Abundancia y riqueza de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares en cafetales de Soconusco, Chiapas, México / Abundance and richness of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in coffee plantations from Soconusco, Chiapas, Mexico

Resumen El cultivo del café, en la economía mexicana y en la región del Soconusco en Chiapas, aporta importantes divisas; sin embargo es susceptible a plagas y enfermedades, por lo que se requiere reforzar su producción a través de un manejo más sustentable. Este estudio analizó la abundancia, riqueza y composición de hongos micorrizógenos arbusculares (HMA) nativos que pudieran emplearse en un futuro como biofertilizantes en el cultivo del café. En 21 muestras de suelo recolectadas en noviembre 2015 de siete sitios en la región del Soconusco, Chiapas, México, cultivados con café "robusta" (Coffea canephora), se cuantificó la abundancia de esporas, la riqueza y composición de morfoespecies de HMA y se exploró su relación con las propiedades del suelo. Se obtuvo un total de 20 morfoespecies y cinco nuevos registros de HMA para Chiapas, las morfoespecies más frecuentes pertenecen a los géneros Acaulospora y Glomus. Los sitios Toluca y Victoria tuvieron mayor riqueza de especies (17 spp. c/u) que San Agustín, 20 de noviembre y San Luis Nexapa (4 - 7 spp. c/u); mientras que Providencia y Platanar registraron una riqueza intermedia y los mayores valores de abundancia de esporas. Los sitios Victoria y Toluca presentaron un 97 % de disimilitud en la composición de especies de HMA con respecto a los demás sitios; la cual fue explicada por la baja concentración de PO4 -3en el suelo de Victoria y Toluca. La disponibilidad de P, ligada a la acidez del suelo, fueron los factores que podrían estar regulando las comunidades de HMA en el suelo de la rizosfera de los cafetos en la región del Soconusco. Se propone que podrían haber consorcios de HMA específicos para los niveles de P y acidez presentes en diferentes sitios con cafetos, o bien consorcios de especies de Acaulospora y Glomusacordes con las condiciones ambientales en las que se desarrolla el café, cuya compatibilidad y funcionalidad debe examinarse antes de emplearlos como biofertilizantes nativos en los cafetos de esta región tropical de México.

Abstract In the Mexican economy, and especially in the Soconusco region of Chiapas, coffee is economically important, and sustainable management most cover pests and diseases. In this study, we searched for native arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) that could be used as biofertilizers in coffee cultivation. We collected 21 soil samples from seven coffee plantations (Coffea canephora) in November 2015. We used wet sieving and decanting to quantify abundance, richness and composition of morphospecies, as well as their relationships with soil properties. A total of 20 morphospecies and five new records of AMF were obtained, and the most frequent genera were Acaulospora and Glomus. The Toluca and Victoria sites had more morphospecies richness (17 spp. each) than San Agustín, November 20 and San Luis Nexapa (4-7 spp. each). Providencia and Platanar were intermediate but had the highest spore abundance. The dissimilarity of Victoria and Toluca may reflect a low concentration of PO4 -3in the soil. P availability, linked to soil acidity, sems to be regulating these mycorrhizae communities at Soconusco. AMF consortia specific for soil P-levels and acidity, i.e. Acaulospora and Glomusconsortia, may occur and be common in the environmental conditions of Mexican coffee plantations, Strains should be tested for compatibility and functionality before using them as native biofertilizers. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(1): 91-105. Epub 2018 March 01.

High fungal spore burden with predominance of Aspergillus in hospital air of a tertiary care hospital in Chandigarh.

The prevalence of fungal spores in the hospital air is essential to understand the hospital‑acquired fungal infections. Air conditioners (ACs) used in hospitals may either reduce spores in air or be colonised by fungi and aid in its dissemination. The present study was conducted to assess the fungal spore burden in AC and non‑AC areas. We found a high fungal spore count in air irrespective of whether the area was AC or non‑AC. The most predominant species isolated were Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus fumigatus. Such high concentrations of pathogenic fungi in air may predispose individuals to develop disease.

Association of airborne Aspergillus with asthma exacerbation in Southern Pakistan

BACKGROUND: Exposure to airborne fungi has been related with exacerbation of asthma in adults and children leading to increased outpatient, emergency room visits, and hospitalizations. Hypersensitivity to these airborne fungi may be an important initial predisposing factor in the development and exacerbation of asthma. OBJECTIVE: This study was conducted to determine an association between fungal types and spore concentrations with the risk of asthma exacerbation in adults. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from May 2008 to August 2009 at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi, Pakistan. All adult (age≥16 years) patients presenting to the hospital with acute asthma exacerbation were enrolled after informed consent. A home survey was conducted for each patient to assess their environmental characteristics. Indoor air samples were also obtained from the patient's home to determine the type and spore concentration of fungi within the week of their enrollment in the study. RESULTS: Three hundred and ninety-one patients with an acute asthma exacerbation were enrolled during the study period. The mean age of participants was 46 years (standard deviation, ±18 years) and 247 (63.2%) were females. A trend of higher asthma enrollment associated with higher Aspergillus concentrations was found in two consecutive summers. A total of nineteen types of fungi were found in air samples. Aspergillus spp. was the most frequently isolated fungus with acute asthma exacerbation. CONCLUSION: An association of higher concentration of indoor Aspergillus spp. with asthma exacerbation in adults was observed in this study.

Fungal spores and pollen as potential nutritional additives for the cross spider Araneus diadematus Clerck (Araneae, Araneidae) / Esporas fúngicas y polen como potenciales aditivos nutricionales para la araña del jardín Araneus diadematus Clerck (Araneae, Araneidae)

Prior to make a new cobweb, the Araneus diadematus Clerck cross spider eats its old web regulary everyday. In this paper we issue a quantitative and qualitative analysis of pollen grains and fungal spores present in the cob web, which might contribute to the diet of this arachnide. Cob webs were collected at the Natural Park of Ticino (Pavia, northern Italy). Fungal spores and pollen grains were taxonomically counted and identified for each sample. Quantitative analysis showed that both spores and pollen present in the cob webs exhibited some seasonal variation as regards quantity, whereas the qualitative analysis revealed that spores and pollen grains belong to 14 and 7 taxa, respectively. Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarum were the most frequent fungal taxa while Urticaceae, Betulaceae and Poaceae became the most representative plant families. About 5700 fungal spores and 2000 pollen grains were found to be present in the cob web of this spider everyday. Based on this information, it is possible to think that the aeroplancton stuck to the cob web can become a nutritional additive for the diet of this arachnide.

Antes de fabricar su telaraña, la araña del jardín Araneus diadematus Clerck, regularmente, cada día se come la antigua. En este estudio aportamos un análisis cuantitativo y cualitativo de los granos de polen y Esporas fúngicas retenidas en la telaraña, los cuales podrían contribuir a la dieta de este arácnido. Las telarañas fueron colectadas en el Parque Natural del Ticino (Pavia, N. Italia). Para cada muestra, las esporas fúngicas y los granos de polen fueron contabilizados e identificados taxonómicamente. El análisis cuantitativo mostró que las esporas y el polen retenidos en las telarañas presentaron variación estacional en cantidad, mientras con el análisis cualitativo se determinó que las esporas y los granos de polen pertenecen a 14 y 7 taxa respectivamente. Alternaria, Cladosporium, Fusarium fueron los taxa fúngicos más frecuentes, mientras Urticaceae, Betulaceae y Poaceae fueron las familias de plantas más representadas. Se determinó que aproximadamente unas 5700 esporas fúngicas y 2000 granos de polen fueron retenidos en la tela de esta araña cada día. Con estos antecedentes, se puede pensar que el aeroplanctón adherido a la telaraña puede constituir una aporte nutritivo en la dieta de este arácnido.