Accesibilidad del Financiamiento Agropecuario en Ameca, Jalisco, México / Accessibility to Agricultural Financing in Ameca, Jalisco, Mexico / Acessibilidade do Financiamento Agrícola em Ameca, Jalisco, México

RESUMEN La agricultura en México se ha polarizado en campesina y empresarial, esta última se distingue por ser más tecnificada. Un factor importante para pasar de la agricultura campesina a una empresarial es el crédito refaccionario, sin embargo, el sector agropecuario ha sufrido escasez en financiamiento debido a los riesgos que presenta el mismo; estos hacen que los intermediarios financieros tengan incertidumbre sobre el cumplimiento de pago del productor agropecuario y por ende, la mayor parte de sus recursos se dirigen a otros sectores. Por otro lado, también los productores agropecuarios tienen incertidumbre, ya que hacer una inversión en un ámbito riesgoso como la agricultura tiende a que los productores sean adversos al riesgo por lo que no gestionan crédito. No obstante, hay productores que acceden al crédito, los cuales se caracterizan por diferentes factores, mismos que hacen que la incertidumbre del intermediario disminuya y así se otorgue el crédito. En este estudio se indaga a través de un proceso estadístico lineal en los factores del productor que reducen la incertidumbre y provocan un mayor acceso al crédito, el cual demuestra que el tamaño de la unidad productiva, ingreso, seguranza, entre otros, impacta positivamente en el acceso al crédito en una institución formal. CÓDIGOS JEL R51

ABSTRACT Agriculture in Mexico has polarised into peasant and business agriculture, the latter characterised as being more technologically enhanced. An important factor in the transition from peasant agriculture to entrepreneurial agriculture has been that of credit in fixed assets. Regrettably the agricultural sector has suffered from financing shortages due to hazards inherent to the sector inciting uncertainty in financial intermediaries with regards to the fulfilment of payment by the agricultural producer and the redirecting of most of its resources to other sectors. On the other hand, agricultural producers themselves often hesitate when faced with the decision to invest in their unpredictable producers risk adverse, so they do not manage credit. However there are producers who access credit, which are characterized by different factors sector with a proclivity for being risk averse and avoiding loans. Nevertheless, there are those who opt to take the credit route, which is characterised by different factors that reduce the uncertainty of the middlemen who authorise the credit. Through a linear statistical process, this study investigates the factors which reduce uncertainty and increase access to credit within the agricultural sector It will be shown that the size of the productive unit, income, security and other elements, have a positive impact on the granting of credit by a formal institution. JEL CLASSIFICATION R51

RESUMO A agricultura no México foi polarizada em camponesa e empresarial, a segunda se distingue por ser mais tecnificada. Um fator importante na transição da agricultura camponesa para a agrícola empreendedora é o crédito de refacionamento, no entanto, o setor agrícola tem sofrido escassez de financiamento devido aos riscos que apresenta; Estes fazem com que os intermediários financeiros tenham incerteza quanto ao cumprimento do pagamento do produtor agrícola e, portanto, a maior parte de seus recursos é direcionada para outros setores. Por outro lado, os produtores agrícolas também têm incerteza, já que investir em um ambiente arriscado, como a agricultura, tende a tornar os produtores adversos ao risco, de modo que eles não administram o crédito. No entanto, há produtores que acessam crédito, que são caracterizados por diferentes fatores, que causam a incerteza do intermediário para diminuir e, assim, o crédito é concedido. Este estudo investiga através de um processo estatístico linear nos fatores do produtor que reduzem a incerteza e provocam um maior acesso ao crédito, o que mostra que o tamanho da unidade produtiva, renda, seguro, entre outros, impacta positivamente acesso ao crédito em uma instituição formal. CLASSIFICAÇÕES JEL R51

Encoding of experimental instrumentsand equipments fixed assets property in basic medical sciences research / 基础医学与临床

In order to standardize the management of fixed assets in basic medical research, and to solve the problem ofone equipment with more than one code , we discussed the fixed assets coding of instrument and equipment in this paper.The existing equipment classification of the Institute of Basic Medical Sciences of the Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences was analyzed.Depending on application of the experiment and the principle of equipment, the novel fixed assets encoding dictionary of instrument and equipment is generated, which fits in the application and development of basic medical research.The managers may find the corresponding code quickly with the standardized equipment name.The new encoding dictionary may facilitate the classification of basic medical experimental instruments, prevent multiple coding situations of equipment and improve the management.

Establishment and Practice of the Fixed Assets Catalogue in Hospital / 中国卫生经济

Objective:Based on the national standard of Classification and Codes for Fixed Assets(GB/T 14885),it created a catalogue of the fixed assets specific for hospital,which became a tool for the delicacy management of the fixed assets in hospitals.Methods:Based on the compiling principles and application scope,it conducted comparative analysis between the national standard and the catalogue which was created by the First Affiliated Hospital with Nanjing Medical University.Results:The amounts of the categories were significantly less than that of national standard.Among them,the categories of medical equipment and furniture were clearly more than the national standard.Conclusion:The effect of the national standard was limited in the delicacy management of the fixed assets in hospitals.However,the specific catalogue helped to uniform the value management and material management,to support information system of fixed assets in hospitals and enhance the level of delicacy management of the fixed assets in hospitals.

Development and application of the whole process of dynamic hospital fixed asset management system / 中国医学装备

Objective:To achieve the fixed assets, in particular medical devices more efficient, comprehensive, in-depth digital lifecycle management. Methods: By analyzing the various stages of the development of fixed asset management process, and make the whole process of the overall process design dynamic fixed assets management system based on the existing problems and the actual job requirements and future directions. Results:The establishment of a management system based on the third edition of the whole process of dynamic fixed asset management concepts. Conclusion: The whole process of dynamic fixed assets management system to achieve full life-cycle coverage, all departments involved in, real progress can be found working the steps and other functions, improve work efficiency and quality of care, improve the overall management of the hospital.

Research on Management of Hospital Fixed Assets / 中国卫生经济

Objective: To reasonably allocate the hospital fixed assets, improve the use efficiency of hospital fixed assets and enhance the management level of hospital fixed assets. Methods: Literature method, observation method and expert interview are mainly adopted to launch comprehensive investigation on the current management conditions of the fixed assets of public hospitals in Quzhou from 2009 to 2011. Results: The allocation of assets is not reasonable, the utilization rate of large devices is not high and the return on assets is relatively low. Conclusion: Professional centralized management of large special equipment should be implemented, informatization management is comprehensively implemented, ABC management approach is applied to conduct classified management of fixed hospitals of the hospitals, so as to establish layered assets management accountability system.

Barcode technology based on computer networks and the hospital management of fixed assets / 中国医学装备

Objective: Through the hospital fixed assets management mode and method of transformation, to play the biggest economic benefit and use efficiency of fixed assets, better service for the hospital development. Methods: Through the bar code and PDA, realize the accurate inventory of fixed assets, improve the efficiency of inventory, and implement the whole bar code tracking and outbound, department transfers of assets in the whole process supervision. Results: It will use department, management department, finance department of equipment management work has focused on an information system platform. Conclusion:It can complete hospital various aspects of fixed assets management, truly achieve account, card, content is consistent.

Analysis on hospital management of fixed assets / 中国医学装备

Objective:To analyze the process of fixed assets management problems and the value of timeliness of fixed assets management. With the monetary value of timeliness, fixed assets management ideas to enhance the medical industry. Methods:through the analysis of fixed assets in medical industry is easy to appear the problem to improve the health care industry management of fixed assets, with the currency time value concept to manage the fixed assets, as well as lay the foundation of benefit analysis of fixed assets. Results: in the health care industry fixed assets management, perfect the management, use cost benefit assessment of monetary time value to fixed assets. Conclusion:through the monetary time value to measure the management of fixed assets, fixed assets management of the medical industry reached a new height.

Application of ERP to Equipment Management in Hospital / 医疗卫生装备

Combined with the deficiencies of equipment management in hospital,the applications of the advantages are explored respectively,which refer to purchase order,inventory management and management of fixed assets,as well as accounting payable.It points out that the ERP system can optimize resources effectively and enhances the level of equipment management in hospital greatly.

Application of bar code to fixed assets in hospital / 医疗卫生装备

Only realizing part of work in fixed assets management department, hospital account of fixed assets management system is unable to integrate the equipment using,management and finance departments. While the bar code management system can merge three departments into one system and manage the fixed assets of hospital with consistency of accounts, card and equipment.