Intervención educativa para perfeccionar la ejecución del Programa de Detección Precoz del Cáncer Bucal

Introducción: las lesiones premalignas y malignas del complejo bucal se incrementan en la población, lo que demanda una correcta ejecución del Programa de Detección Precoz del Cáncer Bucal (PDCB). En el trabajo se exponen las transformaciones en el nivel de conocimientos de pacientes y estomatólogos acerca de las afecciones concernientes al PDCB para perfeccionar su ejecución. Método: se realizó una intervención educativa en el área de salud Julio Antonio Mella del municipio Camagüey desde mayo de 2022 hasta junio de 2023, con la participación de 36 pacientes y 30 estomatólogos. Las fuentes de información fueron la historia clínica, un cuestionario y una prueba de entrada y salida, aplicados a pacientes y estomatólogos respectivamente, antes y después de la intervención; para constatar las transformaciones. Resultados: antes de la intervención los pacientes estaban mal informados sobre las consecuencias nocivas de hábitos tóxicos, higiénicos y dietéticos, así como desconocimiento de la importancia del correcto autoexamen bucal; los que alcanzaron en su mayoría un alto nivel de conocimientos con la intervención. Los estomatólogos mejoraron sus conocimientos sobre diagnóstico y seguimiento de lesiones pre malignas y malignas del complejo maxilofacial. Discusión: la adecuada ejecución del PDCB descansa tanto en pacientes como en estomatólogos y aunque las investigaciones se enfocan a los primeros por los beneficios reportados; la superación de posgrado constituye una vía para sistematizar conocimientos y fortalecer competencias profesionales que impacten de manera positiva en el PDCB. La intervención educativa se considera satisfactoria al elevar el nivel de conocimientos de pacientes y estomatólogos, lo que demuestra sus potencialidades para perfeccionar la ejecución del PDCB.

Introduction: premalignant and malignant lesions of de oral area increase in the population which demands a correct implementation of the Early Detection of Oral Cancer Program. In this work transformations are exposed knowledge level of both patients and dentists regarding lesions concerning the Early Detection of Oral Cancer Program (EDOCP). Method: educational intervention was carried out in Julio Antonio Mella health area of Camaguey municipality from May 2022 to June 2023 which 36 patients and 30 Deontologists. Information sources were the Clinical History, a questionnaire and a test applied to patients and Deontologists respectively, before and after the intervention, to confirm the transformations in the sample. Results: Prior to intervention patients were poorly informed about consequences of toxic, hygienic and dietetic habits combined with lack of knowledge regarding importance of a correct oral self-examination whose knowledge improved to reach a high level in most of them after the intervention. Deontologists improved their knowledge on diagnosis and follow-up of premalignant and malignant lesions affecting the maxillofacial complex. Discussion: correct application of the EDOCP depends on both patients and deontologists, however reserchers focus on the former due to the reported benefits; the postgraduate training is a way to systematize knowledge and strengthen professional competences with positive impact on EDOCP. The educational intervention was satisfactory since it improved the level of knowledge of both patients and dentists which shows its potential on a correct implementation of the Early Detection of Oral Cancer Program.

Concordancia inter- e intraobservador del puntaje PI-RADS 2.1 del Colegio Americano de Radiología / Intraobserver and interobserver agreement of the American College of Radiology PI-RADS 2.1 score

Resumen Antecedentes: La resonancia magnética (RM) de próstata es uno de los métodos diagnósticos para la identificación del carcinoma de próstata. La escala PI-RADS (Prostate Imaging and Reporting Data System) es el sistema usado para la interpretación de estas imágenes. Es importante, para su reproducibilidad, la estandarización y la evaluación de dicha escala. Objetivo: Determinar la concordancia inter- e intraobservador de la versión 2.1 del PI-RADS. Material y métodos: Estudio observacional retrospectivo, evaluando 129 RM de pacientes con sospecha de cáncer de próstata por tres radiólogos con diferentes años de experiencia y en dos momentos del tiempo, usando el puntaje PI-RADS 2.1. Se evaluó la concordancia intra- e interobservador. Resultados: La concordancia interobservador fue sustancial (kappa > 0,6) en todos los observadores, siendo la categoría 5 la de mayor acuerdo interobservador. Se observó una alta reproducibilidad intraobservardor, con la mayor kappa siendo de 0,856. Cuando se realizó el análisis según años de experiencia de los radiólogos, la concordancia interobservador fue significativa en todos los casos. Conclusiones: El sistema de clasificación PI-RADS 2.1 es reproducible para las diferentes categorías y aumenta la concordancia cuando se trata de lesiones con mayor probabilidad de cáncer clínicamente significativo.

Abstract Background: Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) of the prostate is a key diagnostic tool for identifying prostate carcinoma. The Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scale is the standard system for interpreting these images. Standardizing and evaluating this scale is crucial for ensuring consistent and reproducible results. Objective: This study aims to assess both the interobserver and intraobserver agreement of the PI-RADS version 2.1. Material and methods: In this retrospective observational study, 129 prostate MRI scans from patients with suspected prostate cancer were evaluated. Three radiologists, each with different levels of experience, analyzed these scans at two separate times using the PI-RADS 2.1 scoring system. Both intraobserver and interobserver agreements were measured. Results: The study found substantial interobserver agreement (kappa > 0.6) across all categories, with category 5 showing the highest level of agreement. Intraobserver reproducibility was also high, with the highest kappa value reaching 0.856. Further analysis based on the radiologists’ years of experience revealed significant interobserver agreement in all instances. Conclusions: The PI-RADS 2.1 classification system demonstrates high reproducibility across different categories, particularly for lesions more likely to be clinically significant cancers. This underscores its reliability in varied diagnostic scenarios.

Developing a breast cancer screening decision aid in Spanish for average-risk women: a mixed methods study / Estudios originales Publicado el 14 de marzo de 2024 | http://doi.org/10.5867/medwave.2024.02.2726 Developing a breast cancer screening decision aid in Spanish for average-risk women: a mixed methods study Desarrollo de una herramienta en español para ayudar en la toma de decisiones del cribado de cáncer de mama para mujeres de riesgo promedio: un estudio de métodos mixtos

Introduction We aimed to develop a decision aid to support shared-decision making between physicians and women with average breast cancer risk when deciding whether to participate in breast cancer screening. Methods We included women at average risk of breast cancer and physicians involved in supporting the decision of breast cancer screening from an Academic Hospital in Buenos Aires, Argentina. We followed the International Patient Decision Aid Standards to develop our decision aid. Guided by a steering group and a multidisciplinary consultancy group including a patient advocate, we reviewed the evidence about breast cancer screening and previous decision aids, explored the patients' information needs on this topic from the patients' and physicians' perspective using semi-structured interviews, and we alpha-tested the prototype to determine its usability, comprehensibility and applicability. Results We developed the first prototype of a web-based decision aid to use during the clinical encounter with women aged 40 to 69 with average breast cancer risk. After a meeting with our consultancy group, we developed a second prototype that underwent alpha-testing. Physicians and patients agreed that the tool was clear, useful and applicable during a clinical encounter. We refined our final prototype according to their feedback. Conclusion We developed the first decision aid in our region and language on this topic, developed with end-users' input and informed by the best available evidence. We expect this decision aid to help women and physicians make shared decisions during the clinical encounter when talking about breast cancer screening.

Lung cancer screening in Brazil: recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Thoracic Surgery, Brazilian Thoracic Association, and Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging / Recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Torácica, Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia e Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem para o rastreamento do câncer de pulmão no Brasil

ABSTRACT Although lung cancer (LC) is one of the most common and lethal tumors, only 15% of patients are diagnosed at an early stage. Smoking is still responsible for more than 85% of cases. Lung cancer screening (LCS) with low-dose CT (LDCT) reduces LC-related mortality by 20%, and that reduction reaches 38% when LCS by LDCT is combined with smoking cessation. In the last decade, a number of countries have adopted population-based LCS as a public health recommendation. Albeit still incipient, discussion on this topic in Brazil is becoming increasingly broad and necessary. With the aim of increasing knowledge and stimulating debate on LCS, the Brazilian Society of Thoracic Surgery, the Brazilian Thoracic Association, and the Brazilian College of Radiology and Diagnostic Imaging convened a panel of experts to prepare recommendations for LCS in Brazil. The recommendations presented here were based on a narrative review of the literature, with an emphasis on large population-based studies, systematic reviews, and the recommendations of international guidelines, and were developed after extensive discussion by the panel of experts. The following topics were reviewed: reasons for screening; general considerations about smoking; epidemiology of LC; eligibility criteria; incidental findings; granulomatous lesions; probabilistic models; minimum requirements for LDCT; volumetric acquisition; risks of screening; minimum structure and role of the multidisciplinary team; practice according to the Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System; costs versus benefits of screening; and future perspectives for LCS.

RESUMO O câncer de pulmão (CP) é uma das neoplasias mais comuns e letais no Brasil, e apenas 15% dos pacientes são diagnosticados nos estágios iniciais. O tabagismo persiste como o responsável por mais de 85% de todos os casos. O rastreamento do CP (RCP) por meio da TC de baixa dosagem de radiação (TCBD) reduz a mortalidade do CP em 20%, e, quando combinado com a cessação do tabagismo, essa redução chega a 38%. Na última década, diversos países adotaram o RCP como recomendação de saúde populacional. No Brasil, embora ainda incipiente, a discussão sobre o tema é cada vez mais ampla e necessária. Com o intuito de aumentar o conhecimento e estimular o debate sobre o RCP, a Sociedade Brasileira de Cirurgia Torácica, a Sociedade Brasileira de Pneumologia e Tisiologia e o Colégio Brasileiro de Radiologia e Diagnóstico por Imagem constituíram um painel de especialistas para elaborar as recomendações para o RCP. As recomendações aqui apresentadas foram baseadas em revisão narrativa da literatura, com ênfase em grandes estudos populacionais, em revisões sistemáticas e em recomendações de diretrizes internacionais, sendo construídas após ampla discussão pelo grupo de especialistas. Os temas revisados foram os seguintes: porque rastrear, considerações gerais sobre tabagismo, epidemiologia do CP, critérios de elegibilidade, achados incidentais, lesões granulomatosas, modelos probabilísticos, requisitos mínimos da TCBD, aquisições volumétricas, riscos do rastreamento, estrutura mínima e papel da equipe multidisciplinar, conduta segundo o Lung CT Screening Reporting and Data System (Lung-RADS), custos vs. benefícios e perspectivas do rastreamento.

Adequação da oferta de procedimentos para a detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Sistema Único de Saúde: um estudo transversal, Brasil e regiões, 2019 / Adequacy of provision of procedures for early detection of breast cancer in the Brazilian Unified National Health System: a cross-sectional study conducted in Brazil and its regions, 2019 / Adecuación de la oferta de procedimientos para la detección precoz del cáncer de mama en el Sistema Único de Salud: un estudio transversal, Brasil y regiones, 2019

Resumo: A detecção precoce é uma das estratégias para o controle do câncer de mama e, para tanto, é fundamental garantir o acesso à investigação dos casos suspeitos para continuidade do cuidado e tratamento oportuno. Este estudo tem por objetivo estimar a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce dessa neoplasia e avaliar a sua adequação no atendimento às mulheres rastreadas e sintomáticas no Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), no ano de 2019. Foi realizado um estudo descritivo transversal para analisar a oferta de exames de detecção precoce do câncer de mama, comparando a necessidade estimada com os procedimentos realizados no SUS. Foram utilizados os parâmetros disponibilizados pelo Instituto Nacional de Câncer para estimar a população e a necessidade de exames para a detecção precoce. No Sistema de Informações Ambulatoriais do SUS, obteve-se o número de procedimentos realizados em 2019. Observou-se um déficit de mamografias de rastreamento no país (-45,1%), variando entre -31,4% na Região Sul a -70,5% na Região Norte. Se a oferta desse exame fosse direcionada para a população-alvo do rastreamento, o déficit no país reduziria para -14,8% e haveria sobreoferta no Sul (6,2%). Os procedimentos de investigação diagnóstica apresentaram variações entre as regiões, com maiores déficits de punção por agulha grossa (-90,8%) e biópsia/exérese de nódulo da mama (-80,6%) observados no Centro-oeste, e o maior déficit de exames anatomopatológicos no Norte (-88,5%). A comparação entre a produção e a necessidade de procedimentos para detecção precoce do câncer de mama no Brasil identificou déficits e inadequações que devem ser melhor conhecidos e equacionados em nível estadual e municipal.

Abstract: Early detection is a major strategy in breast cancer control and, for this reason, it is important to ensure access to investigation of suspected cases for care continuity and timely treatment. This study aimed to estimate the need for procedures of breast cancer early detection and assess their adequacy for providing care to screened and symptomatic women in the Brazilian Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2019. A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to analyze the provision of tests for breast cancer early detection, comparing the estimated need with the procedures performed in the SUS. Parameters provided by the Brazilian National Cancer Institute were used to estimate the population and the need for early detection tests. The number of procedures performed in 2019 was obtained from the Outpatient Information System of the SUS. A deficit in screening mammograms was observed in the country (-45.1%), ranging from -31.4% in the South Region to -70.5 % in the North Region. If this test was offered to the target population, the deficit in the country would reduce to -14.8% and there would be an oversupply in the South Region (6.2%). Diagnostic investigation procedures varied between the regions, with higher deficits in coarse needle biopsy (-90.8%) and breast lump biopsy/excision (-80.6%) observed in the Central-West Region, and the highest deficit in anatomopathological exams in the North Region (-88.5%). The comparison between the production and need for procedures of breast cancer early detection in Brazil and its regions identified deficits and inadequacies that must be better understood and addressed at the state and municipal levels.

Resumen: La detección temprana es una de las estrategias para el control del cáncer de mama y, para ello, es fundamental garantizar el acceso a la investigación de los casos sospechosos para la continuidad del cuidado y el tratamiento oportuno. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo estimar la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana de esta neoplasia y evaluar su adecuación en la atención a las mujeres rastreadas y sintomáticas en el Sistema Único de Salud (SUS) brasileño, en el año 2019. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo transversal para analizar la oferta de pruebas para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama, comparando la necesidad estimada con los procedimientos realizados en el SUS. Se utilizaron los parámetros proporcionados por el Instituto Nacional del Cáncer para estimar la población y la necesidad de pruebas para la detección temprana. El número de procedimientos realizados en el 2019 se obtuvo del Sistema de Información Ambulatoria del SUS. Se observó un déficit de mamografías de tamizaje en el país (-45,1%), oscilando entre el -31,4% en la Región Sur y el -70,5% en la Región Norte. Si la oferta de esta prueba se dirigiera a la población objetivo del rastreo, el déficit en el país se reduciría al -14,8% y habría una sobreoferta en el Sur (6,2%). Los procedimientos de investigación diagnóstica presentaron variaciones entre regiones, observándose mayores déficits en punción con aguja gruesa (-90,8%) y biopsia/escisión de nódulo mamario (-80,6%) en el Centro-Oeste, y el mayor déficit de pruebas anatomopatológicas en el Norte (-88,5%). La comparación entre la producción y la necesidad de procedimientos para la detección temprana del cáncer de mama en Brasil y en las regiones identificó déficits e insuficiencias que deben ser mejor conocidos y abordados a nivel estatal y municipal.

Analysis of the indications for and results of breast cancer screening by magnetic resonance imaging at a cancer center in Brazil / Análise das indicações e resultados da ressonância magnética para rastreamento de câncer de mama em um centro oncológico brasileiro

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the indications for and results of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) examinations for breast cancer screening at a cancer center in Brazil. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective observational study, based on electronic medical records, of patients undergoing MRI for breast cancer screening at a cancer center in Brazil. Results: We included 597 patients between 19 and 82 years of age. The main indications for MRI screening were a personal history of breast cancer, in 354 patients (59.3%), a family history of breast cancer, in 102 (17.1%), and a confirmed genetic mutation, in 67 (11.2%). The MRI result was classified, in accordance with the categories defined in the Breast Imaging Reporting and Data System, as benign (category 1 or 2), in 425 patients (71.2%), probably benign (category 3), in 143 (24.0%), or suspicious (category 4 or 5), in 29 (4.9%). On MRI, 11 malignant tumors were identified, all of which were invasive carcinomas. Among those 11 carcinomas, six (54.5%) were categorized as minimal cancers (< 1 cm), and the axillary lymph nodes were negative in 10 (90.9%). The cancer detection rate was 18.4/1,000 examinations, and the positive predictive value for suspicious lesions submitted to biopsy was 37.9%. Conclusion: In our sample, the main indication for breast MRI screening was a personal history of breast cancer. The results indicate that MRI is a highly accurate method for the early detection of breast neoplasms in this population.

Resumo Objetivo: Avaliar as indicações e resultados de exames de ressonância magnética (RM) para rastreamento de câncer de mama em um centro oncológico no Brasil. Materiais e Métodos: Estudo observacional, realizado mediante análise retrospectiva de pacientes submetidos a RM das mamas para rastreamento de câncer de mama, por meio de revisão do prontuário eletrônico em um centro oncológico. Resultados: Foram incluídas 597 pacientes com idade variando de 19 a 82 anos. As principais indicações para rastreamento foram história pessoal de câncer de mama em 354 (59,3%) pacientes, história familiar em 102 (17,1%) e mutação genética confirmada em 67 (11,2%). O resultado da RM foi benigno (BI-RADS 1 ou 2) em 425 (71,2%) pacientes, provavelmente benigno (BI-RADS 3) em 143 (24,0%) e suspeito (BI-RADS 4 ou 5) em 29 (4,9%). Foram identificados 11 tumores malignos na RM, todos carcinomas invasivos, porcentagem de cânceres "mínimos" (< 1 cm) de 54,5% e porcentagem de axila negativa de 90,9%. A taxa de detecção de câncer na RM foi 18,4/1000 exames e o valor preditivo positivo para as lesões suspeitas submetidas a biópsia foi 37,9%. Conclusão: A principal indicação para RM de rastreamento na nossa população foi história pessoal de câncer de mama. Os resultados mostraram que a RM constitui um método com alta acurácia para detecção precoce de neoplasias da mama nessa população.

Availability of resources for paediatric hearing care in a South African province

Background: Unavailability of healthcare resources can lead to poor patient outcomes. The latter is true for infants with hearing loss and require early hearing detection and intervention (EHDI). Aim: To determine the availability and distribution of resources for EHDI in state hospitals in the Eastern Cape (EC) province, South Africa. Setting: Sixteen state hospitals (nine district, four regional and three tertiary hospitals). Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional survey completed between July 2022 and October 2022. Results: Thirteen hospitals had audiologists (n = 4) or speech therapists and audiologists (n = 9). Specific to equipment, 10 hospitals had a screening otoacoustic emissions or automated auditory brainstem response, 8 hospitals had diagnostic middle ear analysers and only 3 hospitals had diagnostic auditory brainstem response and/or auditory steady state response. Twelve hospitals did not have visual response audiometry (VRA) and 94% had no hearing aid verification systems. Budget allocations were uneven, with only 10 hospitals, i.e., 4 districts, all regional and 2 tertiary hospitals being allocated varying amounts. Subsequently, only 50% provided newborn hearing screening, 56% provided diagnostic evaluations and 14 hospitals fitted hearing aids. Conclusion: Results revealed a limited and uneven distribution of resources, which negatively impacted the provision of EHDI. Even distribution of healthcare resources and further research aimed at strengthening hearing health services is recommended as these could potentially improve equitable access to EHDI and the overall quality of healthcare provided. Contribution: This study highlights the need for even distribution of resources and strengthening of health systems, especially in the dawn of the National Health Insurance.

Prevalence and molecular detection of human Cryptosporidium infections: a review / 中国血吸虫病防治杂志

Cryptosporidium is an important intestinal parasite that is mainly transmitted through the fecal-oral route. Human infection may occur following ingestion of water and food contaminated by Cryptosporidium oocysts, and children and immunocompromised individuals are at a high risk of infections. The main symptoms of Cryptosporidium infections include diarrhea, vomiting, malnutrition, and even death. Because of high sensitivity and rapid procedures, molecular tests are helpful for the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis and may reduce the public health risk of cryptosporidiosis. This review summarizes the advances in the latest prevalence and molecular detection of human Cryptosporidium infections during recent years.

Expert consensus on the molecular diagnosis of early-stage pancreatic cancer （2023 edition） / 临床肝胆病杂志

Pancreatic cancer is a relatively common tumor of the digestive system， with difficulties in early-stage diagnosis and an extremely high degree of malignancy. Molecular diagnostic technology based on tumor biomarkers， combined with the existing gold standard in clinical practice， is of great clinical significance to achieve early accurate identification， timely treatment and intervention， and reduction in mortality. Previous studies have shown that miRNAs show high specificity in terms of types and expression levels in different pathological stages of pancreatic cancer and can thus be used in monitoring the development and progression of pancreatic cancer. Since a single miRNA has a limited diagnostic potential， the combination of different miRNAs may effectively improve the diagnostic efficiency of early-stage pancreas carcinogenesis. Based on related research advances in recent years， this consensus document aims to fill the gap in molecular diagnostic technology in the guidelines for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of pancreatic cancer and provide expert guidance and recommendations.

Impact of Mobile Application Intervention: DETAK in Early Detection and Early Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome

@#Introduction: Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is still a major cause of mortality and morbidity globally. One of the factors that cause a prehospital delay is the delay in early detection and inaccuracy of early treatment of ACS. The Internet of Things, which is supported by the high use of smartphones with the DETAK application, can be an opportunity to facilitate ACS education programs so that ACS can be detected early. Method: This study has used a quantitative research design with a quasi-experimental approach which pretest and posttest, in which both the experimental and control groups participate. The inclusion criteria of this study were age >45 years; obesity; smoker; Respondents with a history of: hypertension/diabetes mellitus/hyperlipidemia/hypercholesterolemia/CVD/families with cardiovascular disease. 252 respondents who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into control (n=126) and intervention groups (n=126). The intervention group was given education through the DETAK application and the control group was given leaflet about ACS. Results: The results of the study showed that there was an increased in early treatment ability was only found in the intervention group (p<.001). Mean differences of the ability of early detection (p<.001) and early treatment (p=.019)between intervention and control groups were both significance. Conclusion: There is potential for DETAK applications to improve the early detection and treatment capabilities of ACS.

Epidemiological characteristics of high-risk population for cardiovascular disease of Shanghai residents / 上海预防医学

ObjectiveTo investigate the high-risk detection rate and aggregation of cardiovascular diseases（CVD） in 8 districts of Shanghai and influencing factors， and to provide scientific references for prevention and control of CVD. MethodsBased on the Cardiovascular Disease Screening and Management Program in Shanghai from 2016 to 2021， 104 685 participants aged 35 to 75 in 8 districts of Shanghai were selected for analysis. χ2 test and multivariate logistic regression were used for statistical analysis of the influencing factors of CVD and aggregation of CVD. ResultsThe proportion of high-risk CVD individuals in the population was 19.17%， including the high-risk individuals with hypertension （8.65%）， dyslipidemia （6.33%）， CVD history （5.58%）， and WHO assessed risk ≥20% types （2.69%）， respectively. Old age， overweight and obesity， central obesity， smoking， drinking， farmers， unmarried， and low family income were the risk factors of CVD， while high education level was the protective factor. In the participants， 16 323 people （81.34%） were classified as CVD high-risk groups； The number of aggregation of 1， 2 and ≥3 high risk types of CVD were 16 323（81.34%）， 3 236（16.13%）， 509（2.54%）， respectively. Old age， low education level， low annual family income， farmers， unmarried， smoking， drinking， overweight， obesity and central obesity were associated with the risk of aggregation of high risk types of CVD， and the correlation strength increased with the increase of aggregation types. ConclusionThe prevention and control of CVD in Shanghai should focus on the hypertension， elderly， overweight， obesity， central obesity， smoking， drinking， low educated， low family income， farmers and unmarried people， and targeted intervention measures should be taken to reduce the risk of CVD among residents.

Application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in prevention and control of infection in solid organ transplantation / 器官移植

Organ transplantation has become an effective treatment for multiple end-stage diseases. However, the recipients of organ transplantation need to take immunosuppressive drugs for a long time after operation, which leads to low immune function and relatively high incidence of bacterial, viral and fungal infections. Traditional microbial detection methods, such as pathogen culture, immunological detection and polymerase chain reaction, have been widely applied in infection detection, whereas these methods may cause problems, such as long detection time and presumed pathogens. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing has been widely adopted in infection prevention and control in organ transplantation in recent years due to high detection rate and comprehensive detection of pathogen spectrum. In this article, the application of metagenomic next-generation sequencing in the prevention and control of infection in solid organ transplantation was reviewed, aiming to provide reference for the diagnosis and treatment of transplantation-related infection.

Adenoma detection rate and polyp detection rate among gastroenterology fellows and consultants in a tertiary hospital in the Philippines: A cross-sectional study

Background and Objective@#Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer and the fourth leading cause of cancer mortality worldwide. Likewise in the Philippines, the prevalence of CRC has shown to be increasing. Colonoscopy, a screening procedure for CRC, has parameters to gauge quality of detection. One of which is the Adenoma Detection Rate (ADR). Higher ADR has been linked to improved cancer detection. This study aimed to determine the ADR and Polyp Detection Rate (PDR) among Gastroenterology practitioners in a tertiary government university hospital in the Philippines, estimate ADR from PDR, and identify factors associated with ADR.@*Methods@#An analytical, cross-sectional study among patients who underwent colonoscopy for the years 2021 and the first half of 2022 at the Central Endoscopy Unit (CENDU) of the Philippine General Hospital. Demographic data of fellows and consultants were collected through an online form, while those from patients were obtained from electronic records. Colonoscopy details and histopathology results were accessed through the hospital’s Open Medical Record System (MRS). ADR, PDR, and estimated ADR were computed using established formulas. To evaluate the strength of the relationship between the estimated and actual ADR, Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used. Chi-square analysis, Mann-Whitney U test, and Kruskal-Wallis H test were performed to identify the factors that might influence the ADR. A cut-off of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.@*Results@#The total computed ADR of consultants and fellows combined is 22%. The difference between the ADRs of Gastroenterology consultants and Fellows-in-Training is statistically significant at 31.6% and 18.7%, respectively (p= 0.017). The total Polyp Detection Rate is 57.6% while the weighted group average Adenoma to Polyp Detection Rate Quotient (APDRQ) is 0.4085 or 40.85%. The estimated ADR has a moderate degree of correlation with the actual ADR when an outlier was excluded (r=0.521 (95% CI, 0.072-0.795, p=0.0266). Significant factors related to ADR include endoscopists’ years of practice (p=0.020), number of colonoscopies done (p=0.031), and patient tobacco use (p=0.014).@*Conclusion@#The overall ADR among consultants and fellows is at par with the standard guidelines. A moderate degree of correlation exists between actual and estimated ADR when an outlier is excluded; however, more studies are needed to determine the APDRQ in the wider local setting. Longer years in practice, total number of colonoscopies performed, and patient tobacco use are associated with increased ADR.

Development and verification of whole column imaging detection-capillary isoelectric focusing method for determination of isoelectric point of pertactin / 中国生物制品学杂志

@#Objective To develop and verify a whole column imaging detection-capillary isoelectric focusing(WCID-CIEF)method for the determination of isoelectric point(pI)of pertactin(PRN).Methods The WCID-CIEF method for the determination of PRN antigen was developed by optimizing the parameters such as the focusing time and final concentration of samples in the WCID-CIEF process,and verified for the specificity,accuracy,repeatability,intermediate precision,durability and inter-batch consistency.Results The optimal focusing time of WCID-CIEF for the determination of PRN antigen pI was 1 min at 1 500 V and 3 min at 3 000 V. The optimal final concentration of PRN antigen was 300 μg/mL. The PRN antigen pI was about 6. 035,and the blank matrix showed no interference peak in the position of each peak of antigen. The method had good specificity,accuracy,repeatability,intermediate precision,durability and consistency among batches.Conclusion The developed WCID-CIEF method is suitable for the pI detection and charge heterogeneity analysis of PRN antigen,which can provide basis for the characterization of PRN antigen and reference for the quality control in the process of development and production of related vaccines.

Caracterización de adultos mayores con cáncer colorrectal en la comunidad

Fundamento: el cáncer colorrectal es la neoplasia más frecuente del sistema digestivo en los adultos mayores. En Cuba es un problema de salud de primer orden por su elevada incidencia y mortalidad, constituye la tercera causa de muerte en la población general. Objetivo: caracterizar a los adultos mayores con cáncer colorrectal en el Policlínico Sur Rudesindo García del Rijo de la provincia Sancti Spíritus. Métodos: se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva en el Policlínico Sur Rudesindo García del Rijo del municipio y provincia Sancti Spíritus, de enero a marzo del 2019. Se trabajó con una muestra intencional de 127 adultos mayores, pertenecientes a consultorios urbanos. Las variables analizadas fueron: edad, sexo, nivel de escolaridad, estadio del cáncer colorrectal al diagnóstico, estado de salud, comorbilidades, capacidad y percepción del autocuidado y supervivencia. Para el estadio al diagnóstico se utilizó la clasificación anatomoclínica, la comorbilidad, se midió mediante el índice de Charlson y el Test de Capacidad y Percepción de Autocuidado del Adulto Mayor. La información se procesó mediante el análisis porcentual. Los resultados alcanzados se interpretaron los números con sus porcientos. Resultados: en la caracterización de la muestra predominaron las féminas, el grupo de edad entre 70 y 79 años y el nivel de escolaridad de secundaria básica. El estadio II con un mal estado de salud y la inadecuada percepción de autocuidado fue mayoritario. La comorbilidad fue moderada con una supervivencia entre 40 a 60 meses. Conclusiones: predominaron las mujeres entre los 70 y los 79 años y como nivel de escolaridad, la secundaria básica; además prevaleció el estadio II y la inadecuada percepción de autocuidado.

Foundation: colorectal cancer is the most common neoplasm of the digestive system in older adults. In Cuba it is a major health problem due to its high incidence and mortality; it is the third cause of death in the general population. Objective: to characterize older adults with colorectal cancer at the Rudesindo García del Rijo Sur Polyclinic in the Sancti Spíritus province. Methods a descriptive research was carried out at the Sur Rudesindo García del Rijo Polyclinic in the municipality and province of Sancti Spíritus, from January to March 2019. We worked with an intentional sample of 127 older adults, belonging to urban clinics. The variables analyzed were: age, sex, educational level, stage of colorectal cancer at diagnosis, health status, comorbidities, capacity and perception of self-care and survival. For the stage at diagnosis, the anatomoclinical classification was used, comorbidity was measured using the Charlson index and the Self-Care Capacity and Perception Test for the Elderly. The information was processed through percentage analysis. The results achieved were interpreted as numbers with their percentages. Results: in the characterization of the sample, females, the age group between 70 and 79 years and the level of lower secondary education predominated. Stage II with a poor state of health and inadequate perception of self-care was the majority. Comorbidity was moderate with survival between 40 to 60 months. Conclusions: women between 70 and 79 years of age and lower secondary education level predominated, stage II and inadequate perception of self-care also prevailed.

Desarrollo infantil y sus principales desafíos en los primeros años de vida: lugar e importancia de los centros de educación y protección del Instituto del Niño y Adolescente del Uruguay / Child development and its main challenges in the first years of life: place and importance of the education and protection centers of the Children and Adolescents Institute of Uruguay

Existe un aumento progresivo de los problemas del neuropsicodesarrollo. Las intervenciones psicoeducativas y sociales oportunas con soporte en evidencias mejoran la evolución a lo largo de la vida de los niños. Los Centros Educativos en Primera Infancia tienen el potencial de identificar precozmente a niños con riesgos de alteraciones en el neuropsicodesarrollo. El Centro de Formación y Estudios del Instituto del Niño y Adolescente del Uruguay convoca a la Unidad Académica de Psiquiatría Pediátrica para la formación y actualización en esta problemática. El objetivo del trabajo es implementar un Programa de Capacitación en desarrollo normal, sus variaciones y desafíos; oportunidades de estimulación, identificación precoz de alteraciones e intervenciones en Centros Educativos en Primera Infancia; simultáneamente capacitar en habilidades de comunicación y trabajo interdisciplinario a posgrados de psiquiatría pediátrica y otras disciplinas de salud mental. Está dirigido a trabajadores del Instituto del Niño y Adolescente del Uruguay que trabajan con niños de 0 a 3 años. La implementación se realiza a través de tres modalidades articuladas, escalando progresivamente en contenidos: 1) Conferencias abiertas. 2) Curso introductorio a través de talleres virtuales sincrónicos. 3) Instancias docentes de profundización con equipos de Centros Educativos en Primera Infancia. Resultados: 2800 inscriptos. Se realizaron dos conferencias (4500 participantes en total), ocho cursos introductorios y se está implementando la modalidad 3 para el año 2024. Las encuestas de satisfacción han sido entre muy buenas-excelente. Se concluye que la implementación de este Programa de Capacitación permite la difusión de conocimientos y el intercambio interdisciplinario, por lo que es necesario continuar la cooperación entre Unidades Académicas, explorar otras modalidades pedagógicas y estudiar el impacto de la capacitación.

A progressive increase in neuro-psycho- developmental problems has taken place; timely evidence-based psycho-educational and social interventions improve children's lifelong development. Early Childhood Educational Centers have the potential for early identification of children at risk for neurodevelopmental disorders. The Training and Studies Center of the Institute of Childhood and Adolescence of Uruguay convenes the Academic Unit of Pediatric Psychiatry for training and updating on this issue. The objective is to implement a Training Program on normal development, its variations and challenges; stimulation opportunities, early identification of changes and interventions in Early Childhood Educational Centers, while training pediatric psychiatry postgraduates and other mental health disciplines in communication skills and interdisciplinary work. Methodology: Aimed at workers of the Institute of Childhood and Adolescence of Uruguay, working with children from 0 to 3 years old. Three articulated modalities, progressively increasing in content: 1) Open lectures. 2) Introductory course: synchronous virtual workshops. 3) Teaching instances with teams from Early Childhood Educational Centers. Results: 2800 participants. Two conferences (4500 participants) and eight introductory courses were held. Modality 3 is being organized for 2024. Satisfaction surveys show very good to excellent results. It is concluded that the implementation of this training Program makes knowledge dissemination and interdisciplinary exchange possible, so it is necessary to continue cooperation between academic units, explore other pedagogical modalities and study training impact.

Molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Argentina: Evaluation of alternative diagnostic tools for the decentralization of the diagnosis

Abstract The rocketing number of COVID-19 cases highlighted the critical role that diagnostic tests play in medical and public health decision-making to contain and mitigate the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. This study reports the evaluation and implementation of different tests for the molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in the central region of Argentina. We evaluated 3 real time RT-PCR kits (GeneFinder COVID-19 Plus RealAmp Kit, DisCoVery SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Detection Kit and WGene SARS-CoV-2 RT Detection), 2 nucleic acid extraction methods [MagaBio plus Virus DNA/RNA Purification Kit II (BioFlux), 35-min vs. 9-min, a pre-analytical reagent (FlashPrep®) and 2 isothermal amplification tests (Neokit Plus and ELA CHEMSTRIP®). The order according to the best performance of the 3 real-time RT-PCR kits evaluated was: DisCoVery > GeneFinderTM> WGene. The 2 RNA extraction methods showed similar good results: MagaBio plus Virus RNA Purification Kit II (BioFlux) 9-min was selected due to its faster performance. FlashPrep® reagent showed excellent results to perform direct RNA detection. Isothermal amplification assays showed acceptable sensitivity and specificity values (>80%), except in samples with Ct> 30. Our data show optimal real time RT-PCR kits and alternative molecular methods for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic. These alternative assays proved to be aceptable.

Resumen La explosión de casos de COVID-19 resaltó el papel fundamental que desempeñan las pruebas de diagnóstico en la toma de decisiones médicas y de salud pública para contener y mitigar la pandemia de SARS-CoV-2. Este estudio reporta la evaluación y la implementación de diferentes test para la detección molecular de SARS-CoV-2 en la región central de Argentina. Evaluamos tres kits de RT-PCR en tiempo real (GeneFinder COVID-19 Plus RealAmp Kit, DisCoVery SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR Detection Kit y WGene SARS-CoV-2 RT Detection), dos métodos de extracción de ácidos nucleicos (MagaBio plus Virus DNA/RNA Purification Kit II [BioFlux, 35-min vs. 9-min), un reactivo pre-analítico (FlashPrep®) y dos test de amplificación isotérmica (Neokit Plus and ELA CHEMSTRIP®). El orden de rendimiento de los tres kits de RT-PCR en tiempo real evaluados fue el siguiente: DisCoVery GeneFinder™ WGene. Los dos métodos de extracción de RNA mostraron buenos y similares resultados; se seleccionó MagaBio plus Virus RNA Purification Kit II (BioFlux) 9-min debido a su rápido tiempo de procesamiento. El reactivo FlashPrep® mostró excelentes resultados para realizar detección directa de RNA. Los ensayos de amplificación isotérmica mostraron valores de sensibilidad y de especificidad aceptables (80%), excepto en muestras con Ct 30. Nuestros resultados muestran kits de RT-PCR en tiempo real óptimos, como así también métodos moleculares alternativos para el diagnóstico de SARS-CoV-2 que resultan aceptables para su uso en contextos adversos, de descentralización y en diferentes escenarios epidemiológicos, para la detección rápida y precisa del SARS-CoV-2.

Detección molecular de patógenos en deposiciones en niños consultantes por diarrea aguda en Servicios de Urgencia / Molecular detection of pathogens in stool samples of children consulting for acute diarrhea in emergency services

INTRODUCCIÓN: La diarrea aguda continúa siendo una de las principales causas de morbilidad en niños; sin embargo, el diagnóstico etiológico presenta limitaciones dada la baja sensibilidad de los métodos tradicionales. OBJETIVO: Describir los microorganismos identificados en niños que acudieron al Servicio de Urgencia (SU) de un hospital universitario en Santiago, Chile, por diarrea aguda y a los que se le solicitó panel molecular gastrointestinal. MÉTODOS: Se revisaron fichas clínicas y resultados de panel gastrointestinal realizados entre junio de 2017 y marzo de 2020. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 198 pacientes, edad promedio de 54,5 meses y 60,6% (120/198) de sexo masculino. La positividad del panel fue de 78,8% (156/198) con 35,3% (55/156) de las muestras polimicrobianas. Se identificaron 229 microorganismos, de los cuales 72,9% (167/229) corresponden a bacterias, 25,8% (59/229) a virus y 1,3% (3/229) a parásitos. Destacaron Campylobacter spp. y Escherichia coli enteropatógena (ECEP) como las bacterias más frecuentemente identificadas. Los pacientes con detección de Campylobacter spp. presentaron con mayor frecuencia fiebre (p = 0,00). ECEP se aisló principalmente (82,5%) en muestras polimicrobianas. DISCUSIÓN: Los resultados enfatizan el potencial que poseen los estudios moleculares para mejorar el diagnóstico etiológico de la diarrea, pero a la vez llevan a cuestionar el rol patogénico de algunos microorganismos identificados.

BACKGROUND: Acute diarrhea continues to be one of the main causes of morbidity in children, however the etiologica diagnosis presents limitations given the low sensitivity of traditional methods. AIM: To describe the microorganisms identified in children who attended the emergency department (ED) in Santiago, Chile, due to acute diarrhea and to whom a gastrointestinal panel was requested as part of their study. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Clinical records and results of the gastrointestinal panel carried out between June 2017 and March 2020 were reviewed. RESULTS: 198 patients were included, the average age was 54.5 months and 60.6% (120/198) were males. Positivity was 78.8% (156/198) with 35.3% (55/156) of the samples being polymicrobial. 229 microorganisms were identified, of which 72.9% (167/229) corresponded to bacteria, 25.8% (59/229) to viruses, and 1.3% (3/229) to parasites. Campylobacter spp. and enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) were the most frequently identified bacteria. Patients with detection of Campylobacter spp. presented a higher frequency of fever (p = 0.00). EPEC was isolated in 82.5% of the cases in polymicrobial samples. DISCUSSION: The results emphasize the potential of molecular studies to improve the etiological diagnosis of diarrhea and at the same time lead to question the pathogenic role of some microorganisms.

Current Insights on Neoplasms and Adequate Dental Care for Patients with Oral Cancer / Actualización sobre Neoplasmas y su Correcta Atención Odontológica en Pacientes con Cancer Oral

The present study aimed to review the literature on the main complications of antineoplastic therapies and the degree of knowledge of dental surgeons about these complications. A bibliographic search was conducted in the main health databases PUBMED (www.pubmed.gov) and Scholar Google (www.scholar.google.com.br), in which studies published from 1987 to 2023 were collected. Laboratory studies, case reports, systematic and literature reviews, which were developed in living individuals, about the main neoplastic genes and their relationship with the cells of individuals affected by neoplasms in the head and neck region, and studies on the care with this group of patients, were included. Therefore, articles that did not deal with neoplasm and the main complications of antineoplastic therapies were excluded. Neoplasm is a clonal disorder, caused by mutations, resulting from changes in the genetic structure of cells. Each healthy cell has instructions on how to grow and divi de. In the presence of any error in these instructions (mutation), it can result in a diseased cell that, when proliferating, may cause a tumor. Countless knowledge has been accumulated over the years on the main characteristics of neoplasms, whether they are cancer cell biology, carcinogenesis mechanism, neoplasms of the maxillofacial system and sequels of antineoplastic treatments. In this context, methods have been developed that offer a better quality of life for patients diagnosed with this pathology, as well as preventive vaccine models that may, in the not too distant future, contribute to this goal to be successfully achieved.

El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo revisar la literatura sobre las principales complicaciones de las terapias antineoplásicas y el grado de conocimiento de los odontólogos sobre este abordaje. Se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica en las principales bases de datos de salud PUBMED (www.pubmed.gov) y Scholar Google (www.scholar.google.com.br), en la que se recopilaron estudios publicados entre 1987 y 2023. Fueron incluidos estudios de laboratorio, relatos de casos, revisiones de la literatura y revisiones sistemáticas, desarrolladas en individuos vivos, que incluyeran los principales genes neoplásicos y su relación con las células de individuos afectados por neoplasias en la cabeza y el cuello. También, se tuvieron en cuenta estudios relacionados con la atención a este grupo de pacientes. La neoplasia es un trastorno clonal, causado por mutaciones, como resultado de cambios en la estructura genética de las células. Cada célula sana tiene instrucciones sobre cómo crecer y dividirse. En presencia de cualquier error en estas instrucciones (mutación), puede provocar una célula alterada que, al proliferar, puede causar un tumor. Se han acumulado innumerables conocimientos a lo largo de los años sobre las principales características de las neoplasias, ya sea sobre biología de células cancerosas, el mecanismo de la carcinogénesis, la neoplasias del sistema maxilofacial y las diferentes secuelas de tratamientos antineoplásicos. En este contexto, se han desarrollado métodos que ofrecen una mejor calidad de vida para los pacientes diagnosticados con esta patología, así como modelos de vacunas preventivas que, en un futuro no muy lejano, pueden contribuir a alcanzar este objetivo con éxito.

Accuracy of an artificial intelligence-based mobile application for detecting cataracts: Results from a field study

Purpose: To assess the accuracy of e?Paarvai, an artificial intelligence?based smartphone application (app) that detects and grades cataracts using images taken with a smartphone by comparing with slit lamp?based diagnoses by trained ophthalmologists. Methods: In this prospective diagnostic study conducted between January and April 2022 at a large tertiary?care eye hospital in South India, two screeners were trained to use the app. Patients aged >40 years and with a best?corrected visual acuity <20/40 were recruited for the study. The app is intended to determine whether the eye has immature cataract, mature cataract, posterior chamber intra?ocular lens, or no cataract. The diagnosis of the app was compared with that of trained ophthalmologists based on slit?lamp examinations, the gold standard, and a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was estimated. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were computed. Results: The two screeners used the app to screen 2,619 eyes of 1,407 patients. In detecting cataracts, the app showed high sensitivity (96%) but low specificity (25%), an overall accuracy of 88%, a PPV of 92.3%, and an NPV of 57.8%. In terms of cataract grading, the accuracy of the app was high in detecting immature cataracts (1,875 eyes, 94.2%), but its accuracy was poor in detecting mature cataracts (73 eyes, 22%), posterior chamber intra?ocular lenses (55 eyes, 29.3%), and clear lenses (2 eyes, 2%). We found that the area under the curve in predicting ophthalmologists’ cataract diagnosis could potentially be improved beyond the app’s diagnosis based on using images only by incorporating information about patient sex and age (P < 0.0001) and best?corrected visual acuity (P < 0.0001). Conclusions: Although there is room for improvement, e?Paarvai app is a promising approach for diagnosing cataracts in difficult?to?reach populations. Integrating this with existing outreach programs can enhance the case detection rate.