Ethical considerations on the development and application of artificial intelligence in public health / 上海预防医学

With the development of digital technology， an increasing number of artificial intelligence （AI） technologies are being applied in the field of public health， significantly improving the efficiency of healthcare systems. However， such technological advancement also introduces a series of ethical risks. In this article， we conducted a systematic review by searching nine domestic and international databases and analyzing the ethical issues related to AI in public health， ultimately including 158 articles. Based on the analysis of the included literature， ethical risks were categorized into four aspects： data， algorithms， rights and responsibilities， and social impact. A total of 15 key issues were identified， among which privacy and confidentiality， informed consent， data security， and fairness， justice and inclusion emerged as the most prominent issues. The ethical challenges posed by AI in the field of public health cannot be ignored， and it is necessary to formulate ethical guidelines and practical recommendations for AI in this field， establish sound regulatory and review mechanisms， thereby ensuring the healthy development of AI research in public health.

Analysis of ethical issues related to medical digital twins / 中国医学伦理学

As a “double-edged sword” in emerging medical science and technology， medical digital twins not only bring good news to clinical diagnosis and treatment， but also have a certain impact on the medical ethics system. This paper mainly discussed the ethical risks and challenges involved in the application of digital twins technology in the medical field， such as the scientificity and effectiveness of simulation experimental results， the autonomy of both doctors and patients， issues of privacy and life safety， and potential social injustice. Starting from the four principles of bioethics， such as respect， benefit， non-harm， and justice， this paper analyzed the current situation and explored prevention and treatment countermeasures or suggestions for solving the ethical issues of medical digital twins， with a view to achieving timely， accurate， and effective detection， prevention， and control， to better promote the rational development， innovative application， and healthy development of digital twins technology in the medical field.

Mitochondrial transplantation as a promising therapy for mitochondrial diseases

Mitochondrial diseases are a group of inherited or acquired metabolic disorders caused by mitochondrial dysfunction which may affect almost all the organs in the body and present at any age. However, no satisfactory therapeutic strategies have been available for mitochondrial diseases so far. Mitochondrial transplantation is a burgeoning approach for treatment of mitochondrial diseases by recovery of dysfunctional mitochondria in defective cells using isolated functional mitochondria. Many models of mitochondrial transplantation in cells, animals, and patients have proved effective via various routes of mitochondrial delivery. This review presents different techniques used in mitochondrial isolation and delivery, mechanisms of mitochondrial internalization and consequences of mitochondrial transplantation, along with challenges for clinical application. Despite some unknowns and challenges, mitochondrial transplantation would provide an innovative approach for mitochondrial medicine.

Ethical considerations of cellular immunotherapy for cancer / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and associated technologies such as next-generation sequencing, cellular immunotherapy has recently become the fourth major cancer treatment. Immunotherapies based on T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells play key roles in cancer immunotherapy. However, their application in clinical practice raises several ethical issues. Thus, studies should focus on proper adherence to basic ethical principles that can effectively guide and solve related clinical problems in the course of treatment, improve treatment effects, and protect the rights and interests of patients. In this review, we discuss cellular immunotherapy-related ethical issues and highlight the ethical practices and current status of cellular immunotherapy in China. These considerations may supplement existing ethical standards in cancer immunotherapy.

Ethical considerations of cellular immunotherapy for cancer / 浙江大学学报（英文版）（B辑：生物医学和生物技术）

With the rapid development of immunology, molecular biology, and associated technologies such as next-generation sequencing, cellular immunotherapy has recently become the fourth major cancer treatment. Immunotherapies based on T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells play key roles in cancer immunotherapy. However, their application in clinical practice raises several ethical issues. Thus, studies should focus on proper adherence to basic ethical principles that can effectively guide and solve related clinical problems in the course of treatment, improve treatment effects, and protect the rights and interests of patients. In this review, we discuss cellular immunotherapy-related ethical issues and highlight the ethical practices and current status of cellular immunotherapy in China. These considerations may supplement existing ethical standards in cancer immunotherapy.

Analysis on the Ethical and Legal Issues of Big Data of Biobank / 中国医学伦理学

Aiming at the application of big data of biobank , this paper briefly analyzed the ethical and legal is-sues.Combined with the potential legal attribute of biobank namely creditor ' s right, virtual property right , and new intellectual property right , this paper also detailed the legal basis of biobank .Regarding the disputes existing in the big data ' s ownership of biobank and non -establishment of the sharing system of big data , this paper mean-while put forward some planning assumptions and suggestions .Firstly, the boundary between privacy protection and the development of big data should be determined .Secondly , the legal attribute and ownership of the big data of biobank should be confirmed .Finally, it should establish a sharing system of biobank when strengthen the protec-tion of intellectual property right .

Analysis on the Ethical and Legal Issues of Big Data of Biobank / 中国医学伦理学

Aiming at the application of big data of biobank , this paper briefly analyzed the ethical and legal is-sues.Combined with the potential legal attribute of biobank namely creditor ' s right, virtual property right , and new intellectual property right , this paper also detailed the legal basis of biobank .Regarding the disputes existing in the big data ' s ownership of biobank and non -establishment of the sharing system of big data , this paper mean-while put forward some planning assumptions and suggestions .Firstly, the boundary between privacy protection and the development of big data should be determined .Secondly , the legal attribute and ownership of the big data of biobank should be confirmed .Finally, it should establish a sharing system of biobank when strengthen the protec-tion of intellectual property right .

Considerations on Ethical Issues of Clinical Research Based on Case Study / 中国医学伦理学

In recent years , with dramatic increase of the number of clinical studies , researchers and ethical committees face with the new challenge of ethical issues about protection of subjects .Based on the experience of previous ethical review , this article summed up a few typical cases of clinical research , involving the practical ethi-cal issues, such as the goal of research , informed consent, and compensation for damage caused by research .And then it analyzed the ethical issues in these cases , and proposed some suggestions for the reference of clinical re-searchers , ethical committees and policy makers .

Ethical Concerns of Psychological Service Work in the Army / 中国医学伦理学

Based on the development of our psychological service in amy , this paper pointed out that our psy-chological services that exist in the following ethical issues:some psychological services staff is competency inade-quacy and lack of professionalism;psychological services exist in the complicated ethical relationship and multiple roles;military secrecy of psychological service in consciousness does not reach the designated position The right of privacy infringement .And according to the above problem is pointed out that our army in the military psychological service work should be:stick to professional ethics , improve professionalism;clear professional role , reducing the recessive harm;improve secrecy consciousness , safeguard privacy rights .

Scientific Research and Clinical Application of Stem Cell:a New Ethical Topic in Life Science Century / 中国医学伦理学

Based on the analysis on the most common type of scientific research and clinical application of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells , hematopoietic stem cells and mesenchymal stem cells as the breakthrough point, discusses common phenomenon and problems of ethics , scientific research and clinical study the moral life science century new topic, hope scientists, physicians, ethicists, caused by the administrative departments for pub-lic health thought , promote stem cells healthy and steady development .

Key Points of Ethic Review on Clinical Trials of Traditional Chinese Medicine / 中国医学伦理学

According to the common standard of ethic review for clinical research , it is equal to each kind of research program whether western medicine or Traditional Chinese Medicine .It should be reviewed the ethic and scientific issues in the same time .However, on account of the two majority characteristics of Traditional Chinese Medicine , it would be concerned more evidence , such as the safety data before clinic , the syndrome differentiation and treatment of target disease , drug combination , dosage and course of treatment , the methods of outcome meas-urement, admixture of the drug, the selection of control drug including placebo and so on .

Ethical Awareness and Concerns of Sport Practitioners for the Summer Olympic Games 2012 / 대한스포츠의학회지

The healthcare for elite athletes has the potential to create many ethical issues for sports practitioners. And the relationship between a sports practitioner and an athlete differs significantly from the traditional doctor-patient relationship. However, there has been little discussion of them to date. To investigate the ethical awareness and concerns in sports medicine field, we surveyed the responses of Korean medical team to a questionnaire during the Summer Olympic Games 2012. The questionnaire was developed to access a wide-range of common ethical issues in sports medicine; conflict of interests, confidentiality, pediatric athletes, performance-enhancing substances, infectious disease, innovative therapies, medical advertising. Twenty-nine out of 32 sports practitioners responded to the questionnaire (90.6%). Respondents identified many ethical matters concerning the unique characteristics of athletes-as-patients in sports medicine. This study has started the process of identifying contemporary ethical problems with regard to the sports medicine, and there should be further studies dealing with these problems.

Gender Imbalance in Policy Making Level in Science and Ethical Issue.

ABSTRACT: When the achievement of women leadership in Science and technology (S&T) is heighten in developed nations in comparison to women in developing countries, it is unfortunate that women are invariably left below, rarely reaching decision-making positions in S&T in Bangladesh. In Bangladesh, Prime Minister and Leader of Opposition are female but when it comes to leadership in science, it is difficult to find a Marie Curie in Bangladesh. Men are twenty times more likely than women to reach the top level positions in research. Women are underrepresented in almost in all scientific boards. The scarcity of women in senior positions in such bodies inevitably means that their opinions are less likely to be voiced in policy and decisionmaking processes, which may lead to bias decision-making and priority setting in scientific research. The causes of lower representation of women in S&T are discussed. All the causes raise ethical questions and violate the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDTH). Millennium development goals can never be accomplished without the active participation of women who represent 50 percent of the population, particularly their involvement in science education. Based on this analysis, a change of culture is required to improve gender imbalance in decision-making level in science.

Progress in stem cell research and reflection on related ethical issues / 中华医院管理杂志

Because of its special features of cell differentiation, regeneration, and even passible re-growth of organs, stem cell research, which started at the end of the last century and has been making progress up to now, has triggered another biomedical revolution and has been hailed as the most important biomedical achievement towards the end of the 20th century. But at the same time because embryonic stem cells involve embryonic lives of human beings and tissue and organ re-growth, stem cell research has from the date of its birth prompted widespread ethical debate among biomedical and law specialists, philosophers and politicians. The paper briefly reviews the achievements that have been made in stem cell research and relevant ethical debate. It also puts forward the authors' viewpoints on the ethical issues involved and their effect on the future development of medical treatment.

The Governance of Ethical Issues in Stem Cell Research / 中国医学伦理学

The stem cell technology has a broad prospect for human health,but it would also give rise to ethical issues which cannot be ignored.To deal with these issues,we ought to adopt new approaches.The traditional vertical government approaches ought to be replaced with horizontal governance.Based on the new governance approaches,this paper proposes four suggestions for relieving the ethical impacts imposed by stem cell technology.These suggestions will be helpful for developing healthy stem cell technology.

Post-Genomic Era:Research and Development / 中国医学伦理学

With the Human Genome Program coming to a successful end,the post genomic era has arrived in which the research of post genomic program is developing quickly.In this paper,the developing trend of the functional genomics research in post genomic era are discussed,with the contents involved: functional genomics,functional proteomics,pharmacogenomics,gene testing,bioinformatics,comparative genomics,which they are main research fields of post genomic era.In the last part,related ethical,legal and social implications are discussed.

A Qualitative Study on Relevant Ethical Issues in Safeguarding the Right of Informed Consent among Patients with Cancer / 中国医学伦理学

Objective: To analyze relevant ethical issues in safeguarding the right of informed consent among patients with cancer in the course of medical treatment and convalescence,so as to protect their legal right of informed consent and provide a more rational and humanistic medical treatment and nursing.Methods: Phenomenological method was adopted in this research and 13 subjects who met our criteria were interviewed randomly.Results: After reading,analyzing,introspecting,and classifying the data,8 themes of relevant ethical issues are concluded for the right of informed consent among patients with cancer in the course of medical treatment and convalescence,including the informed consent right of independent hospitalization,the informed consent right on one's own illness state,the informed consent right on medical insurance,the informed consent right on medical risks,the informed consent right on therapeutic schedule,the informed consent right on medical documents,the informed consent right on inspection,and family member's rights of informed consent.Conclusion: In order to provide a more rational and humanistic medical treatment and nursing for patients with cancer,relevant ethical issues of patients' informed consent right must be stressed and well settled,so as to better preserve patients' rights of informed consent.

Research Progress in Ethical Issues of Intra-vital Organ Transplantation / 中国医学伦理学

Intra-vital organ transplantation is an advanced medical technique for the treatment of patients with terminal stage organ failures.However,related ethical issues arise with the development and application of the technique.Some research has been done on relevant ethical issues in intra-vital organ transplantation with certain ethical principles and regulations arisen,which are discussed in this article.