RESUMEN
Cognitive dysfunction is one of the common central nervous systems (CNS) complications of diabetes mellitus, which seriously affects the quality of life of patients and results in a huge economic burden. The glymphatic system dysfunction mediated by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) loss or redistribution in perivascular astrocyte endfeet plays a crucial role in diabetes-induced cognitive impairment (DCI). However, the mechanism of AQP4 loss or redistribution in the diabetic states remains unclear. Accumulating evidence suggests that peripheral insulin resistance target tissues and CNS communication affect brain homeostasis and that exosomal miRNAs are key mediators. Glucose and lipid metabolism disorder is an important pathological feature of diabetes mellitus, and skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue are the key target insulin resistance organs. In this review, the changes in exosomal miRNAs induced by peripheral metabolism disorders in diabetes mellitus were systematically reviewed. We focused on exosomal miRNAs that could induce low AQP4 expression and redistribution in perivascular astrocyte endfeet, which could provide an interorgan communication pathway to illustrate the pathogenesis of DCI. Furthermore, the mechanisms of exosome secretion from peripheral insulin resistance target tissue and absorption to the CNS were summarized, which will be beneficial for proposing novel and feasible strategies to optimize DCI prevention and/or treatment in diabetic patients.
RESUMEN
Skin is the largest organ of the human body, and maintaining the integrity of the skin is very important to maintain the normal function of the body. Repair and regeneration after skin trauma is a complex dynamic process, which involves biological processes such as cell proliferation and migration, extracellular matrix synthesis and deposition, angiogenesis and remodeling. Recently, exocrine miRNA is increasingly considered as a potential therapy for the treatment of skin trauma. Exosomes, as intercellular messengers, can affect the function of target cells through fusion, endocytosis and receptor-ligand interaction. MiRNA, the main component of exosomes, plays an important role in all stages of wound repair. Therefore, understanding the specific role of exocrine miRNA in skin wound repair and regeneration may provide a powerful basis for the development of new treatments for skin trauma in the future. In this review, we summarized the role of exocrine miRNA in the three stages of inflammation, proliferation and remodeling of skin wound repair and regeneration, and expounded its mechanism. In addition, we also discussed the current limitations and future prospects of the study of exocrine miRNA in skin wound repair and regeneration, in order to provide ideas for follow-up research.
RESUMEN
Objective:To investigate expression profiles of the plasma exosomal miRNAs of the chronic hepatitis B (CHB) patients with persistently normal alamine aminotransferase (PNALT) for the first time and try to find exosomal miRNAs which could reflect liver inflammation better.Methods:Five CHB patients with liver tissue inflammation grade ≥A2 of PNALT and 5 CHB patients with liver tissue inflammation grade ＜A2 of PNALT were enrolled and their blood samples were collected.The exosomes were extracted from these blood samples and measured by electron microscope to determine the extraction effect.The exosomal miRNAs were extracted and sent for high throughput sequencing,and the expression of exosomal miRNAs in the 2 groups of patients was analyzed.Results:Under the electron microscope,exosomes were small membranous vesicles with 30-100 nm in diameter.The peak value of particle size ranged from 10 to 100 nm.High throughput sequencing showed that there were 591 differentially expressed exosomal miRNAs between the 2 groups.Compared with the control group,18 exosomal miRNAs were up-regulated and 6 exosomal miRNAs were down-regulated in PNALT patients with the liver tissue inflammation grade ≥ A2.Conclusion:Exosomal miRNAs in the CHB patients with PNALT who have the different grades of liver inflammation are differently expressed.Some of the differently expressed exosomal miRNAs are expected to be sensitive biomarkers for timely assessment of liver inflammation in the CHB patients with PNALT.