RESUMEN
Objective@# To investigate the coverage of enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine among children born between 2018 and 2021 in Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, so as to provide insights into formulating EV71 vaccination strategy.@*Methods@#Data pertaining to demography and EV71 vaccination among children born between 2018 and 2021 in Ningbo City were obtained from the Zhejiang Immunization Information Management System, and the coverage of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination of EV71 vaccine were analyzed. @*Results@#Totally 416 176 children were born between 2018 and 2021, including 216 977 boys (52.14%) and 199 199 girls (47.86%). The coverage rates of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination was 61.50%, 58.70% and 32.53%, respectively. The coverage rates of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination among local children (71.43%, 70.04% and 40.24%) were higher than those among migrant children (54.05%, 50.18% and 26.73%; P<0.05). The coverage rates of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination among urban children (67.72%, 65.06% and 40.37%) were higher than those among rural children (54.11%, 51.14% and 23.21%; P<0.05). The coverage rates of vaccination were 54.98%, 61.24%, 65.10% and 66.72%, the coverage rates of full-dose vaccination were 52.16%, 58.72%, 62.44% and 63.39%, and the coverage rates of timely vaccination were 22.47%, 25.86%, 39.14% and 48.03% by the born year from 2018 to 2021, all showing increasing trends year by year (P<0.05). @*Conclusion@#The coverage of vaccination, full-dose vaccination and timely vaccination of EV71 vaccine appears a tendency towards a rise among the 2018-2021 birth cohorts in Ningbo City, while the coverage of timely vaccination need to be improved. Health education for EV71 vaccination should be enhanced for rural and migrant children.
RESUMEN
Objective@# To investigate the epidemiological characteristics of hand, foot, and-mouth disease (HFMD) among children under 6 years in Wuxing District, Huzhou City from 2013 to 2021, so as to provide insights into HFMC control among children. @* Methods @#The surveillance on HFMD and enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccination among children under 6 years in Wuxing District, Huzhou City from 2013 to 2021 were captured from China Disease Prevention and Control Information System, and the temporal, human and spatial distributions of HFMD cases and pathogenic detection results were descriptively analyzed.@*Results @#A total of 14 272 HFMD cases under 6 years were reported in Wuxing District from 2013 to 2021, with an average annual incidence rate of 465.75/104. There were 8 313 male children with HFMD (522.39/104 incidence) and 5 959 female children with HFMD (404.55/104 incidence), and higher incidence of HFMD was seen among male children than among female children (χ2=239.228, P<0.001). Most HFMD cases were found among children at ages of 1 to 3 years (10 006 cases, 70.11%), and the incidence of HFMD peaked during the period between May and July and between October and December each year. High incidence of HFMD was seen in Zhili Township (741.50/104), Yangjiabu Street (546.99/104) and Balidian Township (438.68/104). There were 717 laboratory-confirmed HFMD cases (5.02%), including 106 EV71-positive cases (14.78%) and 177 CoxA16-positive cases (24.69%). A total of 56 288 doses of EV71 vaccines were administered in Wuxing District from 2017 to 2021, with an annual average full-dose vaccination rate of 14.87%. The detection of EV71 infection was significantly lower after EV71 vaccination than before vaccination (4.49% vs. 24.93%; χ2=62.932, P<0.001).@* Conclusions @#The incidence of HFMD peaks in summer and winter among children under 6 years in Wuxing District, which predominantly occurs among children at ages of 1 to 3 years. The incidence of HFMD is high in Zhili Township, Yangjiabu Street and Balidian Township, and the number of EV71-positive cases significantly reduces after EV71 vaccination than before vaccination.
RESUMEN
@#ObjectiveTo analyse the coverage of inactivated enterovirus 71(EV71)vaccine and the impact on hand-foodmouth disease(HFMD)epidemiological and etiological changes in Jinshan District,Shanghai,and provide evidence for improving the prevention and control strategy of HFMD in this area.MethodsThe vaccination data of inactivated EV71vaccine from 2016 to 2019 was collected in Jinshan Immunization Information Management System of Shanghai to describe the vaccination characteristics;The data of HFMD cases in Jinshan District from 2013 to 2019 were extracted from Chinese Disease Prevention and Control Information System,and the surveillance etiological information of HFMD in the same period was obtained,which was compared for the differences of HFMD incidence and pathogen positive detection rate before and after vaccination.ResultsFrom November 2016 to December 2019,a total of 63 521 doses of inactivated EV71vaccine were applied in Jinshan District,with the first shot coverage of 22.57%,the full shot coverage of 21.05% and the two-dose completion coverage of 94.65%.There were significant differences in coverage between different years,months,current addresses,age groups and registers(P < 0.05).The highest coverage of first short was in 2018(33.45%),while full short in 2017(30.78%).More doses were applied during May to August,with highest coverage in 6 to 11 months old group and most doses in 1 year old group.The coverage of children in this city was higher than that of migrant children.There was no significant difference in the incidence of HFMD before and after vaccination(χ2= 0.427,P =0.513 ),while the incidence of severe disease,the positive detection rate of EV71 and the estimated incidence of HFMD infected with EV71 decreased significantly after vaccination(χ2= 15.312,41.431 and 432.342 respectively,each P <0.001).ConclusionVaccination with inactivated EV71 vaccine reduced the occurrence of HFMD EV71 infection and severe disease in Jinshan District,while the coverage was low,so it was necessary to pay attention to HFMD etiological changes to prevent other enterovirus infections.It is suggested to strengthen publicity and information technology to improve coverage,speed up the development of combined vaccine and provide more antibody protection.
RESUMEN
Objectve To analyze the EV71 vaccination of children in Hannan District of Wuhan, providing a reference for the adjustment of EV71 vaccination strategy. Methods Based on the Hubei Province Immunization Program Information Management System, the general information and the Immunization information of the inactivated EV71 vaccine in children born between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2019 managed by the inoculation department of Hannan was collected. Descriptive statistical analysis was used to calculate the vaccination rate and vaccination quality. Results Vaccination rate for first dose and full vaccination of EV71 vaccine of children in Hannan were 49.95% and 42.82% . Vaccination rate for first dose of local children was lower than that of ecdemic children (P <0.005), and Vaccination rate for full vaccination was slightly higher than that of ecdemic children (P=0.859). Vaccination rate for first dose and full vaccination of children in rural areas were lower than those in urban areas (P <0.005) ). Vaccination rates were obvious differences among children of various age groups (P <0.005). Full vaccination rate of 6-11 months of age were 15.66%, full vaccination rate of children of the later the time of birth were the higher(P <0.005), full vaccination rate of the local children were lower than the ecdemic children (P <0.005), while which of children in urban areas were higher than children in rural areas (P <0.005). Between the two dose of vaccination, the unqualified vaccination rate was 5.54%, the timely vaccination rate was 66.94%, and the qualified vaccination rate was 27.52%. The timely vaccination rate of children of the later the time of birth were the higher (P <0.005). The unqualified vaccination and timely vaccination of local children were higher than ecdemic children (P = 0.02), Unqualified vaccination for children in urban areas is lower and timely vaccination is higher than that in rural areas (P <0.005). Conclusion The EV71 vaccination rate of children in Hannan increased year by year, but was far from establishing herd immunity barrier. Propaganda of HFMD prevention and control knowledge must be strengthened, increasing the coverage rate of full vaccination of children before 1 year of age and the timely vaccination rate of the second dose.
RESUMEN
Objective@#To evaluate the post-marketing safety profiles of the inactivated enterovirus type 71 (EV-A71) vaccine (Vero cell) after routine inoculation.@*Methods@#Eleven cities of Zhejiang Province, Fengtai district of Beijing, Qinnan district, two counties as Pingle and Pingguo of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, and Dongtai city of Jiangsu Province were selected as the field sites. A total of 45 239 subjects were enrolled in this study from children who seeked the vaccination of EV-A71 vaccine during the period from July, 2016 to June, 2018. Different sampling method were adopted in different sites. All vaccinated children were invited to participate in the study in Fengtai and Dongtai, however, systematic sampling method were adopted in other sites. Active surveillance was conducted and information about adverse reactions (ARs) occurred in 30 min, 3 d and 30 d following each dose of EV-A71 immunization was collected by field observation, phone-call or face-to-face interview. The incidence of ARs in different types, symptoms and grades were described.@*Results@#In total, there were 45 239 children who received 71 243 doses EV-A71 vaccine. The overall incidence of ARs was 1.079% (769 doses), with the highest incidence of 1.182% (177/14 973) in 5-11 month group and the lowest incidence of 0.849% (18/2 119) in ≥ 36 month group among different age groups. There was a higher incidence in solicited ARs, which was 1.047% (746 doses). The incidences of grade 1 and grade 2 ARs were also higher, which were 0.404% (288 doses) and 0.554% (395 doses), respectively. No grade 4 ARs occurred. The doses of the first and the second vaccination was 40 736 and 30 507, respectively, and the incidences of ARs were 1.281% (522 doses) and 0.810% (247 doses). Also, the incidences of ARs were 0.091% (37 doses) and 0.043% (13 doses) in local, and 1.168% (476 doses) and 0.760% (232 doses) in system. The symptoms of ARs after the two doses of vaccination were basically the same. Redness at the injection site was the most common local ARs after each dose vaccination, with doses of 24 and 11, while fever was the most common systemic ARs, with doses of 362 and 190. Moreover, ARs mainly occurred in 30 min to 3 d after each dose vaccination, with incidence of 1.016% (414 doses) and 0.698% (213 doses) in the first and second dose, respectively.@*Conclusion@#The ARs had a low incidence after vaccination in children and most were mild or moderate. EV-A71 vaccine with good safety is suitable for inoculation in a large scale.
RESUMEN
Objective@#To understand the situation of inoculation and influencing factors of children in the Xicheng District of Beijing after the enterovirus 71（EV71）vaccine was marketed .@*Methods@#A questionnaire survey was conducted among the parents of children aged 6 to 35 months in the vaccination clinics in Xicheng District from May to September 2017. Demographic characteristics,awareness of hand-foot-mouth disease and EV71 vaccine,the access to these knowledge,acceptance of the vaccine price and advice on the management were collected. The influencing factors for EV71 vaccination were analyzed by multivariate logistic regression .@*Results@# There were 1 850 out of 1 885 parents investigated,with the effective rate of 98.14%. The EV71 vaccination rate of children aged 6 to 35 months was 27.03%. The awareness rate of hand-foot-mouth disease and EV71 vaccine in parents was 55.95%. The results of logistic regression analysis showed that the parents with the annual household income of 50 000 yuan and above （OR50 000 yuan- =2.665,95%CI：1.535-4.628;OR100 000 yuan-=4.732,95%CI：2.830-7.914;OR200 000 yuan-=3.576,95%CI：2.084-6.135）,with acceptance of 100 yuan and above in the price of the vaccine （OR100 yuan-= 9.487,95%CI：6.873-13.096;OR200 yuan-=5.940,95%CI：3.465-10.183;OR300-500 yuan-=2.415,95%CI：1.183-4.933）,with more than two sources of the information for EV71 vaccine （OR=3.062,95%CI：2.306-4.065）,without the care about the management of the EV71 vaccine（OR=1.650,95%CI：1.156-2.356）were more likely to have their children vaccinated;while the parents who lived in bungalows and cabinets （OR=0.589,95%CI：0.386-0.899）,who were medical staff（OR=0.240,95%CI：0.118-0.487）,who were not residents of Beijing（OR=0.587,95%CI：0.399-0.863）,who had more than one children （OR=0.338,95%CI：0.236-0.483） were less likely to have their children vaccinated .@*Conclusion@#The parents of children aged below three years in Xicheng District of Beijing should improve their awareness of hand-foot-mouth disease and EV71 vaccine. The vaccination rate of EV71 were mainly related to the registration,occupation,number of children, household income,the access to the information about vaccine,acceptance of the vaccine price and advice on the management in parents.
RESUMEN
Objective To investigate the dynamic changes of three types of anti-poliovirus neutralizing antibodies and anti-hepatitis A virus (HAV) IgG antibody in children who were immunized with inactivated enterovirus 71 (EV71) vaccine (human diploid cell).Methods Serum samples were collected from the subjects immunized with inactivated EV71 vaccine.Neutralizing antibodies against EV71 and poliovirus were detected by micro-cytopathic effect neutralization test.Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to detect IgG antibody against HAV.Results The geometric mean titers (GMTs) of anti-EV71 neutralizing antibody increased to 4.85 following the first-dose injection of inactivated EV71 vaccine.A significant increase of GMTs (up to 64.37) could be observed 28 days after the second-dose vaccination.Meanwhile, results of the dynamic monitor showed that there were slight fluctuations in the neutralizing antibodies against three types of poliovirus on day 28 (28 days after the first-dose vaccination) compared with those on day 0 (before vaccination) (P0.05).The level of anti-HAV IgG antibody was stable and no significant difference was found during the observation period (P>0.05).Conclusion This study shows that inactivated EV71 vaccine has no impact on anti-HAV IgG antibody in Children during the two-dose vaccination and in anti-EV71 antibody-producing period, but has slight influence on the anti-poliovirus antibodies.In general, changes in antibody profile do not affect the clinical efficacy of immune response.