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OBJECTIVE@#To explore the mechanism of smoking that promotes chronic periodontitis from the perspective of gingival microcirculation.@*METHODS@#In experiment one, upper anterior teeth (n=102) from smokers with chronic periodontitis (Group A), nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis (Group B), and nonsmokers with healthy periodontal conditions (Group C) were selected to undergo gingival blood flow (GBF) through laser doppler flowmetry. In experiment two, the tissues obtained from gums during periodontal flap surgery were divided into smoking (Group A') and nonsmoking (Group B') groups, and the gingival tissue obtained from periodontal healthy nonsmokers treated with crown lengthening surgery or impacted wisdom tooth extraction served as the control group (Group C'). The microvessels density (MVD) of the gingival tissue from the three groups was determined in the tissue sections. SPSS 22.0 was used for statistical analysis.@*RESULTS@#Compared with group C, GBF of all teeth increased in group B, and there were significant differences among 12, 21 and 23 teeth. MVD significantly differed between Group B' and C' (P<0.05), but they did not significantly differ between Group A' and B'.@*CONCLUSIONS@#Periodontitis can increase GBF and MVD, but smoking does not cause significant changes. However, the mechanism by which smoking promotes the occurrence and development of chronic periodontitis by influencing gingival microcirculation has not been discussed in this research.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Periodontitis Crónica , Microcirculación , FumarRESUMEN
Background: Estrogen synthesis decreases in the postmenopausal period inducing gingival periodontal disturbance. Estrogen replacement therapy has been used to reduce such gingival complications, although it has been limited by the adverse effect of estrogen. Objective: To investigate the effects of supplementation of genistein, a phytoestrogen derived from the soybean, on blood flow disturbance in the gingiva after menopause, using an ovariectomized rat model. Materials and methods: Female Wistar rats (220 - 280 g) were subjected to a bilateral ovariectomy (OVX rats). The rats were classified into four groups: sham-operated animals treated with vehicle (DMSO 100 μl/day,s.c) (Sham (veh); n = 6), OVX rats treated with vehicle (DMSO 100 μl/day,s.c) (OVX (veh); n = 6), OVX rats treated with 17β-estradiol (20 μg/kg/day,s.c) (OVX (E₂); n = 6) and OVX treated with genistein (0.25 mg/kg.BW/day,s.c) (OVX (gen); n = 6). Plasma estradiol, body weight, and gingival blood flow (GBF) were measured 3 weeks after OVX. For the GBF measurement, laser Doppler perfusion flowmetry was used. Results: Three weeks after OVX, plasma estradiol levels in three groups of OVX rats were significantly lower than the sham-operated control (p \< 0.05). Body weight increased in OVX (veh) and OVX (gen) groups (p \< 0.001). The GBF increased significantly in OVX (veh) compared to the Sham (veh) group (p \< 0.05), indicating that GBF disturbance due to the lack of estrogen was improved by oral supplemention of 17β-estradiol or genistein. Conclusion: Genistein supplementation improves disturbed gingival blood flow induced in ovariectomized-rats. Genistein might have oral health benefits after menopause.
RESUMEN
In most of the previous studies, invasive and discrete techniques have been used to monitor the healing process of the gingival graft. However, Laser Doppler Flowmetry(LDF, floLAB, Moor Instruments Ltd., England) is a non-invasive technique for measurement of blood flow in the tissue and also allows continuous monitoring. Thus, we tested the usefulness of LDF in monitoring the healing process of free gingival graft at gingival recession. Eleven gingival graft site of 7 patients, including 5 males and 2 females, aged between 21 and 41 years (mean age 28.5) were monitored for the blood flow. The blood flow in gingival graft at coronal site, central site, apical site, mesial site and distal site was measured using LDF. Blood flow was measured at 1- week, 2- week, 3- week and 4- week after gingival graft surgery from 10 a.m. to 2 p.m. Time-course of the healing process was evaluated by statistical analysis using repeated ANOVA and Duncan test. The results were as follows : (1) Blood flow stayed increased for 2 weeks, and then, it was a tendency to decrease. (2) The blood flow at distal site had always higher than mesial site during the measuring periods. (3) The blood flow was high orderly after 1 week ; most coronal site, most apical site, central site. But that was high orderly after 2 week, 3 week, 4 week ; most coronal site, central site, most apical site. In conclusion, LDF was a useful and clinically adaptable method to monitor wound healing process. Our study suggested that it was important to protect surgical site to promote initial wound healing.