A clinical study of different doses and frequencies of Sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction / 现代泌尿外科杂志

【Objective】 To evaluate the efficacy and safety of different doses and frequencies of oral Sildenafil in the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED). 【Methods】 The randomized,open clinical trial included 120 ED patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The patients were randomly divided into the following groups:on-schedule (25 mg/day),on-demand (50 mg,taken irregularly half an hour before each sexual life),new regular group (25 mg/day,50 mg more before each sexual life),regular group (100 mg/time,twice/week). All treatments lasted for 8 weeks. The follow-up indexes included the five-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5),Erection Hardness Scale (EHS) and Sexual Encounter Profile (SEP2/3). The adverse reactions were recorded. 【Results】 The IIEF-5 scores of the four groups were significantly higher than those after baseline treatment (P0.05). In terms of effective rate,at the 16th week,there were significant differences between the on-demand group (10.7%) and new regular group (62.1%),and between the on-demand group (10.7%) and regular group (50.0%) (P<0.001). In terms of EHS, the percentage of grade 4 patients in regular group was significant higher than that in the on-demand group at the 8th week and 16th week (all P<0.05). In terms of positive rate of SEP-3,there was a significant difference between the on-demand group and regular group (P=0.042) at the 16th week. In the course of treatment,there were transient adverse reactions such as headache,blurred vision,stuffy nose and back pain,which did not affect the treatment. 【Conclusion】 All of the four treatment methods of oral sildenafil showed good efficacy. Both regular group and new regular group maintained good clinical efficacy during the follow-up,which is better than that of the on-demand group. The new regular scheme can be used as a new,safe and effective treatment option.

Effect of electroacupuncture at different frequencies on brain insulin signaling transduction pathway in Alzheimer's disease mice / 中国针灸

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the effect of electroacupuncture (EA) at different frequencies on learning and memory functions, as well as the relevant proteins of brain insulin signal transduction pathway in Alzheimer's disease (AD) mice and explore the effect mechanism of EA in treatment of AD.@*METHODS@#Seventy-two SPF Kunming male mice were randomized into a blank group, a sham-operation group, a model group, a 2 Hz EA group, a 15 Hz EA group and a 30 Hz EA group, 12 mice in each one. In the model group and each EA group, AD model were established by the injection with streptozotocin (ST2) solution (8 mg/kg) into the left lateral ventricles. In the sham-operation group, 0.9% sodium chloride solution of the same volume was injected into the left lateral ventricles. After successful modeling, in each EA group, EA was applied at "Baihui" (GV 20), "Dazhui" (GV 14) and "Shenshu" (BL 23) with corresponding frequencies, once daily. One course of EA intervention consisted of 7 treatments and 2 courses were given totally at interval of 1 day. After modeling and intervention, Morris water maze test was conducted for the mice of each group. Using immunohistochemistry and Western blot method, the protein expression of insulin receptor (IR), insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1) and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) was detected in the hippocampal of the mice after intervention.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the blank group, in the model group, the 2 Hz, 15 Hz and 30 Hz EA groups, the escape latency and the first time of crossing the platform were all extended (P<0.01), and the number of crossing the platform was reduced (P<0.01) after modeling. When compared with the blank group, the escape latency and the first time of crossing the platform were all extended (P<0.01), and the number of crossing the platform was reduced (P<0.01) in the model group after intervention. In the 2 Hz, 15 Hz and 30 Hz EA groups, the escape latency and the first time of crossing the platform were all shortened (P<0.01), and the number of crossing the platform was increased (P<0.05, P<0.01) after intervention when compared with the model group. The escape latency and the first time of crossing the platform were all shortened (P<0.01, P<0.05), and the number of crossing the platform was increased (P<0.05) in the 15 Hz and 30 Hz EA groups in comparison with the 2 Hz EA group. The protein expression levels of IR, IRS-1 and PI3K were reduced in the model group when compared with those of the blank group (P<0.01, P<0.05); and these protein expression levels were increased in the 15 Hz and 30 Hz EA groups compared with the model group (P<0.05, P<0.01). Compared with the 2 Hz EA group, the protein expression levels of IR, IRS-1 and PI3K were all elevated in the 15 Hz and 30 Hz EA groups (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSION@#The learning and memory function of AD mice may be improved through regulating brain insulin signaling transconduction pathway with electroacupuncture, and electroacupuncture at 15 Hz and 30 Hz obtains the overall better effect compared with the intervention at 2 Hz.

Detección de mutaciones del Gen KRAS en pacientes paraguayos con cáncer colorrectal / Detection of KRAS Gene mutations in paraguayan patients with colorectal cancer

El estado mutacional del KRAS ha sido considerado como biomarcador para tratamientos biológicos tras varios ensayos clínicos realizados en pacientes con cáncer colorrectal metastásico. Reportes recientes indican que las frecuencias de mutación del gen KRAS en pacientes con CCR de Asia, Europa y Latinoamérica están entre el 24%, 36% y 40%, respectivamente. Paraguay no cuenta con este tipo de informes, a pesar de registrar anualmente en promedio 75 nuevos casos de pacientes diagnosticados con CCR sólo en el Servicio de Cirugía General del Hospital Central del Instituto de Previsión Social (IPS). El presente trabajo ha implementado este análisis de rutina, prerrequisito obligatorio para la administración de fármacos basados en anticuerpos terapéuticos, y revelado una frecuencia de mutación del gen KRAS del 34% en pacientes paraguayos con CCR que acuden a los Servicios del Hospital Central del IPS

The mutational status of the KRAS has been consider as a biomarker for biological treatments after several clinical trials carried out in patient with metastatic colorectal cancer. Recent reports indicate that the KRAS gene mutation frequencies in CRC patients from Asia, Europe, and Latin America are between 24%, 36%, and 40%, respectively. Paraguay does not have this kind of reports, despite registering an average of 75 new cases of patients diagnosed with CRC per year only in the General Surgery Service of the "Central Hospital - Instituto de Prevision Social (IPS)". The present work has implemented this routine analysis, a mandatory prerequisite for the administration of drugs based on therapeutic antibodies and revealed a KRAS gene mutation frequency of 34% in Paraguayan patients with CRC who attend the IPS Central Hospital Services

Bovine TMEM95 gene: Polymorphisms detecting in five Chinese indigenous cattle breeds and their association with growth traits

BACKGROUND: Transmembrane protein 95 (TMEM95) plays a role in male fertility. Previous studies showed that genes with a significant impact on reproductive traits can also affect the growth traits of livestock. Thus, we speculated that the genetic variation of TMEM95 gene may have effects on growth traits of cattle. RESULTS: Two SNPs were genotyped. The rs136174626 and rs41904693 were in the intron 4 and 30 -untranslated region, respectively. The linkage disequilibrium analysis illustrated that these two loci were not linked. The rs136174626 was associated with six growth traits of Nanyang cattle, four traits of Luxi cattle, and three traits of Ji'an cattle. For rs41904693 locus, the GG individuals had greater body height and abdominal girth in Ji' an cattle than TT and TG individuals. In Jinnan cattle, GG and TT individuals had greater body height, height at hip cross, body length, and heart girth than TG individuals. The potential splice site prediction results suggest that the rs136174626 may influence the splicing efficiency of TMEM95, and the miRNA binding site prediction results showed that the rs41904693 may influence the expression of TMEM95 by affecting the binding efficiency of Bta-miR-1584 and TMEM95 30 -UTR. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of the study suggested that the two SNPs in TMEM95 could be a reliable basis for molecular breeding in cattle.

Genetic diversity in oocyte donors used in in vitro bovine embryo production programs in Brazil / Diversidad genética en donadoras de ovocitos utilizadas en programas de producción de embriones bovinos in vitro en Brasil / Diversidade genética em doadoras de oócitos utilizadas em programas de produção de embriões bovinos in vitro no Brasil

Abstract Background: Current reproductive management of bovine elite populations involves the use of assisted reproductive technologies (ARTs), aiming to obtain the greatest genetic gain. However, inadequate use of ARTs may lead to loss of genetic diversity in the offspring. Objective: To assess the genetic diversity in elite female cattle populations used in commercial in vitro embryo production. Methods: Using genetic and ecological approaches for the study of populations based on microsatellite markers, we assessed the genetic diversity between and within populations of cows used in commercial in vitro embryo production programs in Brazil. Results: Endogamy within populations varied from zero to 9.1%, while heterozygosity between populations (FST) was <0.05 in the different population interactions. AMOVA showed 1% variation between populations, 8% between individuals and 91% within individuals. The dimensionality reduction method utilized indicated a lack of structure in the populations analyzed, identifying two main clusters in the three populations. Conclusions: Low genetic diversity between cow populations associated with commercial programs of in vitro embryo production in Brazil was evidenced. Variable levels of endogamy within the populations were observed. Approaches of population genetics as well as ecological diversity can be implemented to more thoroughly estimate genetic diversity in livestock populations.

Resumen Antecedentes: El actual manejo reproductivo en poblaciones de bovinos de élite incluye la utilización de tecnologías de reproducción asistida (ARTs) con el fin de obtener mayor ganancia genética. Sin embargo, el uso inadecuado de las ART puede llevar a la pérdida de diversidad genética en los descendientes. Objetivo: Evaluar la diversidad genética en poblaciones de vacas de élite utilizadas en la producción comercial de embriones bovinos in vitro. Métodos: Utilizando abordajes de la genética y ecología de poblaciones basados en marcadores microsatélites, evaluamos la diversidad genética entre y dentro de poblaciones de vacas participantes de programas comerciales de producción de embriones in vitro en Brasil. Resultados: La endogamia dentro de las poblaciones varió de cero a 9,1%, mientras que la heterocigosidad entre poblaciones (FST) fue <0,05 en las diferentes interacciones de la población. El AMOVA mostró variación del 1% entre poblaciones, 8% entre individuos y 91% dentro de individuos. El método de reducción de dimensionalidad utilizado indicó una falta de estructura en las poblaciones analizadas, identificando dos grupos principales en las tres poblaciones. Conclusiones: Se evidenció una baja diversidad genética entre las poblaciones de vacas asociadas a programas comerciales de producción de embriones in vitro en Brasil. Se evidenciaron niveles variables de endogamia entre las poblaciones. Abordajes de la genética poblacional, así como de diversidad ecológica pueden ser implementados para estimar de manera más amplia la diversidad genética en poblaciones animales de interés pecuario.

Resumo Antecedentes: O atual manejo reprodutivo das populações de elite em bovinos envolve o uso de tecnologias de reprodução assistida (ARTs), visando obter o maior ganho genético. No entanto, o uso inadequado de ARTs pode levar à perda de diversidade genética na prole. Objetivo: Avaliar a diversidade genética em populações de vacas de elite utilizadas na produção comercial de embriões bovinos in vitro. Métodos: Utilizando abordagens da genética e ecologia de populações baseadas em marcadores microssatélites, foi avaliada a diversidade genética entre e dentro das populações de vacas participantes de programas comercias de produção in vitro de embriões. Resultados: A endogamia dentro das populações variou de zero a 9,1%, enquanto a heterozigosidade entre populações (FST) foi <0,05 nas diferentes interações populacionais. AMOVA mostrou variação de 1% entre populações, 8% entre indivíduos e 91% dentro de indivíduos. O método de redução de dimensionalidade utilizado indicou uma falta de estrutura nas populações analisadas, identificando dois clusters principais nas três populações. Conclusões: Baixa diversidade genética entre populações de vacas associadas a programas de produção in vitro de embriões foi evidenciada. Níveis de endogamia variáveis dentro das populações foram observados. Abordagens da genética populacional assim como de diversidade ecológica podem ser implementadas na tentativa de estimar de maneira mais abrangente a diversidade genética em populações animais de interesse pecuário.

Determining of JK*A and JK*B Allele Frequency Distribution among Muslim Blood Donors from Southern Thailand

@#Background: The Kidd (JK) blood group system is of clinical importance in transfusion medicine. JK*A and JK*B allele detections are useful in genetic anthropological studies. This study aimed to determine the frequencies of JK*A and JK*B alleles among Muslim blood donors from Southern Thailand and to compare how they differ from those of other populations that have been recently studied. Methods: A cross-sectional study was used. Totally, 427 samples of dissimilar Thai- Muslim healthy blood donors living in three southern border provinces were selected via simple random sampling (aged 17–65 years old) and donors found to be positive for infectious markers were excluded. All samples were analysed for JK*A and JK*B alleles using PCR-SSP. The Pearson’s chi-squared and Fisher exact tests were used to compare the JK frequencies among southern Thai- Muslim with those among other populations previously reported. Results: A total of 427 donors—315 males and 112 females, with a median age of 29 years (interquartile range: 18 years)—were analysed. A JK*A/JK*B genotype was the most common, and the JK*A and JK*B allele frequencies among the southern Thai-Muslims were 55.2% and 44.8%, respectively. Their frequencies significantly differed from those of the central Thai, Korean, Japanese, Brazilian–Japanese, Chinese, Filipino, Africans and American Natives populations (P < 0.05). Predicted JK phenotypes were compared with different groups of Malaysians. The Jk(a+b+) phenotype frequency among southern Thai-Muslims was significantly higher than that of Malaysian Malays and Indians (P < 0.05). Conclusions: The JK*A and JK*B allele frequencies in a southern Thai-Muslim population were determined, which can be applied not only to solve problems in transfusion medicine but also to provide tools for genetic anthropology and population studies.

¿Funciona la ley de equilibrio de hardy-weinberg en autopoliploides igual que en diploides? / Does the hardy-weinberg law of equilibrium work in autopolyploids as it does in diploids?

La ley del equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg es la piedra angular de la genética de poblaciones y la genética cuantitativa; sin embargo, para su cálculo en autopoliploides hay que tener en cuenta que las frecuencias alélicas y gaméticas son diferentes, caso contrario que los diploides donde son iguales. Esto ocasiona que el cálculo de esta fórmula deba hacerse con las frecuencias alélicas o las gaméticas basadas en las alélicas, de otra forma se puede romper el equilibrio de la población y el sesgo que esto conlleva en cálculos de otras pruebas como los estadísticos F de Wright, la GST de Nei o modelos bayesianos que se basan en los desequilibrios que presentan las poblaciones. Por eso este ensayo desarrolla los modelos de un locus con dos alelos en genotipos autotetraploides y autooctoploides para poder realizar una generalización de la ley del equilibrio en poblaciones autopoliploides.

The law of equilibrium Hardy-Weinberg is the cornerstone of the population genetics and of the quantitative genetics; however, for its calculation in autopolyploids it is necessary take in account that the allelic and gametic frequencies are different, contrary to the diploids where they are the same. This causes that the calculations must be done with the allelic frequencies or gametic based on allelic frequencies. Otherwise the equilibrium is broken in the population and the bias that this entails in the calculation of other genetical test like Wright's F statistics, the Nei's GST or Bayesian models that are based on the disequilibrium that populations show. That is why in this work they developed models of one locus with two alleles in autotetraploid and autooctoploid genotypes to make a generalization of the law of equilibrium in autopolyploid populations.

Organic solvent exposure and contrast sensitivity: comparing men and women

The goal of this study was to compare the visual contrast sensitivity (CS) of men and women exposed and not exposed to organic solvents. Forty-six volunteers of both genders aged between 18 and 41 years (mean±SD=27.72±6.28) participated. Gas station attendants were exposed to gas containing 46.30 ppm of solvents at a temperature of 304±274.39 K, humidity of 62.25±7.59% and ventilation of 0.69±0.46 m/s (a passive gas chromatography-based sampling method was used considering the microclimate variables). Visual CS was measured via the psychophysical method of two-alternative forced choice using vertical sinusoidal gratings with spatial frequencies of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 5.0, 10.0, and 16.0 cpd (cycles per degree) and an average luminance of 34.4 cd/m2. The results showed that visual CS was significantly lower (P<0.05) in the following groups: i) exposed men compared to unexposed men at frequencies of 0.2, 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0 cpd; ii) exposed women compared to unexposed women at a frequency of 5.0 cpd; and iii) exposed women compared to exposed men at a frequency of 0.5 cpd, even at exposures below the tolerance limit (300 ppm). These results suggest that the visual CS of exposed men was impaired over a wider range of spatial frequencies than that of exposed women. This difference may have been due to the higher body fat content of women compared to that of men, suggesting that body fat in women can serve as a protective factor against neurotoxic effects.

Development and research advance of pharmacognosy field based on CNKI / 中国中药杂志

Based on the literature data in CNKI, data mining and analysis technologies were used in this paper to describe the scientific research and development direction of Pharmacognosy in the last decade from the perspective of bibliometrics. The analysis of measured data revealed the core research institutions, excellent research teams, leading scholars, major research aspects and research progress in the field. Results showed that most of the scholars in the field were from colleges and institutions, accounting for 74.6% of the total research findings and forming a group of core scholars. In terms of frequency and timeliness of citation, pharmacognosy is a discipline in sustained growth and development since it mainly cites the literature in the other disciplines, absorbs and utilizes knowledge of the other disciplines. Over the last few years, molecular identification and genetic diversity have become the research hotspots in pharmacognosy, and the techniques and methods such as ISSR, RAPD, DNA barcoding and DNA molecular marker have been widely used.

Flow-Cytometric Analysis of HNA-2 Expression and Phenotypes Among Thai Blood Donors

BACKGROUND: Antibodies specific to human neutrophil antigen (HNA), especially HNA-2, are implicated in various conditions, including neonatal alloimmune neutropenia, febrile non-hemolytic transfusion reactions, and transfusion-related acute lung injury. The distribution of the HNA-2 phenotype frequencies in the Thai population remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate HNA-2 phenotype frequencies in Thai blood donors and to compare the relationships of sex and age with HNA-2 expression. METHODS: EDTA blood samples were collected from 220 unrelated healthy Thai blood donors, including 150 males and 70 females, with ages ranging from 20 to 57 years. Polymorphonuclear cells were isolated and stained with monoclonal antibodies clone MEM-166 and clone 2D1, which are specific to human CD177 (HNA-2) and CD45, respectively. HNA-2 expression according to sex and age was analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS: Among the 220 donors, HNA-2-positive and HNA-2-null-phenotype frequencies were 0.995 and 0.005, respectively. Mean antigen expression was significantly higher in women (71.01±15.46%) than in men (64.59±18.85%; P < 0.05). No significant differences in HNA-2 expression were found between different age groups. HNA-2 phenotype frequencies were similar to those in Asian, African, American, and Brazilian populations, but were significantly different from those in eastern Japanese, Korean, and French populations (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: This is the first report of HNA-2 phenotype frequencies in a Thai population, and the data will be helpful in predicting the risk of HNA-2 alloimmunization and in recruiting granulocyte panel donors.

Importancia cultural de vegetación arbórea en sistemas ganaderos del municipio de san vicente del caguán, colombia / Cultural significance of arboreous vegetation in livestock systems of the municipality of san vicente del caguan, colombia

El conocimiento local juega un papel importante en la identificación de especies arbóreas, que contribuyen a la formación de alternativas para sistemas ganaderos, en función a la conservación, la protección del ambiente y la economía de los productores. En la actualidad, se hace necesario conocer alternativas y beneficios para afrontar la variabilidad del clima, que afecta la producción ganadera. Es por ello, que el conocimiento de los productores ganaderos incide sobre la percepción y la toma de decisiones. En este sentido, el objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la importancia cultural de especies arbóreas en los sistemas ganaderos, por medio del conocimiento local. Se realizaron 57 encuestas, para el desarrollo de la metodología de índice de importancia cultural de las especies arbóreas. Se encontró, que las especies para sombra, son las de mayor preferencia; el segundo uso más frecuente es la implementación de árboles para la mitigación y la adaptación al cambio climático y, por último, especies de usos agrícolas. Además, se reconoció que las especies con mayor índice de importancia cultural (IIC) e intensidad de uso (IU) fue Zygia longifolia, con 3,21 IIC y 60% IU, respectivamente. Asimismo, se reconoció que el uso de especies para sombra son las de mayor predominancia, con 132 menciones y una diferencia significativa de 24 menciones, para cercas vivas. Este estudio permitió reconocer el conocimiento de los productores sobre el valor y el uso de las especies arbóreas y forrajeras, para determinar las especies con mayor importancia cultural.

Local knowledge plays an important role in the identification of tree species that contribute to the formation of alternatives to livestock systems in terms of conservation, protection of the environment and producers' economies. At present, it is necessary to know alternatives and benefits to face the variability of the climate that affects livestock production. This is why the knowledge of livestock producers affects the perception and decision making. In this sense, the objective was to determine the cultural importance of tree species in livestock systems through local knowledge. 57 surveys were carried out for the development of the methodology of index of cultural importance of the tree species. It was found that the species for shade are the most preferred; the second most frequent use is the implementation of trees for the mitigation and adaptation to the climatic change and last species of agricultural uses. In addition, it was recognized that the species with the highest cultural importance index (CIU) and intensity of use (UI) were Zygia longifolia with 3.21 IIC and 60% IU, respectively. Also, it was recognized that the use of species for shade are the most predominant with 132 mentions and a significant difference of 24 mentions for live fences. This study allowed to recognize the knowledge of the producers on the value and use of the tree species and fodder species to determine the species with greater cultural importance.

Diversidad genética de palomas domésticas (Columba livia) en Ciénaga de Oro (Colombia), utilizando genes del plumaje / Genetic diversity of domestic pigeons (Columba livia) in Ciénaga de Oro, Colombia, using plumage genes / Diversidade genética de pombos domésticos (Columba livia) em Ciénaga de Oro (Colômbia), utilizando genes da plumagem

Resumen El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la diversidad genética de las poblaciones de palomas domésticas (Columba livia) por medio del uso de genes que codifican la coloración y diseño del plumaje, en Ciénaga de Oro (Córdoba, Colombia). Se realizaron muestreos aleatorios en cinco colonias de Ciénaga de Oro, en el periodo comprendido entre junio y agosto de 2015. Mediante excursiones urbanas, observación directa y registros fotográficos, se estudiaron 325 palomas. Se utilizaron los marcadores autosómicos que codifican la coloración y diseño del plumaje: Grizzle (G), Spread (S), Checker (C) y el locus ligado al sexo Ash-Red (B). Los parámetros genéticos -frecuencia alélica, diversidad genética, equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg y estructura poblacional- fueron calculados con el programa PopGene 1.31. La estructura genética y la distancia genética se evaluaron mediante el programa FSTAT v. 2.9.3.2. La elaboración del dendrograma se realizó con el programa MEGA 5.2. El marcador de mayor frecuencia alélica fue Spread, mientras que el marcador Ash-Red presentó los valores más bajos. Se obtuvo escasa diferenciación genética entre las poblaciones y un elevado flujo génico. Se observó un exceso de heterocigotos; a esto se le suma la ausencia de equilibrio Hardy-Weinberg. Se evidenció posible selección natural para el marcador Spread.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the genetic diversity of domestic pigeon populations (Columba livia), using genes that are responsible for encoding plumage color and design, in Ciénaga de Oro (Córdoba, Colombia). Random samplings were performed in 5 colonies of Ciénaga de Oro from June to August 2015. By means of urban excursions, direct observation and photographic records, 325 pigeons were studied. Autosomal markers encoding plumage color and design were used: Grizzle (G), Spread (S), Checker (C), and the sex-linked Ash-Red locus (B). Genetic parameters-allele frequency, genetic diversity, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, and population structure-were calculated using the PopGene 1.31 program. Genetic structure and genetic distance were evaluated using the FSTAT v. 2.9.3.2 program. A dendrogram was elaborated using the MEGA 5.2 program. The marker with the highest allele frequency was Spread, while the Ash-Red marker showed the lowest values. Little genetic differentiation between populations and high gene flow were obtained. An excess of heterozygotes was observed, in addition to the absence of Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium. A possible natural selection for the Spread marker was evidenced.

Resumo O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética das populações de pombos domésticos (Columba livia) por meio do uso de genes que codificam a coloração e desenho da plumagem, em Ciénaga de Oro (Córdoba, Colômbia). Se realizaram amostragens aleatórias em 5 colônias de Ciénaga de Oro, no periodo compreendido entre junho e agosto de 2015. Mediante excursões urbanas, observação direta e registros fotográficos, se estudaram 325 pombos. Se utilizaram os marcadores autossômicos que codificam a coloração e desenho da plumagem: Grizzle (G), Spread (S), Checker (C) e o locus ligado ao sexo Ash-Red (B). Os parâmetros genéticos - frequência alélica, diversidade gené tica, equilíbrio Hardy-Weinberg e estrutura populacional - foram calculados com o programa PopGene 1.31. A estrutura genética e a distância genética foram avaliadas mediante o programa FSTAT v. 2.9.3.2. A elaboração do dendrograma se realizou com o programa MEGA 5.2. O marcador de maior frequência alélica foi Spread, em quanto que o marcador Ash-Red apresentou os valores mais baixos. Obteve-se escassa diferenciação genética entre as populações e um elevado fluxo génico. Pôde-se observar um excesso de heterozigotos; a isto soma-se a ausência de equilíbrio Hardy-Weinberg. Constatou-se possível seleção natural para o marcador Spread.

Study on PSA oxygen generating technology with variable frequencies,constant pressure and self-adaptivity to altitude changes / 医疗卫生装备

Objective To provide technical support for developing portable and carrying PSA medical oxygen generators under variable altitudes. Methods Based on the operation principle of PSA technology, the effects of altitude on the performance capacity of series of PSA medical oxygen generators were analyzed. PSA oxygen generating technology was explored with an inlet system with variable frequencies and constant pressure. The problems due to the introduction of the converter were discussed during studying key technologies, and some countermeasures were put forward accordingly. Trials were executed with 1.2 Nm3/h generator taken as an example. Results The PSA medical oxygen generator developed met the requirements of corresponding standards of medical molecular sieve oxygen generator at the altitudes from 0 to 4451 m. Conclusion The PSA oxygen generator has its adaption altitude enhanced significantly.

Investigation and analysis on frequencies of medical exposure in radiological diagnosis in Jiangsu province in 2015 / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To study the frequencies of diagnostic exposure and distribution of examined patients in Jiangsu province and to evaluate the frequencies of commom diagnostic exposure and CT examination by investigating public hospitals in Jiangsu. Methods Public hospitals in 4 counties ( districts) were sampled, and the information of examined patients on sex, age, diagnostic type and exposure category were gathered through radiology information system ( RIS ) of the sampled hospitals. Results A total of 728196 records of diagnostic procedures were gathered from the sampled hospitals. Among them 479024 records were on common diagnostic procedures, whereas 249172 records were on CT diagnostic procedures. The sex ratio was relatively balanced. the above 40 years of age group amounted for 62% the highest proportion, among the three age groups. The diagnostic frequencies in level Ⅱ hospitals contributed the highest proportion although 70% of the sampled hospitals were level I hospitals. Such diagnostic procedures as barium enema and mammography were highly distributed in level Ⅲ hospitals. Diagnostic frequencies were estimated in 2015 at 303 common diagnostic examinations and 173 CT diagnostic procedures per 1000 persons in Jiangsu province. Conclusions Frequencies of diagnostic radiology in Jiangsu became increased since the last investigation of medical exposure examinations during the Ninth Five-year Plan, which was a challenge for health care. It is important to mobilize more resources in protection against medical radiation exposure.

Investigation and analysis on frequencies of medical exposure in radiological diagnosis in Jiangsu province in 2015 / 中华放射医学与防护杂志

Objective To study the frequencies of diagnostic exposure and distribution of examined patients in Jiangsu province and to evaluate the frequencies of commom diagnostic exposure and CT examination by investigating public hospitals in Jiangsu. Methods Public hospitals in 4 counties ( districts) were sampled, and the information of examined patients on sex, age, diagnostic type and exposure category were gathered through radiology information system ( RIS ) of the sampled hospitals. Results A total of 728196 records of diagnostic procedures were gathered from the sampled hospitals. Among them 479024 records were on common diagnostic procedures, whereas 249172 records were on CT diagnostic procedures. The sex ratio was relatively balanced. the above 40 years of age group amounted for 62% the highest proportion, among the three age groups. The diagnostic frequencies in level Ⅱ hospitals contributed the highest proportion although 70% of the sampled hospitals were level I hospitals. Such diagnostic procedures as barium enema and mammography were highly distributed in level Ⅲ hospitals. Diagnostic frequencies were estimated in 2015 at 303 common diagnostic examinations and 173 CT diagnostic procedures per 1000 persons in Jiangsu province. Conclusions Frequencies of diagnostic radiology in Jiangsu became increased since the last investigation of medical exposure examinations during the Ninth Five-year Plan, which was a challenge for health care. It is important to mobilize more resources in protection against medical radiation exposure.

Population Difference Analysis of Allele Frequencies of 24 Y-STR Loci / 法医学杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To investigate the population genetic polymorphisms of 24 Y-STR loci in unrelated individuals in Eastern Chinese Han population, and to compare the difference of Han group between Eastern China and Guangdong.@*METHODS@#The population genetics of 24 Y-STR loci in 268 unrelated Han individuals from Eastern China were analyzed by GFS 24 Y-STR amplification kit. The allele frequencies in Eastern Chinese Han population were compared with the data in Guangdong Han population, and the difference analysis between two groups was performed.@*RESULTS@#Among the 24 Y-STR loci of 268 unrelated Han individuals from Eastern China, 235 alleles and 267 haplotypes were observed. GD value ranged from 0.564 9 to 0.966 8. The difference between 12 loci （DYS622, DYS552, DYS443, et al.） of Han population in Eastern China and in Guangdong was statistically significance.@*CONCLUSIONS@#GFS 24Y STR amplification system shows favorable polymorphisms, which can be used in patrilineal genetic relationship identification.

Population Difference Analysis of Allele Frequencies of 24 Y-STR Loci / 法医学杂志

Objective To investigate the population genetic polymorphisms of 24 Y-STR loci in unrelat-ed individuals in Eastern Chinese Han population, and to compare the difference of Han group between Eastern China and Guangdong.Methods The population genetics of 24 Y-STR loci in 268 unrelated Han individuals from Eastern China were analyzed by GFS 24 Y-STR amplification kit. The allele fre-quencies in Eastern Chinese Han population were compared with the data in Guangdong Han population, and the difference analysis between two groups was performed.Results Among the 24 Y-STR loci of 268 unrelated Han individuals from Eastern China, 235 alleles and 267 haplotypes were observed. GD value ranged from 0.5649 to 0.9668. The difference between 12 loci(DYS622,DYS552,DYS443etal.) of Han population in Eastern China and in Guangdong was statistically significance.Conclusion GFS 24Y STR amplification system shows favorable polymorphisms, which can be used in patrilineal genetic relationship identification.

Reports on Electroacupuncture Device Parameters and Analysis of Its Measured Output Frequencies / 上海针灸杂志

Objective To lay foundation for the establishment of national standards of electroacupuncture devices by exploring the problems existing in their clinical application.Methods An analysis was made of the models, stimulus waveforms and complex waveform characteristics, stimulus frequencies, current intensities and pulse widths of electroacupuncture devices reported in clinical literature. The actual output frequencies of three kinds of electroacupuncture devices were measured using RM6240C multi-channel physiological signal acquisition and processing system to observe the accuracy of their actual output parameters and summarize the problems existing in electroacupuncture devices. Results The reports on electroacupuncture device parameters showed that of the five indicators analyzed statistically, the frequency of described waveforms was the highest (96.2%); the frequencies of described models (88.8%), stimulus frequencies (61.7) and current intensities (11.2%) were next; the frequency of described pulse widths was the lowest (1.8%). The electroacupuncture device most commonly used clinically was G6805 series, but the subtypes were confused because of many manufacturers. The waveform was described more frequently but complex waveform characteristics were less. The difference of frequencies of clinical application of electroacupuncture was larger. They were from 0.8-400 Hz but described less accurately. The output frequency was indicated by the range in most of the literature. The output adjusters of the three kinds of electroacupuncture devices did not correspond to their actual output frequencies. There was a larger difference between the actual range of output frequencies and the adjustable frequency range indicated in the instruction.Conclusions Electroacupuncture devices have the problems of lacking a display unit of actual output parameter values, the adjusting parameters of the knob adjustable controller being not precise enough and the actual values of output frequencies not reaching the rated range in the instruction.

Meat tenderness genetic polymorphisms occurrence and distribution in five Zebu breeds in Mexico

Background The Zebu cattle are represented by a diverse group of breeds in México. Traditionally these breeds have been associated with the tough beef characteristic. Validated genetic markers have the potential to be included in marker-assisted selection and management programs in order to improve traits such as beef tenderness. The incidence and distribution of Calpain and Calpastatin polymorphisms strongly associated with beef tenderness were estimated in registered cattle of five Zebu breeds in Mexico. Results A low and in some cases null frequency of favorable C allele of CAPN316 was determined in all breeds. Conversely, a more equilibrated frequency in CAPN4751 and CAST loci was observed. Conclusions Although the relatively low occurrence of favorable alleles in assessed loci may limit their use in selection programs, genotyping availability might be a practical and comprehensive tool for introgression programs by marker assisted selection and management as to improve meat tenderness of Zebu breeds.

Frecuencia de antígenos del sistema sanguíneo Rh y del sistema Kell en donantes de sangre / Frequency of antigens in Rh and Kell blood system in blood donors

Introducción: los estudios inmunohematológicos que se realizan a los donantes de sangre se orientan a proporcionar al receptor una terapia transfusional compatible con el sistema sanguíneo ABO y antígeno D del sistema Rh. Sin embargo, como una forma de incrementar la seguridad transfusional, surge el interés de ampliar la gama de antígenos a determinar y por ende, a compatibilizar previo a una transfusión sanguínea. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de los cinco antígenos mayores del sistema Rh y los antígenos K1 y K2 del sistema Kell en donantes voluntarios de sangre. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal que incluyó 200 donantes voluntarios de sangre del Centro Productivo Regional de Sangre del Maule (CPRSM) seleccionados al azar. Se realizó fenotipificación de los cinco antígenos mayores del sistema Rh. y el antígeno K1 y K2 del sistema Kell. Se utilizó la técnica de hemaglutinación en tubo, con sueros monoespecíficos y DG Gel® Coombs. Se calculó la frecuencia fenotípica de los antígenos D, C, c, E y e del sistema Rh., y K1 y K2 del sistema Kell, en porcentajes. A partir de la frecuencia de los fenotipos Rh. se determinó la frecuencia del genotipo más probable de dicho sistema. Para el Kell se estimó el genotipo en base al fenotipo. Resultados: sistema Rh: 96 por ciento de las muestras estudiadas presentaba el antígeno D, 97,5 por ciento el antígeno e; 35,5 por ciento el antígeno E; 79 por ciento el antígeno C y 65,5 por ciento el antígeno c. El genotipo más frecuente fue CDe/CDe. Sistema Kell: se encontró una frecuencia del 4 por ciento para el antígeno K1, mientras que el antígeno K2 presenta una frecuencia del 99,5 por ciento. Al nivel de frecuencia genotípica se detectó que el 96 por ciento de la población tiene un genotipo homocigoto para K2 (kk). Conclusiones: La frecuencias de los siete antígenos estudiados es similar a la descrita en otras poblaciones(AU)

Introduction: Immunologic studies performed on blood donors are directed to provide a transfusion therapy compatible with ABO blood group system and Rh system D antigen in the recipient. However, as a way to increase transfusion safety, the interest of expanding the range of antigens to determine and therefore to be tested for compatibility prior to a blood transfusion, arises. Aim: To determine the frequency of the five major antigens of Rh. system and K1 and K2 antigens of the Kell system in blood donors. Methods: Cross-sectional study including 200 randomly selected voluntary blood donors from Centro Productivo Regional de Sangre del Maule (CPRSM). Phenotyping of five major antigens of Rh. system and K1 and K2 Kell system antigens was carried out. The tube hemagglutination technique with monospecific Coombs sera and DG Gel ® was used. The Rh. system D, C, c, E, e antigens and Kell system K1 and K2 antigen phenotypic frequencies were calculated in percentages. The most likely Rh.genotype was determined from the phenotype frequency of this system. Similarly, in Kell system the genotype frequency was determined based on phenotype. Results: In the Rh.system, 96 percent of the samples studied had D antigen; 97.5 percent had the e antigen, and 35.5 percent the E antigen. Antigen C was present in 79 percent and c in 65.5 percent. The most frequent Rh. genotype was CDe/CDe. In Kell system, K1 antigen presented a frequency of 4 percent, while antigen K2 presented a 99.5 percent. Regarding genotypic frequency, a 96 percent of the population showed a K2 (kk) homozygous genotype(AU) Conclusion: The frequency of the seven antigens studied is similar to that described in other populations(AU)