Estresores académicos y sintomatología depresiva en mujeres universitarias económicamente vulnerables durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Academic stressors and depressive symptomatology among economically vulnerable college women during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumen Antecedentes Las mujeres universitarias socioeconómicamente vulnerables son un grupo de riesgo para desarrollar problemas de salud mental durante la pandemia por COVID-19, encontrándose que la regulación emocional y factores de apoyo docente pueden moderar este efecto. Objetivo Evaluar un modelo de moderación moderada del apoyo docente sobre las estrategias de regulación emocional (ERE) en la relación entre estresores académicos y sintomatología depresiva en universitarias socioeconómicamente vulnerables. Método 371 mujeres entre 18 y 29 años que cursaban estudios superiores completaron una encuesta donde se evaluó la sintomatología depresiva a través del PHQ-9 y las ERE mediante el CERQ. Para evaluar los estresores académicos y percepción del apoyo docente, se diseñaron preguntas específicas. Resultados Se identificaron dos modelos de efectos indirectos que mostraron que un bajo apoyo docente moderó la moderación de niveles bajos y medios de la estrategia de regulación de planificación en la relación entre los estresores académicos "calidad de aprendizaje online" y "preocupación por el rendimiento académico" con la sintomatología depresiva. Conclusiones Se discute sobre el rol de estrategias de regulación emocional que apuntan a aspectos metacognitivos y apoyo docente como factores protectores para este grupo específico frente a los estresores académicos, principalmente ligados al rendimiento académico.

Abstract Background female university students from socioeconomically vulnerable groups is a high-risk group for the development of mental health problems in the covid-19 pandemic. Objective To evaluate the moderating role of teacher support on emotional regulation strategies (ERS) in the relationship between academic stressors (AS) and depressive symptoms in female university students from socioeconomically vulnerable groups. Method 371 women between 18 and 29 years old who were in higher education completed a survey where depressive symptoms were evaluated through the PHQ-9 and the ERD through CERQ. To assess academic stressors and perception of teacher support, specific questions were designed. Results Two indirect effect models were identified that showed that low teacher support moderated the moderation of low and medium levels of ERS planning in the relationship of "quality of online learning" and "concern for academic performance" with depressive symptoms. Conclusions The role of ERS that points to metacognitive aspects and teaching support as protective factors for this specific group against AS, mainly linked to academic performance is discussed at the end.

Analysis of Dietary Behaviors, Food Consumption Frequency and Blood Clinical Indices by Residence Types of Female College Students in Seoul / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: College is an important time for students to establish their identity as an independent subjects and develop a foundation to maintain a healthy adulthood. However, after female students become college students, their eating habits are likely to become more irregular and they may experience various health problems because of excessive weight control. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the dietary behaviors and blood clinical indices of female college students by residence types. METHODS: A total of 374 subjects were classified as home group, self-boarding group or boarding group according to residence type. Dietary habits, frequency of food intake, and eating attitudes were examined through questionnaires and anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were analyzed. RESULTS: The meal most frequently skipped by female college students was breakfast, and the frequency of skipping breakfast was significantly lower in the home group than other groups. Most college students recognized that their eating habits had worsened since becoming college students, with the self-boarding group in particular feeling that their eating habits changed negatively. The consumption frequencies of protein foods, fruits, dairy products, seaweed, and fatty meats were significantly lower in the self-boarding group than other groups. The home group ate food cut into smaller pieces, while the self-boarding group tried new and rich foods. Residence types did not affect blood clinical indices. CONCLUSIONS: The self-boarding group had inadequate dietary habits compared to the home group. Although residence type did not affect the blood clinical indices, the students still had poor dietary habits. Therefore, proper nutrition education is needed to improve the nutritional status of college students, especially those that self-board.

A Study of Irritable Bowel Syndrome and Stress on Female College Students in Korea

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to provide a database for making better decisions of the treatment of the irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patient, and for improving the recognition of IBS in the Korean society. METHODS: The survey was conducted on 174 female college students in Korea from January 2017 to January 2018. Out of the total students surveyed, 160 questionnaires were analyzed after excluding 14 uncompleted questionnaires. RESULTS: Based on the survey, the prevalence of IBS among female college students in Korea was found to be 13.8%. Statistically, the results proved that there were significant differences in the stress levels between the students with IBS and non-IBS diagnosed by ROME IV criteria. Students with IBS had higher stress levels than students without the ailment. CONCLUSIONS: Based on this study, stress management related treatment should be actively considered. Furthermore, it is necessary to develop more efficient and updated guidelines for the treatment of IBS and new patient care programs.

Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and Blood Clinical Indices in Underweight, Normal Weight, Normal Weight Obese and Obese Female College Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as excessive body fat in the context of a normal body mass index (BMI). This condition carries a greater risk of developing noncommunicable chronic disease and has been associated with early inflammation. This study was conducted to compare the anthropometric measurements, eating behaviors, and blood clinical indices among four groups: underweight, normal, normal weight obesity and obesity. METHODS: The subjects included 215 female college students. A questionnaire was administered regarding general characteristics, dietary behaviors, food consumption frequency. Anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were also investigated. RESULTS: The average BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were highest in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Most subjects had tried to lose weight and perceived that their health was worse than before they became college students. The ratio of students in the NWO group who thought their health was very poor was significantly higher than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). The obesity and NWO groups seemed to eat more and their eating speed was significantly faster than the other groups (pv0.001). The consumption frequency of caffeinated beverages was significantly higher in the NWO group than in the other three groups (p < 0.01). WBC was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of TG and total cholesterol were also significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum GPT was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05) while BUN level was highest in the NWO group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The obesity group showed the most health problems while the NWO group seemed relatively healthy. However, NWO can lead to problems such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life if poor dietary habits are maintained. Therefore, education in appropriate eating habits is needed for these subjects.

Comparison of Dietary Behaviors and Blood Clinical Indices in Underweight, Normal Weight, Normal Weight Obese and Obese Female College Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

OBJECTIVES: Normal weight obesity (NWO) is defined as excessive body fat in the context of a normal body mass index (BMI). This condition carries a greater risk of developing noncommunicable chronic disease and has been associated with early inflammation. This study was conducted to compare the anthropometric measurements, eating behaviors, and blood clinical indices among four groups: underweight, normal, normal weight obesity and obesity. METHODS: The subjects included 215 female college students. A questionnaire was administered regarding general characteristics, dietary behaviors, food consumption frequency. Anthropometric measurements and blood clinical indices were also investigated. RESULTS: The average BMI, body fat percentage, waist circumference, fat-free mass, and muscle mass were highest in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Most subjects had tried to lose weight and perceived that their health was worse than before they became college students. The ratio of students in the NWO group who thought their health was very poor was significantly higher than in the other three groups (p < 0.05). The obesity and NWO groups seemed to eat more and their eating speed was significantly faster than the other groups (pv0.001). The consumption frequency of caffeinated beverages was significantly higher in the NWO group than in the other three groups (p < 0.01). WBC was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum levels of TG and total cholesterol were also significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05). Serum GPT was significantly higher in the obesity group (p < 0.05) while BUN level was highest in the NWO group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The obesity group showed the most health problems while the NWO group seemed relatively healthy. However, NWO can lead to problems such as metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease in later life if poor dietary habits are maintained. Therefore, education in appropriate eating habits is needed for these subjects.

Effects of High-Intensity Intermittent Training and FATmax Intensity Continuous Training on Body Composition of Female College Students / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of 10-week high-intensity intermittent training(HIIT) and maximum fat oxidation (FATmax)intensity training on body composition of female college students,and explore the difference between the 2 training types.Methods Thirty female college students were divided into an HIIT,an FATmax intensity training(FATmax)and a control(CON)group,each of 10.The HIIT and FATmax groups completed a 10-week high-intensity intermittent training and FATmax intensity continuous training with 90％ VO2 max and FATmax intensity respectively,while the CON group maintained the daily habitual behavior.The body weight,waist circumference,hip circumference and skinfold thickness of the triceps,midaxillary,chest,subscapular,abdomen,suprailiac and thigh were measured before and after the intervention.The body composition was evaluated using the Jackson/ Pollock seven-point method.Results The body max index(BMI),waist circumference,hip circumference and waist-hip ratio(WHR)decreased significantly in HIIT and FATmax groups after the 10-week training(P＜0.05),whereas the waist circumference and WHR of the CON group increased(P＜0.05).The decline rate of BMI,waist circumference,hip circumference and WHR of FATmax and HIIT groups were higher than that of the CON(P＜0.01),but there was no difference between the FATmax and HIIT groups.We further noticed no change in the bodyweight and body composition of the CON group,while a significant decrease in the bodyweight,fat percentage and fat mass (P＜0.001),but a significant increase(P＜0.01)in the lean body mass was observed in the FATmax and HIIT groups after the training.Ten weeks of HIIT significantly decreased the fat percentage and fat mass of the exercise groups compared with CON group(P＜0.05),and the rate of fat loss and lean body mass gain of the HIIT group was significantly higher than the FATmax group(P＜0.05).Moreover,the exercise intervention significantly decreased the skinfold thickness of the FATmax and HIIT groups(P＜0.001),but no changes in the CON group.Before the training,there was no significant difference in skinfold thickness among the three groups.However,after the training,the skinfold thickness of the chest,midaxillary,abdomen,suprailiac and thigh of the HIIT group was lower than CON(P＜0.05),and skinfold thickness of abdomen in HIIT group was lower than FATmax group(P＜0.05).Moreover,the decline rate of the skinfold thickness in the midaxillary,suprailiac,subscapular and thigh of the HIIT group was higher than the FATmax group(P＜0.05).Conclusion Both HITT and FATmax intensity continuous training of ten weeks sgnificantly improve the bodyweight,waist circumference,hip circumference and WHR without significant differences.Moreover,they both are effective in bettering the body composition and subcutaneous fat of female college students,with HITT superior to the FATmax intensity continuous training.

Investigation of Physical Health of Female College Students with Various Types of Traditional Chinese Medicine Constitution / 广州中医药大学学报

Objective To investigate the physical health of female college students with various types of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) constitution. Methods The physical health state of 608 female college students was evaluated by National Student Physical Health Standards issued by Ministry of Education and by TCM Constitution Questionnaire. And then the data were analyzed by regression analysis. Results(1)A total of 608 questionnares was issued, and 600 were responded,with an effective response rate being 100%. (2)TCM constitution types of the 600 female college students were classified into harmony constitution(208 cases), damp-heat constitution(180 cases),yin deficiency constitution(78 cases),Qi stagnation constitution(51 cases), Qi deficiency constitution (36 cases), yang deficiency constitution (31 cases), blood-stasis constitution(9 cases),phlegm-dampness constitution (7 cases),and specific constitution (none). (3)Of the 9 constitution types, the physical health of the female college students with harmony constitution was the best, with an excellent rate being 59.61% and the rate for pass and being good arriving to 39.90%. And the pass rate almost arrived to 100%. Of the 8 bias constitution types,the physical health of the female college students with blood-stasis constitution was the worst, with a failed rate of 88.89%, and then came the Qi stagnation constitution, with a failed rate of 74.51%. (4)With the 9 constitution types as the independent variables, and with the excellent grade(≥86 scores),pass and good grade(60-85 scores),failed grade(≤59 scores)respectively as the dependent variables, harmony constitution and damp-heat constitution were included into the model of Forward stepwise regression analysis for the excellent grade, yang deficiency constitution, yin deficiency constitution and phlegm-dampness constitution were included into the model of Forward stepwise regression analysis for the pass and good grade,and Qi stagnation constitution and blood-stasis constitution were included into the model of Forward stepwise regression analysis for the failed grade. Conclusion Harmony constitution is the dominant constitution type in female college students,and the physical health of the harmony constitution is the best. The scores of physical health vary in the students with different constitution types. TCM constitution has certain dialectical relations with National Student Physical Health Standards.

Effects of Physical Exercise on Depression of Female College Students——Multiple Mediation Effects of Three Dimensions in Social Support / 中国运动医学杂志

Objective To explore the relation among physical exercise,depression among female college students and social support,and the multiple mediation effect of three dimensions of social support between physical exercise and depression.Methods A total of 300 female college students were selected and investigated using the physical activity rating scale-3 (PARS-3),self-rating depression scale (SDS) and social support rating scale(SSRS).The multiple mediation effects of the subjective support,objective support and support utilization were tested using the hierarchical regression and the bias-corrected non parametric percent Bootstrap method.Results The overall effect of multiple mediation was significant,accounting for 56％ of the total effect,while the direct effect of physical exercise on depression was not significant.As for the multiple mediation effects,the mediation effect of subjective support and support utilization was significant,while that of the objective support was not.Their mediation effect accounted for 47.3％,36.6％ and 16.1％ of the indirect effect respectively.Conclusion Social support has a mediation effect between physical exercise and depression among female college students,and the subjective support and support utilization are the main mediation factors.

Study on influence of self-harmony in visiting first grade female college students on admission adaptation and mental health / 重庆医学

Objective To investigate the influence of self-harmony in visiting first grade female college students on admission adaptability and mental health to provide the theoretical and practical basis for preventing the mental problems and college mental health education work.Methods A total of 354 first grade female college students making the appointment for psychological consultation were selected as the research subjects and measured with the Self Consistency and Congruence Scale(SCCS),Symptom Checklist 90 (SCL-90) and Chinese College Student Adaptation Scale(CCSAS).Results The visiting first grade female college students had the psychological problems such as obvious social anxiety and accompanying with anxiety,depression and other the negative emotions,and unreasonable expectations of self-experience,starchiness and rigidity of self-harmony existed.The various factors of self-harmony and total score in the first grade female college students had different degrees of significant correlation with the various factors of admission adaptability and mental health(P<0.05);the disharmony between self and experience had a significantly positive predictive effect on the visiting first grade female college students′ mental health(P<0.05),but which had a significantly negative predictive effect on the admission adaptation(P<0.05).The admission adaptation had an incomplete mediating effect between self experience disharmony and mental health.Conclusion Self-harmony promotion contributes to improve female college students′ admission adaptability and mental health level.

Relationship between premenstrual syndrome and type D personality in female college students / 中国心理卫生杂志

Objectives:To understand the current situation of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and type D personality in female college students,and to explore the relationship between them.Methods:Totally 856 female college students were assessed with the Premenstrual Syndrome Scale (PMSS,those with total score of 6 or higher as having PMS) and Type D Personality Scale 14 (DS-14,those negative emotion and social inhibition factor with total score of 10 or higher as having type D personality).Result:A total of 280 students were detected with PMS,and the rote was 32.7％.Totally 272 students were detected with the type D personality,and the rote was 31.8％.The total score of DS-14 and the score of 2 factors were higher in PMS group than in non-PMS group (Ps ＜0.001).The rate of PMS was lower in type D personality group than in non-type D personality group (11.76％ vs.25.34％,P ＜ 0.001).Conclusions:The occurrence of premenstrual syndrome may be related to the type D personality.The evaluation of personality characteristics should be taken into consideration when formulating the intervention program.

Preparation of self management behavior scale for primary dysmenorrhea in female college students / 现代临床护理

Objective To prepare a primary dysmenorrhea self-management behavior scale used for female college students in China.Methods Based on Green health education model,a pool of 40 items was made through literature review as well as semistructured interviews on primary dysmenorrhea in female college sudent.In the following,a primary dysmenorrhea scale for female university students with 20 items was made by considering the advice from five obstetrists and gynecologists and employing a pre-test.Then the primary scale was used for an investigation among 100 female college students with dysmenorrheal and the items were screened by using by item analysis,and a scale with 19 items was decided.The revised scale was finalized by using it among 500 female students with dysmenorrheal in a college in Dalian for a formal investigation,with the reliability and validity tested by factor analysis and correlation analysis.Results The finalized scale was estabhshed containing four dimensions of 19 items.The scale internal consistency Cronbach's α coefficient was 0.91,the index on behaviour,gaining knowledge,treatment compliance and asking for help 0.77,0.88,0.86 and 0.84 respectively.The retest reliability was 0.92 and the index on each dimension was 0.76,0.84,0.83 and 0.77,respectively.The total content validity index of scale content validity index (S-CVI) was 0.93.The content validity index of each dimension,the item cotent validity (I-CVI)was 0.93,0.92,0.92 and 0.94,respectively.By exploratory factor analysis and screen plot,four factors were extracted,with a cumulative contribution rate of 62.90％.The correlation coefficients between the various dimensions were 0.12 to 0.35 and the correlation coefficients between the dimensions and total score were 0.49 to 0.78 (all P ＜0.05).Conclusions Primary dysmenorrhea self-management behavior scales for female college students has a good reliability and validity.It can be used as a tool to evaluate the self management behaviors of female college students in our country.

Investigation and analysis on premenstrual syndrome among female college students / 中国实用护理杂志

Objective To assess the prevalence and impacts of premenstrual syndrome on female college students,and to provide scientific basis for health education. Methods In the cross-sectional study, a total of 900 female college students from three universities in Jinzhou city were investigated.The data were compiled using the questionnaire of Premenstrual Syndrome Scale by John Bancroft and the general information questionnaire.Results A total of 856 questionnaires were valid among the 900,the validity rate was 95.11%. Premenstrual syndrome was diagnosed in 32.7%(280/856)of all cases,distributed as 22.7%(194/856)mild,7.9%(68/856)moderate and 2.1%(18/856)severe. Binary Logistic regression analysis revealed that premenstrual syndrome was significantly associated with bad sleep condition, animal fat intake, yolk food intake, dysmenorrhea, early age at menarche. Conclusions The results showed that premenstrual syndrome is prevalent among female college students and that life style and nutritional factors may play an important role in this disorder. Therefore,health education and counseling services,as part of the overall health service,should be availed and provided to affected women.

Prevalence and influencing factors of dysmenorrhea among female college students / 中华健康管理学杂志

Objective To investigate the prevalence and influencing factors of dysmenorrhea among female college students in Changchun city, so as to provide scientific basis for health promotion and effective preventive measurement. Methods Non-randomized convenience sampling and face to face interview were used to collect information from female college students aged between 17 and 25 years in 14 universities in Changchun. Chi-square test and logistic regression model were used to analyze influencing factors of dysmenorrhea. Results The average age of 1 071 subjects was 21.21 ± 1.83 years. The prevalence of dysmenorrhea was 86.55%. The proportion of mild dysmenorrhea among the subjects was 62.56%, followed by 33.01% with moderate dysmenorrhea and 4.43% with severe dysmenorrhea; 80.76% of subjects paid attention to keep warm in the daily life. Normal BMI, sleeping before 23 o'clock or between 23 to 24 o'clock, taking exercise frequently or everyday might be the protective factors of dysmenorrhea, and the OR values (95% CI) were respectively as 0.60 (0.37-0.97), 0.56 (0.37-0.84), 0.42 (0.22-0.78) and 0.63(0.42-0.97). Tension and the family history of dysmenorrhea might be the risk factors, and the OR values (95%CI) were respectively 1.63 (1.10-2.41), 4.84 (2.80-8.35). Conclusion The prevalence of dysmenorrhea is high among female college students. Lacking exercise, BMI less than 18.5 kg/m2, staying up late, tension and the family history of dysmenorrhea may be the influencing factors of dysmenorrhea among female college students.

A Study of Glycemic Index, Glycemic Load and Food Sources according to Body Mass Index in Female College Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to evaluate nutrients intakes, glycemic index (GI), glycemic load (GL) according to body mass index (BMI) in female college students (n = 320). The study subjects were divided into 3 groups based on their body mass index, an underweight group (BMI < 18.5 kg/m2, n = 55), a normal group (18.5 kg/m2 < or = BMI < 23 kg/m2, n = 231), and an overweight group (23 kg/m2 < or = BMI < 25 kg/m2, n = 34). The food and nutrition intake data obtained by administering a 3-day food record and were analyzed by using Can pro 3.0 software. Anthropometric measurements were collected from each subject. Body weights and BMI of the underweight group were 45.9 kg, 17.6 kg/m2, those of the normal group were 53.8 kg, 20.5 kg/m2, and those of overweight group were 62.6 kg, 23.8 kg/m2, respectively. The mean daily dietary GI of underweight, normal and overweight groups was 66.2, 65.8 and 66.5, respectively. These differences were statistically non-significant. The mean daily dietary GL of underweight, normal and overweight groups were 159.2, 149.4, and 148.9, respectively. The major food source of dietary GI and GL was rice in the three groups. Dietary GI and GL were not significantly correlated with obesity when adjusted for energy, carbohydrate and dietary fiber intake.

Female College Students' Knowledge, Self-efficacy and Health Behaviors related to Bone Health / 여성건강간호학회지

PURPOSE: This study described female college students' knowledge, self-efficacy and health behaviors related to bone health. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was used. A total of 214 students were conveniently recruited from a school of nursing in Korea. Participants (mean age=21.2, SD=1.9 years) bone mineral density (BMD) was measured using dual energy x-ray absorptionmetry. Participants also completed a questionnaire consisting of knowledge test, self-efficacy scale and health behaviors related to bone health. Data were analyzed using SPSS/WIN 17.0 program. RESULTS: The mean BMD at left femoral neck site was 0.86 g/cm2 and 6.1~12.6%. Results showed that participants were below the expected range of BMD. Level of knowledge (correct rate=54%) and self-efficacy were moderate (mean 54.8 out of 84). More than 84% of subjects drank alcohol more than once a month and 58.4% did participate in regular exercise. Only 7.9% participants took calcium and vitamin-D rich foods every day. There were significant positive correlations between knowledge and self-efficacy (r=.17), health behaviors (r=.14) and self-efficacy and health behaviors (r=.28, all p<.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that health care professionals need to provide effective interventions for young women in order to enhance knowledge, self-efficacy and health behaviors related to bone health.

Comparison of the Dietary Factors between Normal and Constipation Groups by Self-reported Constipation in Female College Students / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to obtain baseline data on dietary management of women's constipation. We estimated the prevalence of self reported constipation, bowel habits and foods & nutrients intake. The subjects were 169 female college students (normal = 92, constipation group = 77) aged 19 to 23 years. We conducted anthropometric measurements, an evacuation habits survey, and a dietary intake assessment for three days by a 24 hour recall method. The prevalence of self reported constipation was 46% (n = 77). Results showed that bowel habits (the difficulty of evacuation, the duration of evacuation and the feeling after evacuation) were significantly different between the two groups. Over 65% of constipation group used laxatives for constipation relief. Frequency of stress and deep sleeping were related with constipation. In daily food consumption and nutrients intake, there was not a significant difference between the groups. However in relation to bowel habits which factors influence constipation, the study showed that the intake of water, potatoes, kimchi, and fruits correlated with evacuation facility. Further, there were no findings in the difference of foods consumption and nutrients intake between the two groups. But some life style changes and food intakes (potato and kimchi) may be useful to improve constipation symptoms in young women.

Iron Status in Female College Students in the Gyeongnam Area

This study was undertaken to investigate iron status and related factors in female college students residing in Gyeongnam. The subjects were divided into normal (40.8%) and iron deficiency (ID) groups (59.2%) by iron status. Mean height, weight, lean body mass, percent body fat, body mass index, and wrist to hip ratio were not significantly different between the groups, but basic metabolic rate was significantly higher in the normal group than that in the ID group. The levels of hemoglobin, hematocrit, serum ferritin, transferrin saturation, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. However, total iron binding capacity was significantly lower in the normal group than that in the ID group. Daily intake of protein, heme-Fe, niacin, and vitamin C were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intake of protein, Fe, niacin, vitamin B12, and vitamin C based on the Korean recommended intake (RI) were significantly higher in the normal group than those in the ID group. The mean intakes of Ca, vitamin B12, and folate in both groups were < 75% of the Korean RI. In conclusion, increasing dietary heme-Fe and vitamin C may be helpful for preventing ID anemia in female college students.

Emotional change in female college students during menstrual cycle and its relationship with hormonal level / 第二军医大学学报

Objective To explore the relationship between emotional change and hormonal levels in female college students during the menstrual cycle. Methods Menstrual distress questionnaire (MDQ) was used for emotional evaluation. Hormone samples were collect ed from saliva and were determined by HPLC. Results The scores of pain,concentration ability, behavioral change, autonomic reactions, water retention, negative emotion, eating habit (P<0.01) and scores of arousal(P< 0.05) were significantly different between the early follicular phase and ovulatory phase in the subjects. Scores of water retention, eating habit (P<0.01),and scores of arousal (P<0.05) were significantly different between the ovulatory phase and luteal phase. Scores of pain, concentration ability, behavioral change, autonomic reactions, negative emotion and eating habit were significantly different between the early follicular phase and luteal phase (P<0.01). Meanwhile, the subjects were divided into high score group and low score group according to the scores obtained based on 9 domains.In the early follicular phase, estrogen levels were significantly different between high score group and low score group on pain (P<0.01); cortisol and estrogen level swereal so significantly different between high score group and low score group on the concentration ability (P<0.05). In the ovulatory phase, cortisol levels were significantly different between high score group and low score group on pain, water retention (P<0.05), and arousal (P<0.01); the same was true for the estrogen level son concentration ability (P<0.01) and for the proges to rone level soneating habit (P<0.01). In the luteal phase, estrogen levels were significantly different between high score group and low score group on pain, autonomic reactions and negative emotion (P <0.05); proges to rone levels were significantly different on autonomic reactions, water retention, self-control ability, eating habit (P< 0.01) and on negative emotion (P<0.05). Conclusion Hormonal levels in the saliva are related to emotion change in the menstrual cycle of female college students. Estrogen is positively and progester one, cortisol are negatively correlated with emotion, suggesting that estrogen, progesterone and cortisol can regulate emotion in healthy subjects as well.

Evaluation of Food and Nutrient Intake by Food Frequency Questionnaire between Normal and Risk Groups according to the Bone Mineral Density of Female College Students Residing in Gangwon Area / 대한지역사회영양학회지

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between bone density and dietary intake for college women in their twenties. This study was performed on 160 female college students residing in Gangwon-do. It was conducted using ultrasound measurement of calcaneus bone density, anthropometric checkup and food-frequency questionnaires (FFQ) comprising 94 kinds of commonly consumed foods. Subjects were divided into two groups according to the T-score of bone density: a normal group (n = 113 persons, T-score > or = 1) and a risk group (n = 47, T-score < 1.0). The average age of the subjects was 20.17 years and there was no significant difference between the two groups. Body weight and body fat percentage of the normal group were significantly higher than those of the risk group. The mean daily energy intake of the normal group was significantly higher than that of the risk group. Also, protein, fat, vitamin A, niacin, vitamin B6, folate, calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, iron and zinc intake for the normal group were significantly higher than for the risk group. For the intake of the commonly consumed foods (or dishes) listed in FFQ, the mean daily intake amount of loaf bread, rice cake, potatoes, spicy beef soup, cucumber, seasoned spinach perilla leaves, crown daisy, stir-fried mushroom, sea mustard, beef rib, ham, chicken, mackerel, common squid, drink type curd yogurt, oriental melon and chocolate in the normal group was significantly higher than in the risk group. While, the mean daily intake of ramyun (instant noodle) and carbonated beverage by the normal group was significantly lower than that of the risk group. In conclusion, 20 something female college students showed a higher rate (26.9%) of the bone mineral density risk group (osteopenia or osteoporosis). For the risk group, the levels of nutrient and food intake were lower than in the normal group. Therefore, the bone density risk group needs to increase their nutrient intake and diet quality by increasing the intake of various foods. In addition, they should decrease the intake of foods, which are negative for skeletal health such as instant noodles and carbonated beverages.

Differences in Dietary Intake and Life-style of Female College Students in Seoul with and without Premenstrual Syndrome / 대한폐경학회지

OBJECTIVES: We examined the association between premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and dietary intake and lifestyle risk factors of 203 female college students in Seoul. METHODS: PMS was diagnosed using the Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ), and dietary intake was accessed by a food frequency questionnaire. RESULTS: Fifteen percent of students were diagnosed with PMS; there were no significant differences with respect to age, height, weight, and body mass index (BMI) of the students with and without PMS symptoms. Students with PMS recognized their PMS symptoms, experienced significantly more severe PMS symptoms, and received more treatment and had more stress compared with students without PMS. Interestingly, students with PMS had greater alcohol intake and consumed more animal calcium than students with PMS. However, the intake of other nutrients was not significantly different between students with and without PMS. CONCLUSION: Out data suggest that students with PMS should increase intake of animal calcium and find ways to reduce stress.