Consumo de bebida alcoólica por estudantes de medicina: um panorama global / Alcohol consumption by medical students: a global overview / Consumo de alcohol por estudiantes de medicina: una visión global

O consumo de bebidas alcoólicas representa um dos principais fatores de risco de envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito. Objetivou-se analisar o panorama geral de consumo de bebida alcoólica por estudantes de medicina e as implicações nos acidentes de trânsito. Foram consultadas as bases de dados SciELO, PubMed e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde e incluídos dez artigos completos disponíveis entre 2010 e 2022, em língua portuguesa e inglesa. Resultou que o consumo de bebidas alcoólicas pelos estudantes variou de 76,6% a 81,2%, e que ingerir bebidas alcoólicas expõe os motoristas ao envolvimento em acidentes de trânsito 68% maior do que os que não estão expostos a tal fator. Concluiu-se que os estudantes de medicina, população jovem, apresentam um alto índice de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, e os motivos envolvidos apontam para o nível de pressão do curso, alta carga horária, períodos do curso mais avançados, festas acadêmicas e morar sem os pais.

The consumption of alcoholic drinks represents one of the main risk factors for the involvement in traffic accidents. The objective of this study was to analyze the general panorama of alcohol consumption by medical students and the implications for traffic accidents. SciELO, PubMed and Virtual Health Library databases were consulted, and ten full articles available between 2010 and 2022, in Portuguese and English, were included. The results obtained were that the consumption of alcoholic drinks by students ranged from 76.6% to 81.2%, and that alcohol drinking exposes drivers to involvement in 68% more traffic accidents than those who are not exposed to such factor. It was concluded that medical students, a young population, have a high rate of consumption of alcoholic beverages, and the reasons involved point to the level of pressure of the medical school, high workload, seniority in the program, academic parties, and living without the parents

El consumo de bebidas alcohólicas representa uno de los principales factores de riesgo de implicación en accidentes de tráfico. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar el panorama del consumo de alcohol por los estudiantes de medicina y las implicaciones en los accidentes de tránsito. Se consultaron las bases de datos SciELO, PubMed y Biblioteca Virtual en Salud y se incluyeron diez artículos completos disponibles entre 2010 y 2022, en portugués e inglés. Los resultados obtenidos fueran que el consumo de bebidas alcohólicas osciló entre 76,6% y 81,2%, y que el expone a los conductores a involucrarse en accidentes de tráfico un 68% más que aquellos que non están expuestos a tal factor. Se concluyó que los estudiantes de medicina, una población joven, tienen un alto índice de consumo de bebidas alcohólicas, y los motivos involucrados apuntan para el nivel de presión del curso, alta carga horaria, períodos más avanzados del curso, fiestas académicas y morar sin los padres

Asociación entre obesidad abdominal, consumo de alcohol y actividad física en universitarios panameños / Association between abdominal obesity, alcohol consumption and physical activity in Panamanian college students

Introducción. La obesidad abdominal es considerada un factor de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes. El consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol y la inactividad física también son factores de riesgo comportamentales asociados a enfermedades no transmisibles. Objetivo: Analizar la asociación entre la obesidad abdominal, el consumo de alcohol y la inactividad física en universitarios panameños. Materiales y métodos: Estudio transversal analítico realizado en 374 estudiantes universitarios panameños en el periodo abril ­ diciembre de 2021. Se implementó el cuestionario para la vigilancia de factores de riesgo de enfermedades no transmisibles de la Organización Mundial de la Salud y se evaluó la circunferencia de cintura. La obesidad abdominal se estableció con una circunferencia de cintura ≥80 cm en mujeres y ≥90 cm en hombres. Se realizaron análisis descriptivos, bivariados y múltiples usando modelos de regresión logística para determinar la asociación entre las variables del estudio. Las pruebas U Mann-Whitney y Chi cuadrado fueron utilizadas para analizar diferencias por sexo. Resultados: Una tercera parte de los universitarios participantes presentaron obesidad abdominal. Las mujeres reportaron mayores niveles de inactividad física (<0,0001) y conducta sedentaria (p=0,0010) que los hombres. Después de ajustar por sexo, edad y nivel socioeconómico, la obesidad abdominal estuvo asociada con la inactividad física (OR: 1,762, IC 95%: 1,040 ­ 2,985, p=0,035) y el consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol (OR 1,114, IC: 1,015 ­ 1,223, p=0,023). Conclusiones: Los universitarios panameños que reportaron bajos niveles de actividad física y consumo excesivo episódico de alcohol tuvieron una mayor probabilidad de registrar obesidad abdominal(AU)

Introduction. Abdominal obesity is considered a risk factor for cardiovascular disease and diabetes. Episodic excessive consumption of alcohol and physical inactivity are behavioral risk factors associated with non-communicable diseases. Objective: To analyze the association between abdominal obesity, alcohol consumption and physical inactivity in Panamanian university students. Materials and methods: Analytical cross-sectional study conducted on 374 Panamanian university students in the period April ­ December 2021. The questionnaire for the surveillance of risk factors for non-communicable diseases of the World Health Organization was implemented and waist circumference was evaluated. Abdominal obesity was established with a waist circumference ≥80 cm in women and ≥90 cm in men. Descriptive, bivariate, and multiple analyzes were performed using logistic regression models to determine the association between the study variables. The Mann-Whitney U and Chi square tests were used to analyze differences by sex. Results: A third of the participating university students had abdominal obesity. Women reported higher levels of physical inactivity (<0,0001) and sedentary behavior (p=0,0010) than men. After adjusting for sex, age and socioeconomic status, abdominal obesity was associated with physical inactivity (OR: 1,762, 95% CI: 1,040 ­ 2,985, p=0,035) and episodic heavy alcohol consumption (OR 1,114, CI: 1,015 ­ 1,223, p=0,023). Conclusions: Students who reported low levels of physical inactivity and binge drinking were more likely to have abdominal obesity(AU)

Analysis of uranium concentration in surface water and drinking water in Beijing, China / 中国辐射卫生

Objective To explore the uranium concentration in surface water and drinking water in Beijing, China and the relationship between uranium concentration and gross α activity concentration. Methods Water samples were collected from 16 districts in Beijing. Uranium concentration and gross α activity concentration were measured with WGJ-III trace uranium analyzer and LB6008 six-channel α/β counter using the ultraviolet fluorescence and thick source methods. Results The uranium concentrations in surface water and drinking water were 1.131 and 1.572 μg/L, respectively. The gross α activity concentrations in surface water and drinking water were 0.059 and 0.074 Bq/L, respectively. There were no significant differences in uranium concentration and gross α activity concentration between surface water and drinking water (P > 0.05). The uranium concentration was positively correlated with the gross α activity concentration, with a correlation coefficient of 0.700 (P < 0.05). The gross α activity concentration was determined by the uranium concentration with a determination coefficient of 48%. The committed effective dose of 238U in drinking water was between 3.284 × 10−5 and 1.640 × 10−3 mSv, with an average value of 5.400 × 10−4 mSv. Conclusion The uranium concentration and gross α activity in the surface water and drinking water in Beijing fluctuate and remain in the background range. These values are much lower than the recommended limits of 0.03 mg/L and 0.5 Bq/L stipulated in the GB 5749-2021 Standard for Drinking Water Quality. The annual committed effective dose of 238U through drinking water ingestion is very small.

Analysis of direct drinking water quality and its influencing factors in primary and secondary schools in Nanjing City / 中国学校卫生

Objective@#To investigate the quality and influencing factors of direct drinking water in schools in Nanjing City, so as to provide basis for management of school drinking water.@*Methods@#From April to July 2023, direct drinking water equipment from 146 primary and secondary schools were selected from Nanjing City using a stratified random sampling method and tested for colony forming units (CFU) and permanganate index. Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare the differences between groups, and multiple linear regression was used to analyze the influencing factors.@*Results@#The CFU and permanganate levels of school direct drinking water in Nanjing City were 1.00(0.00,15.50)CFU/mL and 0.47(0.26, 0.75)mg/L, respectively. The CFU level increased when the filter replacement time exceeded 3 months and when the water source was piped, while the permanganate index increased when the filter replacement time exceeded 3 months and using activated carbon technology ( Z =-2.21, -3.92, -2.31, -8.45 , P <0.05). The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed that the replacement time of filter element exceeding 3 months was positively correlated with the CFU level, and the process type involving activated carbon, a laid pipe network and a filter replacement time exceeding 3 months were positively correlated with the permanganate index( β =167.08, 0.32, 0.35, 0.11, P ＜0.05).@*Conclusions@#There are certain problems with the water quality of primary and secondary school direct drinking water in Nanjing City. Schools should promptly replace the filter and maintain the drinking water equipment to ensure the hygiene and safety of campus water quality.

Monitoring and risk assessment of total α and β radioactivity levels in drinking water in the nine districts of metropolitan Chongqing in 2019-2021 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To investigate the radioactivity levels of total α and total β in drinking water in nine districts of Chongqing City from 2019 to 2021, and to provide reference for the risk monitoring of drinking water in the metropolitan areas of Chongqing. Methods The total α and total β radioactivity levels in water samples were determined by the comparative measurement method and the thin source deposit method in GB/T5750.13-2006 “Standard Examination Methods for Drinking Water-Radiological Parameters”. The monitoring results were assessed according to GB5749-2006 “Standards for Drinking Water Quality” and the fourth edition of the WHO Guidelines for Drinking Water Quality. Results From 2019 to 2021, the total α activity concentration of the water samples measured in the nine districts of metropolitan Chongqing ranged from 0.002 to 0.039 Bq /L, and the total β activity concentration ranged from 0.015 to 0.190 Bq /L. There was no significant difference in the activity concentration (tα=0.545, Pα=0.591; tβ=-1.438, Pβ=0.163>0.05). From 2019 to 2021, the average value of total α radioactivity decreased year by year and its activity value was relatively low, indicating a low health risk. However, the average value of total β radioactivity increased year by year, which should be paid attention to. Conclusion The total α and total β radioactivity in water samples measured in the present study are lower than the standard recommended limits. The estimated annual average effective dose of radiation caused by drinking water is 0.005-0.010 mSv, which is lower than the limit of 0.1 mSv recommended by WHO, and this radioactivity level will not have an impact on the health of residents. However, the total β radioactivity level of the monitoring points in Banan and Shapingba is relatively high compared to other jurisdictions, and further tracking and monitoring should be carried out.

Drug use among medical students in São Paulo, Brazil: a cross-sectional study during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: Medical students demonstrate higher rates of substance use than other university students and the general population. The challenges imposed by the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic raised significant concerns about mental health and substance use. OBJECTIVES: Assess the current prevalence of substance use among medical students at the University of São Paulo and evaluate the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on drug consumption. DESIGN AND SETTING: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 275 medical students from the University of São Paulo Medical School (São Paulo, Brazil) in August 2020. METHODS: Substance use (lifetime, previous 12 months, and frequency of use before and during the COVID-19 pandemic) and socioeconomic data were assessed using an online self-administered questionnaire. Symptoms of depression were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. RESULTS: Alcohol was the most consumed substance in their lifetime (95.6%), followed by illicit drugs (61.1%), marijuana (60%), and tobacco (57.5%). The most commonly consumed substances in the previous year were alcohol (82.9%), illicit drugs (44.7%), marijuana (42.5%), and tobacco (36%). Students in the first two academic years consumed fewer substances than those from higher years. There was a decreasing trend in the prevalence of most substances used after the COVID-19 pandemic among sporadic users. However, frequent users maintained their drug use patterns. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of substance use was high in this population and increased from the basic to the clinical cycle. The COVID-19 pandemic may have affected the frequency of drug use and prevalence estimates.

Teleenfermería en salud mental: efecto sobre los síntomas de ansiedad y el consumo de alcohol durante la pandemia de COVID-19 / Telenursing in mental health: effect on anxiety symptoms and alcohol consumption during the COVID-19 pandemic / Telenfermagem em saúde mental: efeito em sintomas de ansiedade e consumo de álcool durante a pandemia COVID-19

Objetivo: investigar el efecto de una intervención a distancia sobre los síntomas de ansiedad y el consumo de alcohol en usuarios del servicio de Atención Primaria de Salud. Método: estudio cuasiexperimental, realizado con 1270 participantes que respondieron al Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test y al State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 6. De estos, 1033 encuestados obtuvieron puntajes de síntomas de ansiedad moderada/grave (STAI-6 > 3) y consumo de alcohol de riesgo moderado/grave (AUDIT-C>3), y recibieron las intervenciones mediante llamada telefónica con un seguimiento de siete y 180 días. Para analizar los datos se utilizó un modelo de regresión de efectos mixtos. Resultados: el efecto de la intervención realizada fue positivo para reducir los síntomas de ansiedad entre T0 y T1 (µ=1,6 p<0,001) y para reducir el patrón de consumo de alcohol entre t1 y t3 (µ=1,57 p< 0,001). Conclusión: los resultados del seguimiento sugieren que la intervención tuvo un efecto positivo en la reducción de la ansiedad y el patrón de consumo de alcohol que tiende a mantenerse en el tiempo. Existe evidencia de que la intervención propuesta puede ser una alternativa para la atención preventiva en salud mental, en situaciones donde se comprometa la accesibilidad del usuario o del profesional.

Objective: to investigate the effect of a remote intervention on anxiety symptoms and alcohol use in users of the Primary Health Care service. Method: a quasi-experimental study conducted with 1,270 participants who answered the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test and the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory-6. Of these, 1,033 interviewees scored for moderate/severe anxiety symptoms (STAI-6 > 3) and moderate/severe risk alcohol use (AUDIT-C > 3), and received the interventions via telephone calls with follow-up periods lasting seven and 180 days. For data analysis, a mixed-effects regression model was used. Results: the effect of the intervention performed was positive in reducing anxiety symptoms between T0 and T1 (µ=1.6, p<0.001) and in reducing the alcohol use pattern between T1 and T3 (µ=1.57, p<0.001) Conclusion: the follow-up results suggest a positive effect of the intervention in reducing anxiety and the alcohol use pattern, which tends to be maintained over time. There is diverse evidence that the intervention proposed can be an alternative for preventive care in mental health, in situations where accessibility of the user or the professional is compromised.

Objetivo: investigar o efeito de uma intervenção remota nos sintomas de ansiedade e no uso de álcool em usuários do serviço de Atenção Primária à Saúde. Método: estudo quase experimental, realizado com 1270 participantes que responderam o Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test e a State-Trait Anxiety Inventory 6. Desses, 1033 entrevistados pontuaram para sintomas de ansiedade moderada/severa (STAI-6>3) e uso de risco de álcool moderado/severo (AUDIT-C>3), e receberam as intervenções via chamada telefônica com follow-up de sete e 180 dias. Para análise dos dados utilizou-se um modelo de regressão de efeitos mistos. Resultados: o efeito da intervenção realizada foi positivo na redução dos sintomas de ansiedade entre T0 e T1 (µ=1,6 p<0.001) e na redução do padrão de uso de álcool entre t1 e t3 (µ=1,57 p<0.001). Conclusão: os resultados do follow-up sugerem efeito positivo da intervenção na redução da ansiedade e no padrão de uso de álcool, o qual tende a se manter ao longo do tempo. Há evidências de que a intervenção proposta pode ser uma alternativa para o cuidado preventivo em saúde mental, em situações nas quais a acessibilidade do usuário ou do profissional encontram-se comprometidas.

Prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs consumption during teenage pregnancy: an observational, prospective, and cross-sectional study / Prevalencia del consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas durante el embarazo en adolescentes: un estudio observacional, prospectivo y transversal

Abstract Background: Teenage pregnancy is a significant public health issue in Mexico; its prevalence oscillates around 20% of all pregnancies. Concurrently, alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use have become more common in this age group. Methods: To estimate the prevalence of substance exposure in a population of pregnant teenagers, we conducted a prospective, observational, and cross-sectional study. The protocol was approved by the institutional review board. On informed consent, we asked 420 consecutive pregnant youngsters cared for at the outpatient obstetric service of a tertiary public regional women´s and children´s hospital in Nuevo León, in northeast Mexico, to answer a previously validated questionnaire to estimate the prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, or illicit drugs use during pregnancy. Results: Of the 420 participants, 317 (75.5%) consumed at least one substance during pregnancy. Alcohol, either alone or in combination, was consumed by 300 (71.7%) participants. Tobacco was used by 117 (27.8%) participants, almost always in combination with other substances, while marijuana and other illicit drugs were consumed by 92 (21.9%) participants. Approximately one-fourth of the participants, 102 (24.1%) reported no substance use during pregnancy. Conclusions: In this series, the reported prevalence of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drugs consumption during pregnancy, explored with a validated instrument, is higher than that previously reported in our country. This fact offers a worrying picture of another set of factors adding to the burden of teenage pregnancy.

Resumen Introducción: El embarazo en la adolescencia ha adquirido gran importancia en la salud pública en México; su prevalencia oscila alrededor del 20% de los embarazos. Paralelamente, el consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas en este periodo es cada vez más común en estas jóvenes. Métodos: Para estimar la prevalencia de exposición a estas substancias en adolescentes embarazadas, se llevó a cabo un estudio prospectivo, observacional y transversal. El protocolo fue aprobado por los Comités de Ética e Investigación. Previo consentimiento informado, se solicito a 420 jóvenes embarazadas atendidas en la clínica prenatal del hospital materno-infantil más grande en Nuevo León, que respondieran un cuestionario previamente validado para estimar la prevalencia del consumo de substancias. Resultados: De 420 participantes, 317 (75.5%) consumieron al menos una de estas sustancias durante el embarazo. El alcohol, solo o en combinación, fue consumido por 300 (71.5%). El tabaco fue usado por 117 (27.8%), casi siempre en combinación con otras sustancias, mientras que la mariguana y otras drogas ilícitas fueron consumidas por 92 (21.9%) participantes. Alrededor de una cuarta parte del grupo estudiado (24.1%) reportó no haber consumido ninguna de estas substancias en su embarazo. Conclusiones: En nuestra serie, la prevalencia de consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas durante el embarazo, explorada con un instrumento validado, es mayor de la reportada en estimaciones previas en nuestro país. Estos datos ofrecen un panorama preocupante de una serie de factores que se agregan a la carga del embarazo en la adolescencia.

Contenido de arsénico, conocimiento y actitud en el consumo del agua de pozo familiar / Arsenic content, knowledge and attitude in family well water consumption / Conteúdo de arsênico, conhecimento e atitude em relação ao consumo doméstico de água de poço

La contaminación por arsénico del agua de consumo humano, es un problema de salud pública, porque produce diversas enfermedades cancerígenas y de piel. Objetivo. Determinar niveles de arsénico en el agua de pozos, y evaluar el grado de conocimiento y actitud sobre el consumo del agua familiar. Materiales y métodos. Se utilizaron 96 muestras del agua de pozos del distrito de Juliaca. Las cuales se analizaron en laboratorio de Unidad de Servicios de Análisis Químicos de la Facultad de Química - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos-Lima, mediante la técnica Espectrofotometría de Absorción Atómica con Horno de Grafito. Los datos de arsénico fueron procesados estadísticamente mediante el diseño completamente al azar. Asimismo, la descripción del conocimiento y actitud del consumo de agua familiar se realizó aplicando la técnica de la encuesta y el instrumento fue un cuestionario de 11 ítems para la variable conocimiento y 7 para la variable actitud, con respuestas de alto, medio y bajo para conocimiento y buena, regular y mala calificadas con escala de Likert. Resultados. La concentración promedio fue 0.031 mg de As/L de agua y entre zonas hubo semejanza (p>0.05). En el grado de conocimiento sobre contaminación con arsénico en el agua de consumo humano respondieron el 40.81 % con calificación alta y el 59.19% están entre medio y bajo; en actitud, la calificación buena obtuvo menos del 50 % de encuestados y el resto están entre regular y mala. Conclusiones. El contenido arsenical en el agua de pozos supera los límites máximos permisibles según Organización Mundial de Salud y más del 50% se exponen al agua contaminada.

Arsenic contamination of drinking water is a public health problem, because it causes various carcinogenic and skin diseases. Objective. To determine arsenic levels in well water, and to evaluate the degree of knowledge and attitude about family water consumption. Materials and methods. Ninety-six samples of well water from the district of Juliaca were used. These were analyzed in the laboratory of the Chemical Analysis Services Unit of the Faculty of Chemistry - Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos-Lima, using the technique Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry with Graphite Furnace. The arsenic data were statistically processed using a completely randomized design. Likewise, the description of the knowledge and attitude of family water consumption was carried out by applying the survey technique and the instrument was a questionnaire of 11 items for the knowledge variable and 7 for the attitude variable, with answers of high, medium and low for knowledge and good, regular and bad rated with a Likert scale. Results. The average concentration was 0.031 mg As/L water and there was similarity between zones (p>0.05). In the degree of knowledge about arsenic contamination in drinking water, 40.81% responded with high qualification and 59.19% were between medium and low; in attitude, the good qualification obtained less than 50% of respondents and the rest were between regular and bad. Conclusions. The arsenic content in well water exceeds the maximum permissible limits according to the World Health Organization and more than 50% are exposed to contaminated water.

A contaminação da água potável por arsênico é um problema de saúde pública, pois causa várias doenças de pele e carcinogênicas. Objetivo. Determinar os níveis de arsênico na água de poço e avaliar o grau de conhecimento e atitude em relação ao consumo doméstico de água. Materiais e métodos. Foram utilizadas 96 amostras de água de poço do distrito de Juliaca. Elas foram analisadas no laboratório da Unidade de Serviços de Análises Químicas da Faculdade de Química da Universidade Nacional Mayor de San Marcos-Lima, usando a técnica de Espectrofotometria de Absorção Atômica com Forno de Grafite. Os dados sobre arsênico foram processados estatisticamente usando um desenho completamente aleatório. Da mesma forma, a descrição do conhecimento e da atitude do consumo familiar de água foi realizada aplicando a técnica de pesquisa e o instrumento foi um questionário de 11 itens para a variável conhecimento e 7 para a variável atitude, com respostas de alto, médio e baixo para o conhecimento e classificado como bom, regular e ruim em uma escala Likert. Resultados. A concentração média foi de 0,031 mg As/L de água e houve similaridade entre as zonas (p>0,05). Quanto ao grau de conhecimento sobre a contaminação por arsênico na água potável, 40,81% responderam com uma pontuação alta e 59,19% ficaram entre médio e baixo; quanto à atitude, a pontuação boa foi obtida por menos de 50% dos entrevistados e o restante ficou entre regular e ruim. Conclusões. O teor de arsênico na água de poço excede os limites máximos permitidos de acordo com a Organização Mundial da Saúde e mais de 50% estão expostos à água contaminada.

ACCESS TO SAFE DRINKING WATER REMAINS NEED OF HOUR IN PREVENTING BACTERIAL AND PARASITIC DIARRHEA AMONGST UNDER 5 CHILDREN

In India, diarrhea prevalence among under 5 years children remains high and is associated with a wide range of bacteria, parasites, and viruses, transmitted through contaminated food and water. The present study aimed at the detection of enteric pathogens in children with diarrhea and its relationship to the source of drinking water. Fecal samples were collected from 157 children from July 2021 to July 2022. Among 157 children, parasitic and bacterial pathogens were detected in 4.5% (7/157). Parasites were detected in 2% (Giardia 67%, H nana in 33%) and bacteria in 2.5% (Ecoli O157 in 75% and salmonella in 25%) cases. Specific sources of drinking water more often associated with diarrhea were hand pumps (43%), house tap water (28.6%), bore well (14.2%), and well (14.2%) cases. Thus, demonstrating the persistence of significant pathogens and re-emphasizing that diarrheal illnesses are preventable through safe drinking water practices.

Water consumption in 0-6-month-old healthy infants and effective factors: A systematic review / Consumo de agua en lactantes sanos de cero a seis meses y factores efectivos: una revisión sistemática

Introduction: Early introduction of fluids and water affects the duration of breastfeeding, the infant immune system, and possibly causes infants to consume less breast milk, which may, in turn, affect their nutritional and immune status. Objective: This study was carried out to determine water consumption in 0-6-month-old infants and the factors affecting this consumption. Materials and methods: A literature review was conducted in seven electronic databases (Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library, and TÜBITAK) for studies published until April 25, 2022, using the keywords: drinking water, infant, and breastfeeding. Results: The systematic review included 13 studies. Five studies were crosssectional, three were descriptive and quasi-experimental, and the others were case-control and cohort studies. It was reported in the examined studies that 86.2% of the infants were around 6 weeks old, 44 % of the infants were 1 month old, 77% were 3 months old, 2.5% were 4 months old, and 2.5 to 85% of the infants were around 6 months old when they first consumed water. The prominent reasons for making the infants drink water are the thought that they need it and cultural reasons. Conclusions: The exclusive breastfeeding of 0-6-month-old infants is the recommendation of reliable health authorities. Nurses play a key role in implementing this practice. In this systematic review, it was seen that families gave their infants water at varying rates in the 0-6-month period, and the factors affecting this situation were revealed. If nurses determine which factors affect families in terms of the early introduction of fluids, they could be able to plan the necessary education and interventions.

Introducción. La introducción temprana de líquidos y agua afecta la duración de la lactancia, el sistema inmune del lactante y posiblemente hace que los lactantes consuman menos leche materna, lo que a su vez puede afectar su estado nutricional e inmunitario. Objetivo. Este estudio se realizó para determinar el consumo de agua en bebés de cero a seis meses y los factores que inciden en este consumo. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo una revisión de la literatura en siete bases de dato electrónicas (Medline, Web of Science, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Scopus, Cochrane Library y TÜBITAK) para estudios publicados hasta el 25 de abril de 2022, utilizando las palabras clave: agua potable, lactante y lactancia. Resultados. La revisión sistemática incluyó 13 estudios. Cinco fueron estudios transversales, tres fueron descriptivos, cuasiexperimentales y los restantes fueron estudios de casos y controles, y de cohortes. En los estudios examinados se informó que le dieron agua al 86,2 % de los lactantes de seis semanas, al 44 % de los lactantes de un mes, al 77 % de los lactantes de tres meses, al 2,5 % de los lactantes de cuatro meses y al 2,5 % a 85 % de los lactantes de seis meses. Las razones principales para dar agua a los bebés son la idea de que los bebés necesitan agua y razones culturales. Conclusiones. La lactancia materna exclusiva es la recomendación de las autoridades sanitarias para los bebés de cero a seis meses. Las enfermeras juegan un papel clave en la implementación de esta práctica. En esta revisión sistemática se observó que las familias daban agua a sus bebés en proporciones variables durante el período de cero a seis meses y se revelaron los factores que inciden en esta situación. Si las enfermeras determinan qué factores afectan a las familias en cuanto a la introducción temprana de líquidos, podrían planificar las medidas educativas y las intervenciones necesarias.

Uso de substâncias psicoativas por universitários da área da saúde antes e durante a pandemia da covid-19: prevalência e fatores associados / Use of psychoactive substances by college students in the health sector before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: prevalence and associated factors / Uso de sustancias psicoactivas por los universitarios del área de la salud antes y durante la pandemia del COVID-19: prevalencia y factores asociados

A pandemia do coronavírus criou incertezas sobre os impactos da doença na saúde dos universitários relacionados ao padrão de uso de substâncias psicoativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi estimar a prevalência e os fatores associados ao uso de álcool, tabaco e drogas ilícitas entre universitários da área da saúde antes e durante a pandemia da covid-19. Trata-se de um estudo transversal com inquéritos repetidos. Para determinar o padrão de uso das substâncias psicoativas, utilizou-se o Teste de Triagem do Envolvimento com Álcool, Tabaco e Outras Substâncias (ASSIST). Foi realizada a análise de regressão logística com a medida do desfecho expressa por odds ratio e intervalo de confiança de 95%. Obtiveram-se as seguintes associações para o maior consumo de substâncias psicoativas antes da pandemia: homossexuais/bissexuais e tabaco no mês; não iniciantes no curso e álcool (na vida e no mês) e drogas ilícitas na vida. Ademais, a análise ajustada dos estudantes durante a pandemia demonstrou que a associação foi mantida: homossexuais/bissexuais e tabaco na vida e no mês, álcool no mês e drogas ilícitas na vida. Concluiu-se que a universidade deve buscar a implementação de políticas de assistência estudantil, garantindo aos alunos um bem-estar físico e emocional.

The coronavirus pandemic created uncertainty about the health impacts of the disease on college students related to the pattern of psychoactive substance use. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and factors associated with alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug use among university health students before and during the COVID-19 pandemic. This is a cross-sectional study, with repeated surveys. To determine the pattern of psychoactive substance use the Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test ­ (ASSIST) was used. The logistic regression analysis was performed with the measurement of the outcome expressed by odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. The following associations were obtained for the highest consumption of psychoactive substance before the pandemic: homosexuals/bisexuals and tobacco in the month; non-beginners in the course and alcohol (in life and in the month), and illicit drugs in life. Furthermore, the adjusted analysis of students during the pandemic showed that the association remained: homosexuals/bisexuals and tobacco in life and month, alcohol in month, and illicit drugs in life. In conclusion, the university must seek to implement student assistance policies, guaranteeing students' physical and emotional wellbeing.

La pandemia de coronavirus produjo incertidumbres sobre las repercusiones de la enfermedad en la salud de los estudiantes universitarios relacionadas con el patrón de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas. El objetivo de este estudio es estimar la prevalencia y los factores asociados al consumo de alcohol, tabaco y drogas ilícitas entre los estudiantes universitarios del área de la salud antes y durante la pandemia de COVID-19. Se trata de un estudio transversal, con encuestas repetidas. Para determinar el patrón de consumo de sustancias psicoactivas, se utilizó la Prueba de Detección de Consumo de Alcohol, Tabaco y Sustancias ­ASSIST. Se realizó un análisis de regresión logística con la medida de resultado expresada por odds ratio y un intervalo de confianza del 95%. Se obtuvieron las siguientes asociaciones para el mayor consumo antes de la pandemia: homosexuales/bisexuales y tabaco en el mes; no iniciados en el curso y alcohol (en la vida y en el mes) y drogas ilícitas en la vida. Además, el análisis ajustado de los estudiantes en la pandemia se mantuvo asociado con: homosexuales/bisexuales y tabaco en la vida y el mes, alcohol en el mes y drogas ilícitas en la vida. Se concluye que la universidad debe implementar políticas de asistencia a los estudiantes para garantizarles bienestar físico y emocional.

Eventos estresantes de la vida y consumo de alcohol en adultos mayores / Stressful life events and alcohol consumption in elderly

Resumen Objetivo: Determinar la relación entre los Eventos Estresantes de la Vida y el consumo de alcohol en los Adultos Mayores. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo correlacional, en 39 participantes de Santa Catarina, Nuevo León, México. Se aplicó una Cédula de Datos Personales, el Inventario de Estrés en la Vida de Adultos Mayores y el Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Versión Geriatric. Resultados: El 82.1% de los participantes pertenece al sexo femenino, existieron diferencias en las medias del puntaje del consumo de alcohol de acuerdo con el sexo (U = 70.00; p < 0.05). Los eventos que se relacionaron con el consumo de alcohol fueron la muerte de un hijo(a) (rs =.393, p = .013), el deterioro del estado financiero (rs =.342, p =.033), el cambiarse a una casa menos cómoda (rs =.560, p= .001 y la pérdida de un amigo(a) rs =.409, p = .010). Conclusiones: Los eventos estresantes pueden impactar de forma negativa al AM e influir en el consumo de alcohol como una estrategia de afrontamiento.

Abstract Objective: Determine the relationship between stressful life events and alcohol consumption in elders. Materials and methods: Correlational descriptive study, in 39 participants from Santa Catarina, Nuevo León, Mexico. A personal data record, the Stress Inventory in the Life of Older Adults and the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric Version were applied. Results: 82.1% of participants were females, there were differences in the means of the alcohol consumption score according to sex (U = 70.00, p < 0.05). The events that were related to alcohol consumption were the death of a son (rs = .393, p = .013), the deterioration of the financial state (rs = .342, p = .033), the change to a less comfortable house (rs = .560, p = .000) and the loss of a friend rs = .409, p = .010). Conclusions: Stressful events can negatively impact AM and influence alcohol consumption as a coping strategy.

Efecto del alcohol sobre el corazón y el sistema cardiovascular: hipertrofia, remodelamiento y disminución del strain. Información actual / Alcohol Impact on the Heart and Cardiovascular System - Hypertrophy, Remodeling and Strain Impairment - Contemporary State-of-the-Art

RESUMEN Datos recientes muestran que el abuso crónico de alcohol puede conducir a disfunción cardiovascular, a partir de dosis de etanol tradicionalmente consideradas bajas, y que la aparición de arritmias, incluyendo la fibrilación auricular, aumenta aún en consumidores de alcohol moderados. Los otros mecanismos comunes del impacto negativo del etanol están relacionados con el desarrollo de hipertensión y su consecuencia directa, la hipertrofia, fibrosis y disfunción diastólica. Debido a que la probabilidad de reversibilidad del remodelamiento cardíaco depende de un diagnóstico temprano de disfunción cardíaca, se debería recomendar la aplicación más amplia de métodos nuevos y más sensibles de evaluación de la función miocárdica, incluyendo el strain longitudinal ventricular izquierdo y derecho, así como de los protocolos adaptados a la ecocardiografía de estrés.

ABSTRACT The recent data show that chronic overuse of alcohol may lead to cardiovascular dysfunction, starting from traditionally judged as low ethanol doses, and that the burden of arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation, increases even in moderate alcohol consumers. The other common mechanisms of the disadvantageous impact of ethanol are related to the development of hypertension and its direct aftermath, hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction. Since the chance of the reversibility of cardiac remodeling depends on the early diagnosis of cardiac dysfunction, the wider application of novel and sensitive methods of myocardial function assessment, including longitudinal strain of the left and right ventricles, as well as the adapted protocols for stress echocardiography, should be recommended.

Water, sanitation and schistosomiasis mansoni: a study based on the Brazilian National Prevalence Survey (2011-2015) / Água, saneamento e esquistossomose mansoni: um estudo baseado no Inquérito Nacional de Prevalência do Brasil (2011-2015)

Abstract This study aimed to explore the association between water, sanitation, and the prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni in students aged 7 to 17 years from all 27 federative units in Brazil. It was a cross-sectional study conducted based on data on the prevalence of schistosomiasis mansoni referring to 197,567 students from 521 Brazilian municipalities, who participated in the National Survey on the Prevalence of Schistosomiasis Mansoni and Soil-transmitted Helminth Infections (2011-2015). Univariable and multivariable generalized linear models of the negative binomial type were adjusted using 25 and 5% significance levels, respectively, considering municipalities as the unit of analysis. While a protective association was found between access to filtered water in schools and schistosomiasis mansoni prevalence, sanitation in schools was indicated as a risk factor. The collection of wastewater through a network is not universal in Brazil, and even when present, it is not necessarily carried out by the treatment of collected effluents, thus often resulting in the direct discharge of raw sewage into water resources. Regarding septic tanks, only the presence of infrastructure alone does not guarantee its correct use by the population.

Resumo O presente trabalho teve como objetivo explorar a associação entre água, saneamento e a prevalência de esquistossomose mansoni em estudantes de 7 a 17 anos de todas as 27 unidades federativas do Brasil. Tratou-se de um estudo transversal, conduzido com base nos dados de prevalência de esquistossomose mansoni referentes a 197.567 estudantes de 521 municípios brasileiros que participaram do Inquérito Nacional da Prevalência de Esquistossomose Mansoni e Geo-helmintoses (2011-2015). Modelos lineares generalizados do tipo binomial negativo, univariável e multivariável foram construídos considerando níveis de significância de 25% e 5%, respectivamente, e os municípios como unidade de análise. Embora os resultados tenham indicado associação protetora entre o acesso à água filtrada nas escolas e a prevalência de esquistossomose mansoni, o acesso ao saneamento nas escolas foi apontado como um fator de risco. A coleta de águas residuais por rede não é universal no Brasil e, mesmo quando presente, não é necessariamente procedida pelo tratamento dos efluentes coletados, resultando, muitas vezes, no lançamento direto do esgoto bruto em matrizes aquosas. Com relação a soluções individuais como fossa sépticas, a presença da infraestrutura por si só não garante o seu uso correto pela população.

Trends in consuming alcoholic beverages among adolescents and young adults of school age: sexes differences

Abstract Objective: To analyze the tendency of alcoholic beverage consumption among adolescents and young adults at school age according to their sexes. Methods: This is a trend research study in public schools of the municipality of Petrolina, between 2014 and 2016, with 3146 students aged between 12 and 24 years old. The instrument was constituted by socio-economic inquiry and the Youth Risk Behavior Survey. Trends were assessed using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommended approach. The analyses were conducted using logistic regression, with a statistical significance of 0.05. Results: Close to 56% of the adolescents had already tried some alcoholic beverage, most of which had contact after 13 years of age. The prevalence of binge drinking ranged between 17% and 25%. The percentage of girls who tried alcohol before 13 years old remained similar over the three years (p = 0.943). The prevalence of this behavior was stabilized at around 20%. There was a trend to decrease in the prevalence of boys who reported having tried alcohol before 13 years old (p = 0.014). The percentage of boys who reported involvement in binge drinking in the past 30 days remained stable at around 20% over the years (p = 0.951 ). The girls' data revealed a significant decrease in binge drinking (p = 0.019). Conclusions: The general analysis suggests a trend towards stabilization of consumption among boys, and an increase among girls.

Sanitary inspection results of drinking water quality in stations along Hexi Corridor Railway in 2018 -2020 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To understand the sanitary status of drinking water quality in stations along Hexi Corridor Railway from 2018 to 2020. Methods Among of 270 samples of drinking water collected by a railway CDC from 2018 to 2020 were detected and analyzed. Results A total of 270 water samples were detected from 2018 to 2020. Among them, 90 water samples were detected in train water supply stations, and 89 were qualified, with a qualified rate of 98.89%. 180 water samples were detected in non-train water supply stations, and 119 samples were qualified, with a qualified rate of 66.11%. The qualified rate of water quality test items in train water supply stations was significantly higher than that in non-train water supply stations (χ2=36.44, P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in the qualified rate of water quality test items in different years (χ2=2.4,3.01, 0.04, P＞0.05). Conclusion The drinking water source of each station along the Hexi Corridor Railway is supplied by deep groundwater. Without adding disinfectant, the total bacterial count, coliform group, Escherichia coli and other indicators of drinking water in all stations meet GB5749-2006 “sanitary standard for drinking water”. This raises a question on the necessity to add disinfectant when deep groundwater is used as drinking water source. However, the train water supply station, which is used as the source of secondary water supply, provides drinking water for railway train passengers. The free residual chlorine in the water after chlorination can continuously kill microorganisms in the water. Therefore, it is necessary to add disinfectant to the source water of the train water supply station.

Health risk assessment of water fluoride in rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To assess the health risks of fluoride in drinking water in rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province, and to provide a scientific basis for formulating measures to prevent fluoride and improve water quality. Methods The drinking water of rural schools in Guanzhong and northern Shaanxi Province was monitored from 2017 to 2020. The fluoride concentration was evaluated in accordance with the “Sanitary Standards for Drinking Water” (GB5749-2006). The health risk assessment method recommended by USEPA was used to assess the health risk of rural students exposed to fluoride through drinking water in the two regions. Results A total of 2 826 water samples were monitored from 2017 to 2020. The overall compliance rate of fluoride in water quality was 92.29%, with an average concentration of 0.500 mg/L. The non-carcinogenic health risk of fluoride in drinking water in rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas was 0.05). In the same age group, the non-carcinogenic health risk of fluoride in groundwater was higher than that in surface water (P sedimentation filtration > conventional treatment > untreated (P < 0.05). Conclusion The non-carcinogenic risk of oral intake of fluoride in drinking water from rural schools in drinking-water fluorosis areas in Shaanxi Province is still at an acceptable level. In the future, it is necessary to continue to promote comprehensive prevention and treatment measures focusing on water improvement and fluoride reduction.

Effectiveness of increasing alcohol excise taxes in the management of alcohol-associated liver disease in China / 临床肝胆病杂志

Increasing alcohol excise taxes has been confirmed by the World Health Organization as the most cost-effective public policy for reducing alcohol consumption at the population level. In recent years, studies in foreign countries have believed that increasing alcohol excise taxes can improve the burden of alcohol-associated liver disease (ALD), but it is still unclear whether this policy is applicable to ALD management in China. Therefore, with reference to related research evidence in China and globally, this article analyzes the key factors influencing the effectiveness of the policy of increasing alcohol excise taxes from the perspective of ALD management in China, including tax shifting, price elasticity of demand, and unrecorded alcohol, and introduces other public policies that help curb ALD. We think that increasing alcohol excise taxes is currently a useful but not effective policy for improving the burden of ALD in China.

Establishment and application of detection methods of dicamba in drinking water / 环境与职业医学

Background Dicamba is widely used in agricultural production in China, but it is extremely soluble in water and can be harmful to human health when it enters the body via water drinking. It is necessary to establish an accurate, sensitive, and rapid detection method to determine the residues of dicamba in domestic drinking water. Objective To establish two methods for the determination of dicamba residues in drinking water by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) respectively. Methods The conditions of the proposed method using HPLC-MS/MS included CAPCELL PAK ST chromatographic column, ammonium formate water solution and methanol as the mobile phase, and isocratic elution. The system was operated under multiple reaction monitoring mode and electrospray negative ionization mode. Trimethylsilylated diazomethane was used as a derivatizing agent for GC-MS/MS, and an external standard curve was used to evaluate the system. The residues of dicamba in seven water samples of tap water or secondary water supply from six regions in Chengdu were detected by the established systems to evaluate their applicability and to understand the status quo of dicamba residues in drinking water. Results For the HPLC-MS/MS, the linear range of dicamba was 1.00-100 μg·L−1, the regression equation was \begin{document}$\hat Y $\end{document}=1250.9X+2681.5, the correlation coefficient was 0.9988, the relative standard deviations were 1.23%-26.3%, the limit of detection was 0.95 μg·L−1, and the spiked recoveries were 91.8%-111%. For the GC-MS/MS, the linear range of dicamba was 0.200-10.0 μg·L−1, the regression equation was \begin{document}$\hat Y $\end{document}=190597X+40911, the correlation coefficient was 0.9993, the relative standard deviations were 0.64%-3.90%, the limit of detection was 0.18 μg·L−1, and the spiked recoveries were 97.3%-105%. No dicamba residue was identified in the seven water samples of tap water or secondary water supply from six regions in Chengdu by the proposed methods. Conclusion The two detection methods established in this study are sensitive and rapid, meet the requirements from the detection of dicamba residues in drinking water, and provide an experimental basis for subsequent research on the detection of dicamba residues. In the future, it is necessary to continue to pay attention to the pollution of dicamba in drinking water in Chengdu.