Comparative study of fine needle aspiration cytology and tru-cut biopsy in the diagnosis of breast lesions

Background: Breast carcinoma is one of the most researched cancers across the world. FNAC is often used as a first priority investigation in patients with breast lump. Tru-cut biopsy is useful in preoperative knowledge of prognostic parameters with the help of IHC markers ER, PR, Her2 neu. The technique is reliable, simple and reproducible which can be used even in resource poor countries like India. To analyze the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive values and negative predictive values and the diagnostic accuracy (efficacy) of fine needle aspiration cytology and trucut biopsy. Methods: The study included 82 patients presenting with palpable breast lesions. All patients underwent FNAC followed by Tru-cut biopsy under ultrasound guidance. ER, PR, HER2 Neu, cytokeratin immunostaining was done in malignant cases. The data collected analysed statistically. Results: The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, NPV of FNAC were 96.61 %, 95.65 %, 98.28%, 90.91% respectively and that of trucut biopsy were 100%, 100%, 100%, and 100 % respectively. Conclusions: Out of total 82 patients, maximum no of cases (57) were duct carcinoma accounting 69.50% on FNAC and Tru-cut biopsy. IHC was done in all carcinomas. Maximum (46 cases) were luminal type. The present study emphasizes that tru-cut biopsy can serve as confirmative diagnostic tool over FNAC and provides information regarding prognostic factors and treatment modalities based on IHC markers.

Best Practice Guidelines for Breast Imaging, Breast Imaging Society, India: Part—2

Breast imaging is a prerequisite for providing high quality breast health care. Choosing the appropriate investigation is central to diagnosing breast disease in patients who present to health professionals for treatment. These patients present to doctors of different subspecialties as well as to general practitioners in our country. It is important, therefore, to provide uniform guidance to doctors in different healthcare setups of our country, urban and rural, government and private, for optimal management of breast diseases. These guidelines framed by the task group set up by the Breast Imaging Society, India, have been formulated focusing primarily on the Indian patients and health care infrastructures. They aim to provide a framework for the referring doctors and practicing radiologists to enable them to choose the appropriate investigation for patients with breast symptoms and signs. The aim has been to keep this framework simple and practical so that it can guide not only subspecialists in breast care but also help doctors who do not routinely deal with breast diseases, so that breast cancer is not missed. Overall, the aim of this document is to provide a holistic approach to standardize breast care imaging services in India. Part 2 of these guidelines focuses on the best practice principles for breast interventions and provides algorithms for the investigation of specific common breast symptoms and signs. Ultrasound is the preferred imaging modality for image-guided breast interventions due to real-time needle visualization, easy availability, patient comfort and absence of radiation. Stereotactic mammography guided procedures are performed if the lesion is visualized on mammography but not visualized on ultrasound. 14-gauge automated core biopsy device is preferred for breast biopsies although vacuum assisted biopsy devices are useful for biopsy of certain abnormalities as well as for imaging guided excision of some pathologies. MRI guided biopsy is reserved for suspicious lesions seen only on MRI. Algorithms for investigation of patients presenting with mastalgia, breast lumps, suspicious nipple discharge, infections and inflammation of the breast have been provided. For early breast cancers routine use of investigations to detect occult distant metastasis is not advised. Metastatic work up for advanced breast cancer is required for selection of appropriate treatment options.

Imaging and pathological discordance amongst the plethora of breast lesions in breast biopsies

Introduction: Imaging-guided breast tissue biopsy has become an acceptable alternative to open surgical biopsy for nonpalpable breast lesions. Discussion of abnormal results of the correlation between imaging and pathological findings can be very challenging as it can assist in decision-making with regard to the further treatment options by arriving at a comprehensive diagnosis. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective study. Radiological data from imaging-guided breast biopsies of 500 patients during a 6-year period was collected and classified by a specialist radiologist as per the BI-RADS format. Histopathology reports were studied and discordance analyzed. Results: A total of 500 cases were reviewed. Approximately 33% (168) cases fell into the BI-RADS 3 category, 24.4% (122) into the BI-RADS 4, and 37% (187) into BI-RADS 5 categories. Approximately 50% (n = 250) cases were benign, 2.6% (13) belonged to the high-risk category, and 47.4% (237) were malignant. The number of discordant cases was 12 (2.4%), mostly due to technical factors. Sensitivity of biopsies to detect malignancy was 85%, specificity was 96%, and accuracy of biopsy in diagnosing cancer was 90%. Discussion: The "triple assessment" is the most sensitive method for detecting early breast cancer. An effective communication pathway must be established between a clinician, radiologist, and pathologist for surgical excision in discordance as it carries a high prevalence of carcinoma in these lesions. Conclusion: In discordant cases, either due to abnormal results of imaging or of abnormal pathological findings, the final decision is based on two concordant findings, out of the three parameters. This involves a multidisciplinary breast conference and an active participation by the pathologist.

Our Experience with CT Guided Lung FNAC/ Biopsy

Introduction: CT guided lung FNAC/Biopsy is beingincreasingly used for the tissue diagnosis of lung lesions. CTis the safest and most accurate method of biopsying centrallesions and lesions adjacent to or involving the hila andmediastinal structures. This study was aimed at evaluatingthe frequency of complications following CT – guided lungBiopsy/FNACMaterial and methods: This was a retrospective study. 53CT guided procedures performed during the year 2016 wereincluded in the study. All the patients had a CT examination ofthe chest (plain and contrast) done before the guided procedurewhich was used as a road map. CT examination was doneon a Siemens somatom 148 slice scanner. In some patientstable dose oral contrast was also given done to delineate theoesophagus.Results: The incidence of pneumothorax was 1.06% i.e. only1 patient out of 53 had minimal pneumothorax which wastreated conservatively.Conclusion: CT guided lung FNAC/Biopsy is a safeprocedure if done in expert hands with a multi-disciplinaryteam approach. Complications can be minimised by carefulselection of the patient... considering the site and size oflesion; associated lung conditions etc

Comparison of the Diagnostic Yield of the Standard 22-Gauge Needle and the New 20-Gauge Forward-Bevel Core Biopsy Needle for Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Tissue Acquisition from Pancreatic Lesions

BACKGROUND/AIMS: To compare the diagnostic yield of 20-gauge forward-bevel core biopsy needle (CBN) and 22-gauge needle for endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided fine needle aspiration (FNA) of solid pancreatic masses. METHODS: The use of 20-gauge CBN was prospectively evaluated for 50 patients who underwent EUS-FNA from June 2016 to December 2016. Data were compared with those obtained by a retrospective study of 50 consecutive patients who underwent EUS-FNA using standard 22-gauge needles between December 2016 and April 2017. At least two punctures were performed for each patient; the sample from the first pass was used for cytology with or without histology and that from the second pass was used for histology. Sample quantity was evaluated using the sample obtained from the second pass. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in the diagnostic accuracy rate between the first and second passes (20-gauge CBN: 96% [48/50]; standard 22-gauge needle: 88% [44/50]). Samples >10× power fields in length were obtained from 90% (43/48) and 60% (30/50) of patients using the 20-gauge CBN and standard 22-gauge needle, respectively (p=0.01). Technical failure occurred for two patients with the 20-gauge CBN. CONCLUSIONS: Diagnostic accuracy of the 20-gauge CBN was comparable to that of the 22-gauge needle. However, two passes with the 20-gauge CBN yielded a correct diagnosis for 100% of patients when technically feasible. Moreover, the 20-gauge CBN yielded core tissue for 90% patients, which was a performance superior to that of the 22-gauge needle.

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma in breast: case report / Linfoma não Hodgkin da mama: relato de caso

e primary breast lymphoma is a rare tumor, accounting for up to 0.5% of breast cancers. Most primary breast lymphoma is presented as non-Hodgkin lymphoma, the B-cells lymphoma is the most common, and Burkitt lymphoma is the most aggressive. We report the case of a 24-year-old female patient, with global, progressive and rapid increase of the right breast during 30 days with reaction to insect bite and progressive weight loss, fatigue, fever and nocturne sweating. An echo-guided core biopsy was held with injury and showed an atypical lymphoid proliferation, suggestive of high-grade non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Immunohistochemistry confirmed non-Hodgkin lymphoma, B immunophenotype, Burkitt type. Also, the diagnosis of HIV infec- tion was performed during hospitalization. Patient started with multidrug chemotherapy scheme and antiretroviral therapy. Burkitt lymphoma is an exceptionally aggressive subtype and can a ect the central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract, and treatment consists of chemothe- rapy with multiple agents as soon as possible. Radiotherapy has no function in the Burkitt type cases, even in case of only local disease.

O linfoma primário de mama é um tumor raro que corresponde a cerca de 0,5% de todos os cânceres de mama. A maioria dos linfomas primários de mama apresenta-se como linfoma não Hodgkin, sendo o mais comum o de células B e o mais agressivo o linfoma de Burkitt. Relatamos o caso de uma paciente feminina, 24 anos, com aumento global, progressivo e rápido da mama direita observado num período de 30 dias, acompanhado de progressiva perda de peso, fadiga, febre e sudorese noturna. Foi realizada biópsia guiada por agulhamento, que identi cou proliferação linfoide atípica, sugestiva de linfoma não Hodgkin de alto grau. A avaliação imuno-histoquímica con rmou o diagnóstico de linfoma não Hodgkin, imunofenótipo B, do tipo Burkitt. O diagnóstico de infecção pelo HIV também foi feito durante a hospitalização. Foi iniciado tratamento com esquema quimioterápico de múltiplas drogas e terapia antirretroviral. O linfoma de Burkitt é um subtipo bastante agressivo e pode afetar o sistema nervoso central e o trato gastrointestinal, e o tratamento consiste em quimioterapia com múltiplos agentes, devendo ser iniciado o mais brevemente possível. A radioterapia não tem papel no tratamento do linfoma de Burkitt, mesmo nos casos de doença localizada.

Practice Pattern of Transthoracic Needle Biopsy: 2016 Survey in the Members of Korean Society of Thoracic Radiology

OBJECTIVE: To assess the current practice patterns of radiologists who perform transthoracic needle biopsy (TNB). MATERIALS AND METHODS: An email survey of 71 questions on TNB was sent to 240 members of the Korean Society of Thoracic Radiology. The answers to multiple-choice questions (n = 56) were analyzed. RESULTS: Of 60 respondents, 45% had 10 or more years of experience in chest radiology, and 70% had 5 or more years of experience in TNB. For the question on the most frequently used diagnostic method for lesions with high probability of being resectable-stage lung cancer, 70% of respondents answered that TNB is initially used, with or without bronchoscopy. In patients at high-risk of TNB-related complications, the proportion of the respondents who consistently declined TNB was only 5%. The number of rebiopsies was said to be increased; molecular analysis for an established target therapy (43.6%) and clinical trial of a new drug (28.2%) were the two most common reasons for it. The most popular needle type was the coaxial cutting needle (55%), and the popular guiding modality was conventional computed tomography (CT) (56.7%). In addition, 15% of respondents have encountered air embolism. CONCLUSION: Despite high variation in how TNB is being performed in Korea, some patterns were noted. It is common for patients with resectable-stage lung cancer to undergo TNB prior to surgery. Rebiopsy is now more common than before, with personalized medicine as the most important reason for it. The most popular type of needle is the coaxial system; the most popular modality for guidance is still CT.

New Radiofrequency Device to Reduce Bleeding after Core Needle Biopsy: Experimental Study in a Porcine Liver Model

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the in vivo efficiency of the biopsy tract radiofrequency ablation for hemostasis after core biopsy of the liver in a porcine liver model, including situations with bleeding tendency and a larger (16-gauge) core needle. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A preliminary study was performed using one pig to determine optimal ablation parameters. For the main experiment, four pigs were assigned to different groups according to heparinization use and biopsy needle caliber. In each pig, 14 control (without tract ablation) and 14 experimental (tract ablation) ultrasound-guided core biopsies were performed using either an 18- or 16-gauge needle. Post-biopsy bleeding amounts were measured by soaking up the blood for five minutes. The results were compared using the Mann-Whitney U test. RESULTS: The optimal parameters for biopsy tract ablation were determined as a 2-cm active tip electrode set at 40-watt with a tip temperature of 70–80℃. The bleeding amounts in all experimental groups were smaller than those in the controls; however they were significant in the non-heparinized pig biopsied with an 18-gauge needle and in two heparinized pigs (p < 0.001). In the heparinized pigs, the mean blood loss in the experimental group was 3.5% and 13.5% of the controls biopsied with an 18- and 16-gauge needle, respectively. CONCLUSION: Radiofrequency ablation of hepatic core biopsy tract ablation may reduce post-biopsy bleeding even under bleeding tendency and using a larger core needle, according to the result from in vivo porcine model experiments.

Mastitis granulomatosa idiopática: 10 años de experiencia en el Centro de Imagenología del Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile / Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis: 10 years of experience at the Imaging Center of the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile

La mastitis granulomatosa idiopática es una patología inflamatoria de la mama poco frecuente, de etiología desconocida. Dado su forma de presentación clínica e imágenes puede simular tanto patología infecciosa como neoplásica, por lo que es importante sospecharla con el fin de realizar un diagnóstico adecuado y oportuno. La mayoría de los reportes en la literatura sobre esta patología corresponden a series de pocos casos. En este estudio se realizó un análisis retrospectivo de los aspectos clínicos, histopatológicos, ima-genológicos y de manejo de 36 casos diagnosticados mediante biopsia Core bajo ecografía en el Hospital Clínico de la Universidad de Chile entre los años 2004 y 2014. En este reporte, al igual que en la literatura, los hallazgos clínicos e imagenológicos de la mastitis granulomatosa se superponen con los de la patología maligna e infecciosa. Si bien no observamos hallazgos patognomónicos, existen signos que hacen sospechar esta patología. En nuestro estudio encontramos que la presentación clínica más frecuente fue la masa o nódulo palpable, seguida de fístulas a la piel y engrosamiento cutáneo. Imagenológicamente el hallazgo mamográfico más frecuente fue la asimetría y en ecografía fue el área irregular con extensiones tubulares hipoecogénicas. Se revisan además aspectos histológicos, fisiopatológicos y del manejo de esta patología.

Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis is an infrequent inflammatory disease of the breast, with etiology still unknown. Clinical presentation and images can simulate both infectious and neoplastic disease so it's important to suspect it to make a proper and timely diagnosis. Most reports in the literature on this topic correspond to small case series. This study is a retrospective analysis of the clinical, histopathological and imaging features and its management of 36 cases diagnosed by core biopsy under ultrasound at the Clinical Hospital of the University of Chile between 2004 and 2014. In this report, as in the literature, clinical and imaging findings in idiopathic granulomatous mastitis overlap with malignant and infectious diseases. Although we observed no pathognomonic findings, there are signs that make you suspect this condition. In our study we found that the most common clinical presentation was a palpable mass or nodule, followed by cutaneous fistula. Radiologically the most common mammographic finding was lobulated or irregular area and in ultrasound the most frecuent is the distorted breast parenchyma with posterior acoustic shadowing. Histological, pathophysiological and management aspects of this pathology was also reviewed.

A Review of Inflammatory Processes of the Breast with a Focus on Diagnosis in Core Biopsy Samples

Inflammatory and reactive lesions of the breast are relatively uncommon among benign breast lesions and can be the source of an abnormality on imaging. Such lesions can simulate a malignant process, based on both clinical and radiographic findings, and core biopsy is often performed to rule out malignancy. Furthermore, some inflammatory processes can mimic carcinoma or other malignancy microscopically, and vice versa. Diagnostic difficulty may arise due to the small and fragmented sample of a core biopsy. This review will focus on the pertinent clinical, radiographic, and histopathologic features of the more commonly encountered inflammatory lesions of the breast that can be characterized in a core biopsy sample. These include fat necrosis, mammary duct ectasia, granulomatous lobular mastitis, diabetic mastopathy, and abscess. The microscopic differential diagnoses for these lesions when seen in a core biopsy sample will be discussed.

Comparison on the use of semi-automated and automated core biopsy needle in ultrasound guided breast biopsy

Objective: The aim of this study was to compare the use of semi-automated (Medax Velox 2; Poggio Rusco, Italy) and automated (Bard Magnum Biopsy Instrument; Covington, GA, USA) core biopsy needles, for ultrasound guided breast biopsy. Materials and Methods: A 14G semi-automatic spring loaded core biopsy needle with a 22-mm-throw (Medax Velox 2; Poggio Rusco, Italy) and 14-gauge automated needle device with a 22-mm-throw biopsy gun (Bard-Magnum Biopsy Instrument, Covington, GA, USA) were used for breast biopsies under ultrasound guidance on alternate months during the study period between July 2009 and May 2011. One hundred and sixty lesions were biopsied and specimens were sent for histological evaluation. Results: The automated needle obtained a higher number of histology reports at 84% (67/80) as compared with the semiautomated needle at 60% (48/80) (Fisher exact test, p value=0.023). Inadequate samples with the automated needle were much less at 9% (7/60) than with the semiautomated needle at 23% (18/60) (Fisher exact test, p value=0.028). The semi-automated needle showed slightly less fragmented samples. However, the number of fragmented samples with definitive diagnosis was slightly higher with the automated compared with the semiautomated needle, at 16% (13/80) and 13% (10/80) respectively. Compared with histology of 29 lesions that were excised, the semi-automated needle had higher sensitivity (100%) but lower specificity (75%) and accuracy (90%) compared with the automated needle (88% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 95% accuracy). Conclusion: Definitive diagnosis from the study samples slightly favours the use of automated core biopsy needle as compared to semi-automated core biopsy needle.

Fine-Needle Biopsy: Should This Be the First Choice in Endoscopic Ultrasound-Guided Tissue Acquisition?

Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS)-guided tissue acquisition is an indispensable technique for the diagnosis of many diseases of the gastrointestinal tract and adjacent structures. EUS-guided fine-needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is known for its high accuracy and low complication rate. However, the outcome of EUS-FNA highly depends on several factors such as the location and characteristics of the lesion, endosonographer's experience, technique of sampling and sample preparation, type and size of the needle used, and presence of a cytopathologist for rapid on-site examination. EUS-guided fine-needle biopsy is useful to obtain core tissue samples with relatively fewer passes. Aspiration of core tissue with preserved architecture is beneficial for the diagnosis of certain diseases and the performance of ancillary testing such as tumor molecular profiling. Issues related to needle size, type, and their acquired samples for cytologic and histologic evaluation are discussed here.

Analysis of 278 breast biopsy cases guided by mammography / 肿瘤研究与临床

Objective To analyze 278 breast biopsy cases guided by mammography and find the characteristic of the most suitable cases.Methods The initial diagnosis of breast cancer of 278 cases were divided into mass type (197 cases) and non-mass type (81 cases) according to the imaging features,the biopsy was performed in 14G core needle guided by mammography and contrasted to paraffin pathology of post operation.Results The cases of biopsy conformed by paraffin pathology were 260,accuracy rate is 93.52 ％(260/278).192 cases were diagnosed pathologically in 197 cases of mass type,and 68 cases in 81 cases of non-mass type.The accuracy rates were 97.46 ％ (192/197) and 83.95 ％ (68/81) respectively.Conclusion The mass type with clinical and imaging features is suited for biopsy.To avoid missed diagnosis,it is important to frozen during operation for the cases with the negative result in non-mass type.

Concordância entre core biopsy e exame anatomopatológico da peça cirúrgica em pacientes com câncer de mama / Concordance between core biopsy and anatomopathological examination of surgical specimen in patients with breast cancer

INTRODUÇÃO: A core biopsy (CB) tem ganhado espaço cada vez mais importante no diagnóstico e no manejo do câncer de mama devido a seu baixo custo e alta acurácia. Entretanto, devemos nos perguntar se esse método realmente é adequado para a caracterização do tipo histológico e do grau de diferenciação tumoral, uma vez que a região biopsiada pode não ser representativa do tumor como um todo. OBJETIVO: Avaliar a concordância entre o anatomopatológico da biópsia e o encontrado na peça cirúrgica. MATERIAL E MÉTODOS: Realizamos um estudo retrospectivo envolvendo todos os pacientes com câncer de mama submetidos à mastectomia radical modificada ou à quadrantectomia em nosso serviço, entre janeiro de 2007 a dezembro 2009, analisando a taxa de concordância entre o resultado da CB do tumor de mama e o anatomopatológico da peça cirúrgica. Estudamos como variáveis o tipo histológico e o grau de diferenciação tumoral e de invasão linfovascular. RESULTADOS: Os resultados mostraram taxa de concordância para tipo histológico de 76 por cento entre os métodos. Já a concordância para o grau tumoral foi de 50 por cento, observando-se uma tendência da CB a subestimar o grau. Em relação à presença de invasão linfovascular, ocorreram 62,09 por cento de concordância, sendo 100 por cento seu valor preditivo positivo (VPP), mas com baixa sensibilidade (29 por cento). CONCLUSÃO: Esses achados sugerem que a CB seja o método adequado para o diagnóstico histológico do câncer de mama, porém apresenta alta taxa de discordância para grau tumoral e invasão linfovascular com o exame anatomopatológico da peça cirúrgica, tendendo a subestimar a agressividade do tumor.

INTRODUCTION: Core biopsy (CB) has increasingly gained importance in the diagnosis and management of breast cancer due to its cost effectiveness and high accuracy. However, it is debatable whether this method is particularly suitable for the characterization of histological type and tumor differentiation, since the biopsied region may not be representative of the tumor as a whole. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the concordance between the biopsy and the surgical specimen anatomopathological findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We carried out a retrospective study involving all patients with breast cancer undergoing modified radical mastectomy or quadrantectomy in our service from January 2007 to December 2009, thus analyzing the concordance rate between the results of breast tumor CB and surgical specimen anatomopathology. Histological type, tumor differentiation grade and lymphovascular invasion were assessed as variables. RESULTS: The results show a concordance rate of 76 percent for the histological type between both methods. As to tumor grade, concordance rate was 50 percent, in which CB was prone to underestimate grade. Regarding the presence of lymphovascular invasion, the concordance was 62.09 percent, with 100 percent positive predictive value but low sensitivity (29 percent). CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that CB is a suitable method for histological diagnosis of breast cancer, although it has a high discordance rate for tumor grade and lymphovascular invasion in comparison with specimen anatomopathologic exam, tending to underestimate tumor aggressiveness.

Evaluación de la subestimación diagnóstica e incidencia en nódulos mamarios BI-RADS 3, 4 y 5 estudiadas mediante biopsia-core guiada por ecografía / Evaluation of diagnostic underestimation and incidence in BI-RADS 3, 4 and 5 nodules studied by ultrasound- guided core biopsy.

Objetivos. Determinar retrospectivamente el índice de falsos negativos y el grado de subestimación de la punción con aguja gruesa eco-guiada de nódulos mamarios. Establecer la incidencia de las diferentes lesiones que se manifiestan como nódulos mamarios. Materiales y Métodos. Se estudiaron las punciones de nódulos mamarios desde enero del 2000 a septiembre del 2010. Las mismas fueron realizadas por un radiólogo con 10 años de experiencia y se utilizaron agujas de corte de 14-gauge y 10 cm de longitud. Para la guía ecográfica se usaron dos ecógrafos con transductores lineales de 5-12 MHz. Se punzaron lesiones de moderada y alta sospecha de malignidad (BI-RADS 4 y 5) y algunas lesiones probablemente benignas (BI-RADS 3). Se correlacionaron los hallazgos histológicos de la punción y de la cirugía para cada lesión. A los casos con resultado benigno que no fueron operados se les realizó un seguimiento clínico de entre uno y diez años. Resultados. Se realizaron 190 punciones. El índice de falsos negativos fue del 3%, la sensibilidad de 95% y la especificidad de 100% (VPP de 100% y VPN de 95%). Discusión. Hubo coincidencia entre los resultados de las punciones y la cirugía en un 94%. El índice de falsos negativos es aceptable en comparación con otros reportes donde varía entre 0 y 8%. Conclusiones. Este estudio indica que la punción con aguja de corte eco-guiada es un método válido, con alto grado de precisión y bajo índice de subestimación y falsos negativos para el diagnóstico de nódulos mamarios malignos y benignos. Esto fue comprobado mediante la escisión quirúrgica y/o el seguimiento clínico- imagenológico de las diferentes lesiones.

Objectives. To retrospectively determine the false negatives rate and the extent of underestimation of ultrasound-guided core biopsy of breast nodules, and to determine the incidence of the various lesions presenting as breast nodules. Materials and Methods. We studied core biopsies of breast nodules from January 2000 to September 2010, performed by a radiologist with 10 years experience in breast imaging, using 14-gauge and 10-cm needles. For ultrasound guidance, two ultrasound machines with a 5-12 MHz linear transducer were used. Biopsied lesions had a moderate or high suspicion of malignancy (BI-RADS 4 and 5) and some were probably benign lesions (BI-RADS 3). Histological findings of core-biopsy were correlated with those of surgery for each lesion. Cases of benign lesions which had not been operated on underwent a 1- to 10-year clinical and radiological follow-up. Results. A total of 190 biopsies were performed. The false negative rate was 3%, sensitivity was 95% and specificity was 100% (PPV 100% and NPV 95%). Discussion. There was 94% consistency between core biopsy results and surgery. The false negative rate is acceptable as compared to other reports, where it ranges from 0 to 8%. Conclusions. This study indicates that ultrasound-guided core biopsy is a valid method, with a high degree of accuracy and a low rate of false negatives and underestimation, in the diagnosis malignant and benign of breast nodules. This has been confirmed by surgical excision and / or clinical and imaging follow-up of different lesions.

Análise dos achados ecográficos em nódulos de hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário diagnosticados por core biópsia / Analyzing the ecographic features of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia masses diagnosed by core biopsy

Objetivos: Descrever os aspectos ecográficos em nódulos de hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário, classificando-os segundo o BI-RADS®. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo, de 2009 a 2010, da base de dados do nosso serviço (UD diagnóstico por imagem) para identificar nódulos evidenciados na ecografia mamária, com diagnóstico histopatológico confirmado de hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário, por meio de core biópsia orientada por ultrassonografia, com agulha de 16 gauge. Foram identificadas 16 pacientes com lesões ecográficas que tinham hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário como diagnóstico. Resultados: O fator determinante para a classificação em categorias 4a e 4b, segundo o léxico BI-RADS® para ultrassonografia, foi as margens não-circunscritas, que estavam presentes em 93,3% das lesões, as demais características ecográficas das lesões foram compatíveis com lesões benignas. Conclusão: Nódulos ecográficos de hiperplasia pseudoangiomatosa do estroma mamário podem apresentar características ecográficas que sejam determinantes para a realização de biópsias, mesmo sabendo-se que esta patologia tem curso tipicamente benigno.

Objectives: To describe the ecographic features of pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia masses, classifying them according to the BI-RADS® lexicon. Methods: A retrospective review was performed during the period from 2009 to 2010, using the database of our service (UD diagnóstico por imagem), in order to find ecographic masses with pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia diagnosis, which were performed with 16-gauge core biopsy ultrasound guided. We identified 16 patients with ecographic masses diagnosed with pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia. Results: The most important finding that changes the classification of the BI-RADS® was noncircumscribed margins, which were foundin 93.3% of the lesions, other ultrasound characteristics found were benign features. Conclusion: Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasiamasses may present ecographic findings that support biopsy indication; although it is known that it is a benign pathology.

Phyllodes Tumors and Fibroepithelial Lesions with Cellular Stroma of the Breast and Diagnosed by Sonographically Guided Core Needle Biopsy: A Comparison Between the Results of Excision Biopsy and the Sonographic Findings

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to analyze the histologic concordance of sonographically guided core needle biopsy for phyllodes tumors or fibroepithelial lesions with cellular stroma of the breast by comparing this with the outcomes of excision biopsy and to identify any sonographic features that are helpful to predict phyllodes tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 60 breast masses that were diagnosed as phyllodes tumors (n = 43) or fibroepithelial lesions with cellular stroma (n = 17) on a sonographically guided core needle biopsy. The tumors were all subsequently excised by surgery. The sonographic features were compared between the phyllodes tumors and the non-phyllodes tumors according to the results of excision biopsy. RESULTS: By the results on excision biopsy, there were 48 (80%) phyllodes tumors and 12 (20%) non-phyllodes tumors. Phyllodes tumors were diagnosed at a rate of 90.7% (39/43) for the nodules with phyllodes tumors on the sonographically guided core needle biopsy, and at a rate of 52.9% (9/17) for the nodules with fibroepithelial lesions with cellular stroma on the sonographically guided core needle biopsy. On sonography, heterogeneous internal echotexture (58% vs. 17%, respectively, p = 0.0239), clefts (56% vs. 17%, respectively, p = 0.0331) and horizontal linear striations (71% vs. 33%, respectively, p = 0.0221) were significantly more frequent in the phyllodes tumors than that in the non-phyllodes tumors. CONCLUSION: Identification of a heterogeneous-internal echotexture, clefts and horizontal linear striations on sonography might help differentiate phyllodes tumors from non-phyllodes tumors.

Carcinoma mucinoso invasor da mama e seus diagnósticos diferenciais em biópsia por agulha grossa: revisão da literatura / Mucinous invasive carcinoma of the breast and its differential diagnosis by core biopsy: review of the literature

A biópsia por agulha grossa (BAG), ou core biopsy, é uma técnica utilizada para retirar pequenos cilindros de tecido mamário. Além de lesões palpáveis, o desenvolvimento de técnicas radiológicas acuradas de localização de lesões mamárias difundiu o uso da BAG como primeira abordagem histológica de lesões não palpáveis. O diagnóstico diferencial do carcinoma mucinoso com lesões mucinosas benignas por BAG pode ser desafiador, principalmente se a lesão apresentar extravasamento de mucina. A acurácia do diagnóstico nesses casos é de extrema relevância para determinar o tipo de procedimento a ser realizado e o tratamento a ser seguido. Este estudo traz revisão e atualização da literatura sobre carcinoma mucinoso invasor da mama e seus diagnósticos diferenciais, com ênfase nos desafios para diagnóstico por intermédio da BAG. Entre os diagnósticos diferenciais estão alterações fibrocísticas com mucina luminal, lesões mucinosas papilares e mucocele-símile (que variam desde as benignas até aquelas associadas a hiperplasia ductal atípica e carcinoma ductal in situ). Alterações mucinosas também podem ser encontradas em uma variedade de lesões, como fibroadenoma e tumor phyllodes, adenoma pleomórfico e mucinose nodular. Conclui-se que a BAG é uma técnica confiável para diagnóstico de carcinoma mucinoso da mama e seus diagnósticos diferenciais, porém, em casos de dúvida ou de escassez de material, é prudente realizar biópsia excisional para melhor esclarecimento do diagnóstico.

The needle core biopsy is a technique applied to remove small cylinders of breast tissue. The development of accurate radiological techniques for location of breast lesions has spread the use of core biopsy as the first histological approach to non-palpable lesions. The differential diagnosis of mucinous carcinoma and benign mucinous lesions by core biopsy may be challenging, mainly when the lesion shows mucin extravasation. The accuracy of diagnosis in these cases is extremely important to determine the type of procedure to be performed, as well as the treatment choice. This study shows a review and an update of the literature as to invasive mucinous carcinoma of the breast and its differential diagnosis, with emphasis on the challenges of diagnosis by core biopsy. Among the differential diagnoses are fibrocystic changes with luminal mucin, mucinous papillary lesions, mucocele-like lesions that range from benign to those associated with atypical ductal hyperplasia and ductal carcinoma in situ. Mucinous changes may also be found in a variety of lesions such as fibroadenoma, phyllodes tumor, pleomorphic adenoma and nodular mucinosis. In conclusion, core biopsy is a reliable technique for the diagnosis of mucinous carcinoma of the breast and its differential diagnosis, however, in doubtful cases or when the sample is scarce, it is advisable to perform an excisional biopsy to clarify the diagnosis.

Core biopsy no diagnóstico das lesões mamárias impalpáveis na categoria mamográfica BI-RADS® 5 / Core biopsy in nonpalpable BI-RADS® 5 breast lesions

INTRODUÇÃO E OBJETIVOS: Determinar a associação entre alterações mamográficas classificadas na categoria BI-RADS® 5 (lesões altamente suspeitas de malignidade) e diagnóstico histopatológico em material obtido por core biopsy estereotáxica e estabelecer o valor preditivo positivo dessa categoria mamográfica para o diagnóstico de câncer. MÉTODOS: Por meio de estudo retrospectivo, transversal, analítico, de comparação entre métodos diagnósticos, foram analisadas 70 core biopsies de lesões mamárias impalpáveis, classificadas como BI-RADS® 5, de 70 pacientes, atendidas em serviços privados de Anatomia Patológica e Radiologia em Recife, Brasil, entre 2001 e 2006. RESULTADOS: Foram mais acometidos: sexo feminino (97,1 por cento), mama esquerda (60 por cento) e quadrante superior externo (62,9 por cento). Os nódulos irregulares espiculados constituíram 70 por cento da amostra e as microcalcificações estavam presentes em 44,3 por cento. O número médio de fragmentos obtidos foi 6 ± 2. Os diagnósticos histopatológicos foram: carcinoma (59 casos; 84,3 por cento); lesões benignas (sete casos; 10 por cento) e hiperplasia ductal atípica ou lesão suspeita de malignidade (quatro casos; 5,7 por cento). Os nódulos irregulares espiculados corresponderam significantemente a carcinoma invasivo (p = 0,005). O carcinoma ductal in situ (CDIS) padrão comedônico puro associou-se mais frequentemente às microcalcificações na histologia. Os valores preditivos positivos foram: 84,3 por cento para a categoria mamográfica BI-RADS® 5 como um todo; 100 por cento para nódulo irregular espiculado com microcalcificações; 87,8 por cento para nódulo irregular espiculado com ou sem microcalcificações; 84,2 por cento para nódulo irregular espiculado sem microcalcificações; e 75 por cento para microcalcificações sem nódulos. CONCLUSÃO: Lesões mamárias impalpáveis da categoria mamográfica BI-RADS® 5 são de alto valor preditivo para carcinoma, particularmente os nódulos irregulares ...

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: To determine the association between mammographic alterations classified as BI-RADS® 5 category (lesions highly suggestive of malignancy) and the corresponding histopathological diagnoses of samples obtained by stereotactic core biopsy; to establish the positive predictive value of this mammographic category for the diagnosis of cancer. METHODS: By means of retrospective cross sectional analytical study comparing diagnostic methods, we investigated seventy stereotactic core biopsies of nonpalpable breast lesions classified as BI-RADS® 5 from 70 patients seen at private Anatomic Pathology and Radiology services in Recife (Pernambuco state, Brazil) from 2001 to 2006. RESULTS: Female patients (97.1 percent) were predominantly affected. The left breast (60 percent) and upper outer quadrant (62.9 percent) were more commonly involved. Irregular spiculated nodules corresponded to 70 percent of the cases, and microcalcifications to 44.3 percent. The mean number of core fragments was 6 ± 2. The histopathological diagnoses were: carcinoma (59 cases; 84.3 percent), benign lesions (seven cases; 10 percent) and atypical ductal hyperplasia or lesion suspected of malignancy (four cases; 5.7 percent). Invasive carcinoma was significantly associated with irregular spiculated nodules (p = 0.005). Pure comedo DCIS was more frequently associated with microcalcifications on histology. The positive predictive values were: 84.3 percent for BI-RADS® 5 category as a whole, 100 percent for irregular spiculated nodules with microcalcifications, 87.8 percent for irregular spiculated nodules with or without calcifications, 84.2 percent for irregular spiculated nodules without microcalcifications and 75 percent for microcalcifications without nodes. CONCLUSION: Breast lesions classified as BI-RADS® 5 have a high positive predictive value for carcinoma, particularly irregular spiculated nodules with microcalcifications.

Correlation between Gleason scores of prostatic biopsies and radical prostatectomy specimens.

Objective: The incidence of prostatic adenocarcinoma in Thailand has been increasing since 1989. Increased public awareness may have contributed to early detection of the disease. Findings of abnormal digital examination, elevated serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level and abnormal transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS) lead to more multiple core biopsies. The Gleason grading system is the most common histologic grading of prostate carcinoma as approved by the World Health Organization. The Gleason score, one of the prognostic predictors, thus plays an important part in the therapeutic decision. The correlation between Gleason scores in biopsies and subsequent prostatectomy specimens is the main purpose of this study. Associations of Gleason scores with organ confinement, perineural invasion and serum PSA levels before prostatectomy were also studied. Methods: The specimens from 100 patients, who underwent TRUS core biopsy and subsequent prostatectomy between January 2001 and June 2004, were included. Results: Gleason grade concordance was found in 35 cases. In TRUS core biopsy, 35, 9, and 1 cases were 1, 2, and 3 scores undergraded, respectively. Thirteen and 7 cases were 1 and 2 scores overgraded, respectively. Eighty three percent show a difference of not more than 1 score. Conclusion: We concluded that the Gleason scoring in prostatic biopsy remains a good predictor of the final Gleason grading of the radical prostatectomy specimen. However, the urologists and radiotherapists should keep in mind that undergrading and overgrading in TRUS core biopsies are both possible.