RESUMEN
Aim: This research examines the economic impacts of drought severity and duration to interdependent production sectors in an urban catchment. Methodology: We developed a dynamic water input-output model extension to analyze the drought vulnerability and resilience of economic sectors in an urban region. The model utilizes the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS), which encompasses 65 economic sectors in our regional analysis. The model is applied to a case study of the United States (US) National Capital Region, a predominantly urban region that is considered one of the major economic drivers of the US. Results: Simulation results identify the critical economic sectors that experience the highest inoperability and economic losses as a result of water reduction schemes implemented during drought events. In the two scenarios studied (drought warning and drought emergency), sectors exhibit disproportionate levels of resilience and sensitivity to the magnitude and duration of water reduction. In each case, the economic loss and inoperability rankings of critical sectors differ due to differences in the quantity and value of the sectors’ production outputs. Conclusion: Observed data trends provide valuable insights for decision makers in formulating drought preparedness policies, water conservation programs, and short-term responses aimed to reduce water consumption in cases of emergency. The dynamic water reallocation I-O model developed in this study can be applied to other drought-prone regions and be used to generate insights on the economic consequences of drought, ecosystem thresholds, and water reallocation strategies that minimize the economic impacts of prolonged drought events and their ripple effects across sectors.
RESUMEN
A investigação dos mecanismos de transmissão de status tem correspondido à grande parte dos esforços dos estudos empíricos dos sistemas de estratificação. As diferenças organizacionais encontradas entre setores econômicos e as diferenças regionais inserem-se justamente na dimensão estrutural dos estudos de estratificação. Assim, o principal objetivo deste artigo é investigar em que medida o status ocupacional atual dos indivíduos foi afetado pela sua origem social, considerando-se o momento em que estes indivíduos se inseriram no mercado de trabalho e onde se inseriram. Foram utilizadas as bases da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 1973, 1982, 1988 e 1996 e estimados Modelos Hierárquicos que representam, para os estudos de transmissão intergeracional de status, a possibilidade de um melhor controle de fatores estruturais. Observou-se que a segmentação do mercado de trabalho em diferentes setores econômicos e o nível de crescimento econômico no Brasil em diferentes coortes de entrada dos indivíduos no mercado de trabalho são mecanismos que funcionam como mediadores da transmissão de status, enquanto a segmentação regional não apresentou efeitos significativos.
Una gran parte de los esfuerzos realizados por los estudios empíricos de los sistemas de estratificación ha correspondido a la investigación de los mecanismos de transmisión de status. Las diferencias organizacionales encontradas entre sectores económicos y las diferencias regionales se insertan, precisamente, en la dimensión estructural de los estudios de estratificación. Así pues, el principal objetivo de este artículo es investigar en qué medida el status ocupacional actual de los individuos analizados se vio afectado por su origen social, teniendo en consideración el momento en el que estos individuos se insertaron en el mercado de trabajo y el lugar donde se produjo su inserción. Para ello, fueron utilizadas las bases de la Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD¹) de 1973, 1982, 1988 e 1996 y se estimaron los modelos jerárquicos que representan, para realizar los estudios de transmisión intergeneracional de status, y analizar la posibilidad de un mejor control de factores estructurales. Se observó que la segmentación del mercado de trabajo, en diferentes sectores económicos, y el nivel de crecimiento económico en Brasil, en diferentes cohortes de entrada de los individuos en el mercado de trabajo, son mecanismos que funcionan como mediadores de la transmisión de status, mientras que en lo que se refiere a la segmentación regional no se presentaron efectos significativos.
Empirical studies of stratification systems have concentrated in investigating the mechanisms of transmission of status. Organizational differences found between economic sectors and regional differences fall precisely in the structural dimension of stratification studies. Thus, the main objective of this paper is to investigate to what extent the current occupational status of individuals was affected by their social origin, considering the time when and where these individuals entered the labor market. We used the databases from the National Household Sample Survey (PNAD in Portuguese) of 1973, 1982, 1988 and 1996, and estimated the Hierarchical Models that represent, for studies of intergenerational transmission of status, the possibility of better control of structural factors. We observed that the segmentation of the labor market in different economic sectors and the level of economic growth in Brazil in different cohorts of individuals entering the labor market are mechanisms that function as mediators for the transmission status while regional segmentation had no significant effect.