Correlative analysis of agronomic traits and quality of Panax ginseng saponins cultivation in farmland / 中国中药杂志

Cultivated ginseng in the farmland would become the mainly planting mode of Panax ginseng. However,there are relatively few cultivation ginseng varieties for farmland in China. Correlative analysis of qualitity and agronomic traits of P. ginseng cultivation in the farmland could provide a reference for the selection of excellent germplasm and new variety breeding of P. ginseng. In this study,the main index of saponin and agronomic traits of 4-6 years' samples were analyzed by UPLC and measured. The results show that there was significant difference in agronomic indexes of Damaya. The coefficient of variation of the root length( CV = 41. 97%) and fresh weight( CV = 31. 81%) were maximum,and the coefficient of variation of the stems thickness( 16. 72%) and root thickness were minimum. There was a significant correlation between yield and root thickness( P<0. 05). There was significant difference in drug yield of different harvest years( P<0. 05),and the yield of 6-years was 31. 52%-39. 69% higher than 4-years. However,there wasn't significant difference in total ginsenosides between 4 and 6 years old P. ginseng,but there was significant difference in ginseng Rg2,Rc and Rb2( P<0. 05),and the ginsenoside contents of different harvesting years were accorded with the criterion standards of 2015 Chinese Pharmacopoeia. There was no significant correlation between the saponin and the agronomic trait,while there was positive correlation with root thickness( P < 0. 05). Therefore,the stem diameter was positive correlation with yield of P. ginseng. Selection of the stem thickness of seedlings is beneficial to the increase of the yield and breeding of P. ginseng.

Determination of content changes of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2 before and after pulping of mountain cultivated ginseng by HPLC / 中草药

Objective To analyze the content changes of six kinds of ginsenosides Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2 after pulping of mountain cultivated ginseng. Methods The HPLC-UV method was performed on an Innoval ODS-2 chromatographic column (250 mm × 4.6 mm, 5 μm), gradient elution of acetonitrile and water with column temperature 30 ℃, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL/min, and detected at 203 nm with injection volume as 20.0 μL. Results The content of six kinds of ginsenosides Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2 were changed from 0.651, 0.506, 0.363, 0.014, 0.023, 0.031 mg/g to 0.517, 0.413, 0.105, 0.122, 0.214, 0.098 mg/g after pulping of mountain cultivated ginseng. The calibration curve was liner within 2.5-100 mg/L for ginsenoside Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2, respectively, with the correlation r2 > 0.999 5 and perfect precision, stability, and repeatability. The average recoveries ranged from 95% to 105%, and RSD values varied from 1.25% to 3.5%. Conclusion The content of six kinds of ginsenosides Re, Rg1, Rb1, Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2 in mountain cultivated ginseng were changed after the pulping. The content of ginsenoside Re, Rg1, and Rb1 was reduced and rare ginsenoside Rg3, Rh1, and Rh2 was increased by 8.7 times, 9.3 times, and 3.2 times respectively after the pulping. The HPLC method for simultaneous determination of six kinds of ginsenosides has good accuracy and reliability and can provide scientific basis for the quality evaluation of mountain cultivated ginseng pulp.

Research progress in chemical constituents of mountain cultivated ginseng and their identification and evaluation / 中草药

Mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG), also called "Lin-Xia-Shan-Shen", is intentionally seeded and grows in mountainous forest but without any artificial management, which belongs to the herbaceous plants classified in the Araliaceae family and the genus Panax L. MCG has high medicinal value and wide range of pharmacological effects, which had been reported with many kinds of effective components, such as saponins, volatile oil, polysaccharides, protein, and inorganic elements. There is a phenomenon that something regards as real, shoddy, varying of quality in MCG market. Currently, a lot of measures are applied to the identification and evaluation of MCG. This paper summarizes the progress in study on the chemical constituents, the identification and evaluation of MCG, and provides the references for the further development, utilization, and quality control of MCG.

Plant metabolomics approach for age discrimination of mountain cultivated ginseng using UPLC-Q-TOF/MS / 中国中药杂志

Growth year is one of the important factors for the quality of mountain cultivated ginseng (MCG). For age differentiation of MCG, rhizome extracts of ginseng aged from 11 to 15 years were analyzed using a non-targeted approach with ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF/MS)-based on plant metabolomics technique. Multivariate statistical methods such as principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) were used to compare the derived patterns among the samples. The results showed that the chemical constituents of MCG rhizome extracts of ginseng aged from 11 to 15 years were different. The data set was subsequently applied to metabolite selection by variable importance in the projection (VIP) for sophisticated classification with the optimal number of metabolites. The OPLS-DA model of MCG has a high interpretability and predictive capability, which established by selecting metabolites of MCG aged from 11 to 15 years. By this approach, MCG samples aged from 11 to 15 years, which are the most in demand in the Chinese ginseng market, can be precisely differentiated on the basis of selected metabolites. This proposed analytical method is fast, accurate, and reliable for discriminating the growth year of MCG. Moreover, this study supplies a new method for the age discrimination of other Chinese medicinal materials.

Application of metabolomics approach to study of different parts of Mountain Cultivated Ginseng using UHPLC-QTOF/MS / 药学学报

In present study, an ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UHPLC-QTOF/MS)-based plant metabolomics approach was established to investigate the metabolic profiles of the leaves, main root, branch root, and rhizome of Mountain Cultivated Ginseng (MCG). The UHPLC-QTOF/MS data were subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squared discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) to find the potential characteristic components of the four parts of MCG in a quick way. The four different parts could be separated into four different groups of phytochemicals according to the PCA scores. The chemical constituents in four parts of MCG were obviously different. The identities of 81 major peaks that were detected in the four parts of MCG and the potential markers were identified by comparison with the reference compounds or were tentatively assigned by matching the retention time,empirical molecular formula and fragment ions with those of the published compounds of the Panax species. This proposed analytical method is fast, accurate, and reliable for differentiating the different parts of MCG. Moreover, this study supplied a new method for the quality evaluation of other Chinese medicinal materials.

Study on characteristics and microscopic characteristics of wild ginseng, wild ginseng under forest, unimplanted ginseng, and cultivated ginseng / 中草药

Objective: To compare the characteristics and microscopic characteristics of wild ginseng, wild ginseng under forest, unimplanted ginseng, and cultivated ginseng, and meantime to establish the retrieval table of ginseng in different growth modes. Methods: To observe the characteristics of ginseng in different growth modes on rhizomes, adventitious roots, bodies, grains, lateral roots, and fibrous roots, and to study the transverse microscopic characteristics of taproots and fibrous roots. Results: The most important traits of wild ginseng and wild ginseng under forest were column rhizomes, drooping taproots, wire lines, flexible branch beards, and pearl dots. Calcium oxalate crystals of the ginseng main roots and xylems of the fibrous roots showed the increasing trend with the growth of age, but starch granule decreased. So we could distinguish the different growth ages of ginseng. Conclusion: The rhizomes, adventitious roots, grains, main roots, and fibrous roots of wild ginseng, wild ginseng under forest, unimplanted ginseng, and cultivated ginseng have the significant differences.

RAPD Differentiation of wild Ginseng Species / 中成药

Objective: To explore the potentiality of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) technique for the differntiation of wild and cultivated Ginseng.Methods: DNA templated were extracted from wild and cultivated Ginseng of the crude drugs that were identified by morphology, and RAPD technique was applied to produce electrophoresis pattern. Results: Among the 80 primers screened, one was able to generate reproducible band, characteristic RAPD marker band which was unique to each of wild Ginseng samples was identified. Conclusion: The results demonstrated that RAPD marker technique could effectively authenicate wild and cultivated Ginseng samples.