,3%); intolerância à atividade (36,6%); padrão respiratório ineficaz (26,8%); risco de intolerância à atividade (20,7%); débito cardíaco diminuído (19,5%); risco de queda (18,3%); perfusão tissular periférica ineficaz (18,3%); atraso no crescimento e desenvolvimento (17,1%); comportamento desorganizado do lactente (17,1%) e risco de tensão do papel do cuidador (13,4%). Conclusão: Conclui-se, que através do método de mapeamento cruzado de uma linguagem não padronizada com uma linguagem padronizada foi possível identificar os diagnósticos de enfermagem de crianças com cardiopatias congênitas mais prevalentes. E a implementação desse instrumento viabilizará a padronização dos cuidados de enfermagem em uma classificação internacionalmente conhecida, otimização e melhora da qualidade da assistência

Background: The knowledge of the main nursing diagnoses of hospitalized children with congenital cardiopathy contributes to forecast the nursing care to this clientele. Objectives: To characterize the children with congenital cardiopathy in relation to gender, age, co morbidities, time of hospitalization and terms registered in the patients records by the nursing team; identify the Nanda I nursing diagnosis from the terms found in the nursing registers of children with congenital cardiopathies; to verify the degree of agreement of the experts evaluation in relation to nursing diagnosis identified; to select the results and nursing interventions for these diagnoses and to analyze data found under the view of the construction of a protocol of nursing care with standardized language. Method: This is an observational, transversal study using a methodological tool crossmapping for identifying the nursing diagnosis classification. To the data collect, it was used a formulary filled from the nursing records of 82 medical records of hospitalized children with congenital heart disease. The terms were extracted in full, compared with the classification of nursing diagnoses by the researcher and further evaluated by experts. The data were entered into the forms home computer and stored in the form of database programs using Microsoft Excel 2007. The descriptive analysis brought distributions of frequencies, calculation of minimum, maximum, average, standard deviation and percentiles statistics. Results: The nursing diagnoses that comprised the protocol, after the analysis of agreement among experts in order of more frequency were: risk of infection (81.7%); impaired gas exchange (46.3%); activity intolerance (36.6%); ineffective breathing pattern (26.8%); risk of activity intolerance (20.7%); decreased cardiac output (19.5%); risk of falls (18.3%); ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion (18.3%); growth developmental delay (17.1%); disorganized infant behavior (17.1%) and risk of the caregiver tension paper (13.4%). Conclusion: It concludes that through the crossmapping method of a non- standardized language with a standardized language it was identified the nursing diagnoses of children with most prevalent congenital cardiopathies. And the implementation of this tool will allow the standardization of the nursing care in an internationally known, optimization and improvement of quality of assistance

Síndrome de fenilquetonuria materna, un nuevo desafío para Chile / Maternal phenylketonuria syndrome, a new challenge for Chile

Phenylquetonuria (PKU) is a hereditary disease, caused by the deficiency or absence of the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase, which produces an abnormal conversion of phenylalanine (Phe) to tyrosine. If PKU is not diagnosed and treated during the neonatal period, blood accumulation of Phe causes neurological damage. Chile has a neonatal screening program for PKU and congenital hypothyroidism since 1992; this program has diagnosed 162 PKU patients in Chile, which are being followed-up in INTA, Universidad de Chile. Nowadays, there are 20 PKU patients in adolescence, so we face a new challenge such as maternal PKU syndrome. This syndrome refers to the teratogenic effect of Phe in a pregnant PKU female. The most frequent anomalies are intrauterine growth retardation, microcephaly, global development retardation and congenital heart defects. Their occurrence is directly related to maternal Phe during pregnancy. In order to assure a normal pregnancy and to prevent this syndrome, levels of Phe in blood should be kept between 2 and 6 mgldl prior to conception and throughout pregnancy. Considering this challenge, INTA has proposed a strict protocol of follow-up to improve the compliance to nutritional therapy and prevent maternal PKU syndrome.

La fenilquetonuria (PKU) es una patología hereditaria, producida por la deficiencia o ausencia de la enzima fenilalanina hidroxilasa, lo que impide la metabolización normal de la fenilalanina (FA) a tirosina. La acumulación de fenilalanina en la sangre ocasiona daño neurológico si no es diagnosticada y tratada desde el periodo neonatal. Desde 1992 Chile tiene un programa de pesquisa neonatal de PKU e hipotiroidismo congénito, lo que ha permitido diagnosticar 162 casos con PKU, los que mantienen un seguimiento integral en el INTA, de la Universidad de Chile. Actualmente hay 20 PKU en etapa de adolescencia, por lo que nos enfrentamos a un nuevo desafío, el síndrome de PKU materna. Este síndrome se refiere al efecto teratogénico de la FA en una embarazada con PKU. Las alteraciones más características son el retraso del crecimiento intrauterino, la microcefalia, el retraso global del desarrollo y los defectos cardiacos congénitos. La presencia de estas alteraciones está directamente relacionada con los niveles de FA de la madre durante el embarazo. Para asegurar un embarazo normal y prevenir este síndrome se recomienda la mantención de niveles de FA entre 2 y 6 mg/dl, desde el período preconcepcional y durante todo el embarazo. El INTA considerando este desafío, ha propuesto un protocolo de seguimiento estricto preconcepcional y durante el embarazo con el objetivo de favorecer la adherencia al tratamiento nutricional y prevenir el síndrome de PKU materna.

Anomalía de Ebstein en edad adulta / Ebstein anomaly in adulthood

La anomalía de Ebstein es una malformación congénita poco frecuente caracterizada por el adosamiento de los elementos de la válvula tricúspide en la cavidad del ventrículo derecho. Este adosamiento produce un desplazamiento del orificio fisiológico de la válvula tricúspide hacia la cavidad del ventrículo derecho. Generalmente se asocia a alteraciones propias de la válvula, como insuficiencia o estenosis tricuspídea, así con el desarrollo de insuficiencia cardiaca y la presencia de arritmias y síndrome de preexcitación. Aunque es un diagnóstico propio del neonato o del niño, se han descrito pacientes diagnosticados en la edad adulta. En estos últimos, la forma de presentación varía, y puede ir desde encontrarse asintomático hasta comenzar con arritmias. Se presenta el caso de una paciente de 70 años de edad que ingresó con el diagnóstico de flutter auricular, se decide cardioversión eléctrica retornando a ritmo sinusal. Al realizarle el ecocardiograma se diagnostica la anomalía de Ebstein. Se revisan las características clínicas, exámenes complementarios y tratamientos de esta entidad, así como la anatomía y embriología del aparato valvular tricuspídeo. El ecocardiograma continúa siendo el examen complementario de elección en esta entidad.

Ebstein anomaly is a non-frequent congenital malformation characterized by enclosing of tricuspid valve elements in right ventricle cavity. This enclosing produces a move of physiologic orifice of tricuspid valve within the right ventricle valve. Generally, it is associated with alterations typical of this valve, as insufficiency or tricuspid stenosis, as well as the development of heart insufficiency and the presence of arrhythmias and pre-excitation syndrome. Although it is a diagnosis characteristic of neonate or the children, has described patients diagnosed in adulthood. In past years, its presentation varies, and may be asymptomatic of start with arrhythmias. This is a female case presentation aged 70 admitted with a diagnosis of atrial flutter, thus the electric cardioversion to return to sinusal rhythm. In echocardiogram it is diagnosed an Ebstein anomaly. Clinical features, complementary examinations and treatment of this entity, as well as the anatomy and embryology of tricuspid valvular apparatus. Echocardiogram is the choice complementary examination in this entity.

Atividade autonômica em uma adolescente com ventrículo único submetida à intervenção fisioterapêutica: relato de caso / Autonomic activity in an adolescent with a single ventricle who underwent physical therapy intervention: case report

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a atividade autonômica de uma adolescente com ventrículo único (VU), sem correção cirúrgica, participante de um programa de fisioterapia. MATERIAIS E MÉTODOS: Paciente do sexo feminino, 14 anos, com diagnóstico de VU tipo esquerdo, sem correção cirúrgica. A atividade autonômica foi avaliada pela variabilidade da freqüência cardíaca (VFC) nas posições supina e sentada, e pela manobra para acentuar a arritmia sinusal respiratória (M-ASR) no início do primeiro (A1), segundo (A2) e terceiro anos (A3) de tratamento fisioterapêutico cardiovascular (TFC) ambulatorial. Os intervalos RR e a freqüência cardíaca batimento a batimento foram calculados e armazenados para posterior análise. A VFC foi avaliada pelos índices RMSSD e RMSM e no domínio da freqüência pelas bandas de alta e baixa freqüência em unidades normalizadas (AFun e BFun, respectivamente) e pela razão BF/AF. O TFC constou de exercícios respiratórios associados a exercícios ativos e resistidos gerais, durante dois anos. RESULTADOS: De A1 para A3, o RMSM reduziu (14,5 por cento), a banda de BFun (42,2 por cento) e a razão BF/AF aumentou (117,0 por cento), e a banda AFun diminuiu (35,2 por cento). Em todas as situações, a banda BFun foi maior e a AFun foi menor na posição sentada. Além disso, a resposta parassimpática à M-ASR aumentou da situação A1 para A3 em 7,4 e 47,3 por cento, respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: Concluímos que, na paciente estudada, a redução da VFC parece estar associada com o avanço da doença, porém, não houve prejuízos frente à mudança postural. Adicionalmente, o TFC proposto incrementou a resposta parassimpática durante a M-ASR.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the autonomic activity of an adolescent with a single ventricle without surgical correction who participated in a physical therapy program. METHODS: This was a 14-year-old female patient with a left-type single ventricle who had not undergone any surgical intervention. The autonomic activity was evaluated according to the heart rate variability in the supine and seated positions and by means of the respiratory sinus arrhythmia accentuation maneuver (RSA-M) in the beginning of the first, second and third years of outpatient cardiovascular physical therapy treatment. The RR intervals and beat-to-beat heart rate were calculated and stored for subsequent analysis. The heart rate variability was evaluated by means of the RMSSD and RMSM indexes and in the frequency domain with high and low frequency bands in normalized units (HFnu and LFnu, respectively) and using the LF/HF ratio. The cardiovascular physical therapy consisted of respiratory exercises associated with active and general resistance exercises, for two years. RESULTS: From the first to the third year, the RMSM decreased (14.5 percent), LFnu band increased (42.2 percent), LF/HF ratio increased (117.0 percent) and HFnu decreased (35.2 percent). In all of the situations, the LFnu band was higher and HFnu was lower in the seated position. Additionally, the parasympathetic response to RSA-M increased from the first to the third years in 7.4 percent and 47.3 percent, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: We concluded that, for the patient studied, the reduction in heart rate variability seemed to be associated with the advance of the disease. Nevertheless, there was no damages related to postural change. In addition, the cardiovascular physical therapy proposed increased the parasympathetic response during RSA-M.

Nursing and analysis of reasons of complications in patients with congenital cardiopathy undergoing interventional therapy / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective The nursing and analysis of reasons of complications in patients with congenital cardiopathy undergoing interventional therapy were discussed.Methods A retrospective study was carried out in 174 patients with congenital cardiopathy undergoing interventional therapy and put forward selective nursing measures according to individual complications.Results Complications occurred in 17patients including 8 cases of general complications and 9 cases of heart related complications.But no death was reported.Conclusion Interventive treatment of congenital cardiopathy via sealing apparatus proved to be safe and effective.But great attention must be paid to the incidence of serious complications.We must adopt prompt measures upon early discovery and fasten the postoperation recovery.

Ecocardiografía fetal: evaluación y resultados en una unidad de perinatología: Universidad de los Andes Táchira- Venezuela / Fetal echocardiography: evaluation and results in a perinatology unit: Universidad de Los Andes Tachira-Venezuela

Exponer los resultados obtenidos en una clínica de Atención Perinatológica, como parte de un programa de pesquisaje entre las 20 y 36 semanas de gestación, de la imagen de 4 cavidades del corazón fetal, con el fin de contribuir al diagnóstico prenatal de las cardiopatías por ultrasonido y a su vez, a mejorar la atención al recién nacido cardiópata y disminuir la mortalidad por esta patología, que en la mayoría de los casos son operables y de buen pronóstico a temprana edad. Se realizó un diseño descriptivo, retrospectivo. Se analizaron los resultados ecográficos realizados en el período comprendido de junio 2002 a junio 2006. Los exámenes fueron realizados utilizando los planos de sección tradicional de la ecocardiografía y los modos M, B, y Doppler, con un equipo de la marca Medison Gaia 9000 con transductor 3,5 megahertz. Se estudiaron 526 gestantes entre las 20 y 36 semanas de gestación y se les realizó 544 ecocardiografías fetales. Se evaluó la concordancia entre la ecocardiografía prenatal y posnatal en los casos positivos. De los 544 estudios realizados durante el período 2002-2006, 457 fueron normales y se diagnosticaron en 87, anormalidades tales como: masas ecorrefringentes (14,59 por ciento); foramen ovale amplio (8,05 por ciento); velocimetría umbilical anormal (18,39 por ciento); derrame pericárdico (6,9 por ciento); hidrops fetalis (1,15 por ciento); alteración del ritmo (18,39 por ciento); dilatación ventricular derecha (5,74 por ciento); dextrocardia(1,15 por ciento); hipertrofia del septum interventricular (18,39 por ciento); cardiopatías (6,9 por ciento). Las cardiopatías encontradas fueron: ventrículo único 1; defecto de septación atrioventricular 1; comunicación interventricular 2; estenosis pulmonar critica 1; drenaje anómalo pulmonar total (DAPT)1; representando el 6,9 por ciento de los casos positivos (6/87) y el 1,10 por ciento (6/544) del total de ecocardiografías fetales realizadas.

To present the results obtained in a perinatologyc attention clinic as a part a search program between the 20th and 36th weeks of gestation, from the image of 4 heart cavities in order to help in the prenatal diagnose of prenatal cardiopaties through ultrasound and at the same time improve the attention to the cardiopat newborn and decrease mortality caused by this illness which, in mostcases, are manageable by surgery and offer a well prognosisat a short age. A descriptive design in retrospect was carried out. The echographyc results carried outin the period comprised between June 2002 to June 2006 were analyzed. The exams were done using the echocardiography traditional section blueprints and the M.B. and Doppler modes, with equipment brand Medison Gaia 9000 with transductor 3.5 megahertz. The studies were conducted on 526 gestants between the 20th and 36th weeks of gestation and they were carried out 544 fetal echocardiographies. The concordance between pre and postnatal echocardiographies in positive cases was evaluated. Out of the 544 studies carried out during the period 2002-2006, 457 were normal and 87 were diagnosed abnormalities such as: ecorefringent masses (14,59%); ample foramen ovale (8,05 %); abnormal umbilical speedometry (18,39%); pericardic overflow (6,9%); hidrops fetalis (1.15%); rhythm alteration (18,39%); right ventricular expansion (5,74%); dextrocardia (1,15%); interventricular septum hypertrophy (18,39%); cardiopathies (6,9%). The cardiopathies found were: Single ventricle1: atrioventricular septation defect 1; Interventricular communication 2; Critical lung stenosis 1; Total lung anomalous drainage 1; representing 6,9% of positive cases (6/87) and 1,10% (6/544) out of the total of fetal echocardiographies carried out. Other analyzed data were the gestant age which was located between the 20th and 36th weeks (533/544) and the ethereal grouping between 26 and 35 years (355/544). There were found 153 patients.

Abnormal humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in pediatric type-1 human immunodeficiency virus infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy

Given that highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) has been demonstrated useful to restore immune competence in type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1)-infected subjects, we evaluated the specific antibody response to influenza vaccine in a cohort of HIV-1-infected children on HAART so as to analyze the quality of this immune response in patients under antiretroviral therapy. Sixteen HIV-1-infected children and 10 HIV-1 seronegative controls were immunized with a commercially available trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine containing the strains A/H1N1, A/H3N2, and B. Serum hemagglutinin inhibition (HI) antibody titers were determined for the three viral strains at the time of vaccination and 1 month later. Immunization induced a significantly increased humoral response against the three influenza virus strains in controls, and only against A/H3N2 in HIV-1-infected children. The comparison of post-vaccination HI titers between HIV-1+ patients and HIV-1 negative controls showed significantly higher HI titers against the three strains in controls. In addition, post vaccination protective HI titers (defined as equal to or higher than 1:40) against the strains A/H3N2 and B were observed in a lower proportion of HIV-1+ children than in controls, while a similar proportion of individuals from each group achieved protective HI titers against the A/H1N1 strain. The CD4+ T cell count, CD4/CD8 T cells ratio, and serum viral load were not affected by influenza virus vaccination when pre- vs post-vaccination values were compared. These findings suggest that despite the fact that HAART is efficient in controlling HIV-1 replication and in increasing CD4+ T cell count in HIV-1-infected children, restoration of immune competence and response to cognate antigens remain incomplete, indicating that additional therapeutic strategies are required to achieve a full reconstitution of immune functions.

Clinical Value of 64-slice Spiral CT in the Diagnosis of Congenital Cardiopathy / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To explore the clinical value of 64-slice spiral CT in the diagnosis of congenital cardiopathy.Methods 64-slice spiral CT angiographic date of 20 cases with congenital cardiopathy were analyzed retrospectively in comparison with the ECG and surgical results.Results 4 cases of atrial septal defect,6 cases of ventricular septal defect,7 cases of tetralogy of Fallots,2 cases of patent ductus arteriosus,1 case of right cardiac ventricle double exit in company with ventricular septal defect,1 case of coarctation of aorta and 1 case of interruption of aortic arch were showed by 64-slice spiral CT angiography.Six cases were showed having abnormal coronary artery.Pulmonary arteries of 7 cases were showed straitness in some extent.One atrial septal defect(3 mm) and one ventricular septal defect(2 mm) were missed.The accuracy of diagnosis is 90.00%.Conclusion 64-slice spiral CT heart angiography is an important examination in diagnosing congenital cardiopathy.