RESUMEN
Climate change impacts are global, countries like India are particularly vulnerable due to their large populations and heavy reliance on agriculture. Climate change has substantial economic effects on agriculture, including shifts in productivity, crop patterns, profitability, prices, supply, and trade. Adaptation involves measures to adjust to present or anticipated future conditions, differing from mitigation, which focuses on risk reduction. This study focused on adoption rates and influencing factors for climate change adaptation measures in Maharashtra's Vidarbha region. Data from 120 farmers in Chandrapur district showed that over 50% implemented strategies like crop diversification, land fallowing, well installation, integrated fertilization, and agroforestry. These choices were influenced by local conditions and socioeconomic factors, with a positive connection to climate awareness, land size, weather information access, cropping practices, institutional support, and assets. Notably, awareness, land size, cropping patterns, and institutional support significantly affected farmers' adaptation levels.
RESUMEN
Wetland ecosystems are the most diverse and productive ecosystems on Earth and include marshes, lakes, rivers, flood basins, estuarine deltas, ponds, rice fields, and marine water areas where the depth at low tide does not exceed 6 m. Tangible and intangible diverse resources and products of wetland functions have historically provided a source of income and livelihood for human beings. The present study investigated the different causes and the perceived indicators of food insecurity among the wetland dwellers, determined the wetland contribution to household food security and assessed the determinants of wetland based income with a view on the adaptive strategies adopted by the households residing around Ranikor, Meghalaya. Data was collected from 70 wetland resource-user households which was analyzed using simple percentage, t-test, regression analysis and Garrett ranking technique. The wetland resources contributed significantly to the household food security in the study area. It was found that climate change and limited labour were the major causes of food insecurity. Factors like household size, agricultural land area and age of the respondent determined the extraction of resources. Moreover, the study revealed crop diversification, re-digging of canal, construction of embankments and poultry rearing as the adaptive measures in the face of climate change having merits. The study recommends the need to design appropriate food production technologies that ensure sustainable use of wetland resources for food security as increasing population coupled with climate change will have drastic impact on the households relying on wetland for food security and income.
RESUMEN
With the application of intensive agricultural techniques, conventional agriculture has been successful in meeting production goals but has also led to the depletion of natural resources. Sustainability in the management of the natural resource base is necessary for ongoing and expanded agricultural output to provide food security for future generations. Over a long period, the traditional tillage practice has led to the destruction of the natural resource base of the land. As a result of its inherent connection to the physical, chemical, and biological aspects of soil, it has led to a significant loss of soil and SOM, which is a crucial component of soil quality. Therefore, a suitable cropping system and land use must be implemented and adopted to ensure food security on a sustainable basis. These measures should be based on principles to prevent land degradation, protect the natural resource base, and improve food and nutritional security through crop diversification and optimal rotation. The one sustainable cropping method that may reverse soil erosion, increase crop output, and improve the socioeconomic status of small landholder farmers is conservation agriculture (CA). Conservation agriculture (CA) is the integrated management of the available natural resources such as soil, water, flora, and fauna, with certain outside inputs to maximize the effectiveness of natural resource utilization. To fulfill the objective of sustainable crop production, an alternative approach known as conservation agriculture has emerged. It represents a significant advance in the direction of sustainable agriculture. This article reviews the emerging concerns due to the continuous adoption of conventional agriculture systems, contrasting features between conventional and conservation agriculture systems, and various principles and practices in conservation agriculture. It also highlights the benefits and limitations of CA and various challenges in the adoption of CA.
RESUMEN
For the assessment of crop diversification in the major tank Ayacut area of the Lower Palar sub-basin in Chengalpattu district of Tamil Nadu, research works were carried out using Sentinel 2 optical data by relating with ground truth data, to identify the crops in pixel-based classification and further classified the crops using Random Forest machine learning algorithms. The total area estimated under crop classification was 15767.97 and 28818.17 ha respectively for the summer seasons of 2018 and 2021. Since, the summer season experiences high crop diversification. The water spread area and water volume of tanks estimated were 612.31 and 1177.89 ha and 6,39,248 and 14,06,056 m3 respectively for 2018 and 2021. The accuracy assessment of ground truth points by confusion matrix reveals an overall classification accuracy of 96.8% (2018) and 94.9 % (2021) with kappa scores of 0.96 and 0.94 respectively. The crop diversification assessments were estimated using the Simpson Index of Diversity and values of 0.63 and 0.68 were accounted for in 2018 and 2021 respectively. The diversified pattern of crops is significantly correlated with tank water availability which increased the cropping area in 2021 as confirmed by the Crop Diversification factor.
RESUMEN
Integração lavoura-pecuária (ILP) se constitui em sistema de produção que alterna, na mesma área, o cultivo de pastagens anuais ou perenes, destinadas à alimentação animal, e culturas destinadas à produção vegetal, sobretudo grãos. O objetivo desta revisão foi discutir os principais fundamentos e as características do sistema ILP na região Sul do Brasil e seus efeitos sobre a qualidade do solo e o rendimento animal e vegetal. A ILP pode proporcionar algumas vantagens para o produtor, tais como maior renda por área, maior diversificação de atividades, menor risco econômico e menor custo de produção. Além disso, pode proporcionar vantagens biológicas, como maior biodiversidade e melhoria da qualidade do solo. Dentre as desvantagens, pode-se relacionar a possibilidade de ocorrência de compactação superficial do solo, em situação de manejo inadequado da pastagem. Para que o sistema ILP tenha êxito, alguns fundamentos devem ser atendidos, como uso de rotação de culturas, do sistema plantio direto e de genótipos de animais e vegetais melhorados, correção da acidez e fertilidade do solo e, principalmente, manejo adequado da pastagem.
Crop-livestock is a production system that succeeds, at the same area, pastures to animal production and vegetal crops, especially cereals. The objective of this work was to discuss the major presuppositions and characteristics of the crop-livestock system in Southern Brazil, and its effects on the soil quality and animal and vegetal yield. This production system can result in some advantages to farmers such as increase of rent per area, higher diversification, decrease of economic hazards and production costs. Moreover, the crop-livestock system can show biological advantages such as biodiversity increase and improved soil quality. Among the disadvantages, it can point out the possibility of superficial soil compaction in inappropriate pasture management. To success of crop-livestock system some presuppositions must be considered, such as crop rotation, use of no-tillage system, correction of soil acidity and fertility, use of improving vegetal and animal genotypes and, mainly, adequate pasture management.