Infectious diseases dynamics in growing/finishing pigs in Southern Brazil (2005-2016) / Dinâmica de ocorrência das doenças infecciosas em suínos nas fases de crescimento e terminação no sul do Brasil (2005-2016)

This study aimed to determine the frequency and distribution of infectious diseases diagnosed through necropsy examination and histopathological analysis in growing/finishing pigs along 12 years (2005-2016) in Southern Brazil. We evaluated 1906 anatomopathological exams of pigs at growing/finishing phases, of which the infectious diseases corresponded to 75.6% of the cases (1,441/1,906). Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) infections were the most frequent, accounting for 51.3% of the cases (739/1,441) with a higher frequency from 2005 to 2007, characterizing an epidemic distribution, with a gradual decline after 2008. Infectious diseases affecting the respiratory system were the second major cause with 30.1% of the cases. Among these, necrotizing bronchiolitis caused by swine Influenza (15.1%, 218/1,441) and bacterial pneumonia (15%, 216/1,441) were the main conditions. Influenza was mostly diagnosed from 2010 to 2013, accounting for 43.1% (167/387) of the cases. After this period, both respiratory infectious diseases were endemic. Digestive system infectious diseases accounted for 10.5% of the diagnoses (151/1,441), with the following main conditions: Salmonella spp. enterocolitis (43.7%, 66/151), Lawsonia spp. proliferative enteropathy (41.7%, 63/151), and Brachyspira spp. colitis (14.6%, 22/151). The latter had a higher incidence from 2012 to 2014 with all cases detected in this period. Polyserositis and bacterial meningitis represented, respectively, 5.8% (84/1,441) and 2.3% (33/1,441) of the cases diagnosed, with a constant endemic character.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em determinar a frequência e a distribuição das doenças infecciosas diagnosticadas através de exame de necropsia e análise histopatológica em suínos nas fases de crescimento/terminação ao longo de 12 anos (2005-2016) no sul do Brasil. Foram avaliados 1906 laudos anatomopatológicos de suínos nas fases de crescimento/terminação, dos quais as doenças infecciosas corresponderam a 75,6% (1441/1906) do total. As infecções por circovírus suíno tipo 2 (PCV2) foram as mais frequentes, contabilizando 51,3% (739/1441) dos casos, com uma alta frequência de 2005 a 2007 caracterizando uma distribuição epidêmica neste período, e um declínio gradual após o ano de 2008. A segunda principal causa incluiu as doenças infecciosas que afetam o sistema respiratório (30,1% dos casos). Dentre essas, destacaram-se a influenza suína (15,1%; 218/1441) e pneumonias bacterianas (15%; 216/1441). O diagnóstico de influenza apresentou uma frequência elevada de 2010 a 2013, totalizando 43,1% (167/387) dos casos. Após este período, ambas doenças infecciosas respiratórias exibiram caráter endêmico. As doenças infecciosas do sistema digestório totalizaram 10,5% (151/1441) dos diagnósticos, com as seguintes principais condições: enterocolite por Salmonella spp. (43,7%; 66/151), enteropatia proliferativa por Lawsonia spp. (41,7%; 63/151) e colite por Brachyspira spp. (14,6%; 22/151). A colite por Brachyspira spp. apresentou uma alta incidência de 2012 a 2014 com todos os casos detectados no período. As polisserosites e meningites bacterianas representaram 5,8% (84/1441) e 2,3% (33/1441) dos casos diagnosticados, respectivamente, com um caráter endêmico constante.(AU)

Growing pigs developed different types of diabetes induced by streptozotocin depending on their transcription factor 7-like 2 gene polymorphisms / 한국실험동물학회지

The different polymorphisms of the transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2) gene promote variances in diabetes susceptibility in humans. We investigated whether these genotypes also promote differences in diabetic susceptibility in commercial pigs. Growing pigs (Landrace, both sex, 50–60 kg) with the C/C (n=4) and T/T (n=5) TCF7L2 genotypes were identified and intravenously injected with streptozotocin (STZ, 40 mg/kg) twice in weekly intervals, then a high-energy diet was offered. Oral glucose tolerance tests, blood analyses and the homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index calculations were performed. The animals were sacrificed at the end of 12 weeks of treatment to reveal the pancreas histomorphometry. The results showed that all of the treated pigs grew normally despite exhibiting hyperglycemia at two weeks after the induction. The glycemic level of the fasting or postprandial pigs gradually returned to normal. The fasting insulin concentration was significantly decreased for the T/T carriers but not for the C/C carriers, and the resulting HOMA-IR index was significantly increased for the C/C genotype, indicating that the models of insulin dependence and resistance were respectively developed by T/T and C/C carriers. The histopathological results illustrated a significant reduction in the pancreas mass and insulin active sites, which suggested increased damage. The results obtained here could not be compared with previous studies because the TCF7L2 background has not been reported. Growing pigs may be an excellent model for diabetic in children if the animals are genetically pre-selected.

Efficacy of inactivated variant porcine epidemic diarrhea virus vaccines in growing pigs

PURPOSE: The first aim of this study was to develop a novel inactivated porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV) vaccine using the recently isolated Korean PEDV QIAP1401 strain and to evaluate its protective efficacy in growing pigs. The second was to determine the optimum adjuvant formulation of the inactivated PEDV vaccine that induces protection against viral challenge. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To generate high titers of infectious PEDV, the QIAP1401 isolate was passaged in Vero cells. The experimental vaccines were prepared from a binary ethyleneimine-inactivated QIAP1401 strain passaged sequentially 70 times (QIAP1401-p70), formulated with four commercial adjuvants, and administered twice intramuscularly to growing pigs. Challenge studies using a virulent homologous strain of PEDV QIAP1401-p11, which was passaged 11 times after isolation, were performed to assess protection against disease progression and viral shedding during the 15-day observation period. The vaccine-induced antibody responses were measured in serum samples collected at predetermined time points by indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and virus neutralization test. RESULTS: The QIAP1401-p70 strain had 42 amino acid (aa) mutations, including a 25 aa deletion, and was selected as the inactivated PEDV vaccine candidate. Although none of the pigs that received the experimental vaccines were completely protected against subsequent viral challenge, they exhibited a significantly higher immune response than did non-vaccinated control pigs. Among the vaccine groups, the highest antibody responses were observed in the pigs that received an oil-based multiphasic water/oil/water (W/O/W) emulsion adjuvanted vaccine, which delayed the onset of clinical symptoms and viral shedding. CONCLUSION: A novel inactivated PEDV vaccine formulated with a W/O/W emulsion adjuvant was both immunogenic and protective against viral challenge.

Actividad de las Enzimas Tripsina y Lipasa Pancreáticas en Cerdos Alimentados con Harina de Pijiguao (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) y Lisina Sintética / Trypsin and Lipase Pancreatic Enzymes Activity in Pigs Fed with Pijiguao Meal (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.) and Synthetic Lysine

Para determinar la actividad de las enzimas tripsina y lipasa pancreática de cerdos alimentados con harina de pijiguao (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K., HP) y lisina sintética (LS), se diseñó un experimento con 48 cerdos castrados, con peso vivo promedio de 30 ± 0,5 kg, distribuidos al azar en seis diferentes dietas experimentales, con un arreglo factorial 3 x 2, con tres niveles de HP (0, 16 y 32 %), con o sin adición de 0,27% de LS; con cuatro repeticiones por dieta y dos cerdos por unidad experimental. Se sacrificaron cuatro cerdos por dieta en la tercera y sexta semana, para obtener muestras de páncreas. No se observó efecto de dieta (HPxLS) sobre la actividad de las enzimas, pero si hubo efecto (P<0,05) de la interacción dieta x semana sobre la actividad de la tripsina y lipasa. No hubo diferencias significativas en la actividad de la tripsina en la tercera semana después del consumo de las dietas. En la sexta semana todas las dietas, excepto la que contenía 0,27% LS y 16% HP, mostraron menor (P<0,05) actividad de la tripsina que la dieta basal. La actividad de la lipasa pancreática fue mayor (P<0,05) en los cerdos que consumieron la dieta con 32% HP sin LS en la tercera semana; y en la sexta semana, la actividad fue menor (P<0,05) en los cerdos cuyas dietas contenían 16% HP con y sin la adición de 0,27% LS, en comparación con la dieta basal y la que contenía 32% HP sin LS. En conclusión, la HP y/o LS en dietas para cerdos en crecimiento afecta la actividad de las enzimas tripsina y lipasa pancreáticas luego de la sexta semana de consumo.

An experiment was conducted to determine the activities of trypsin and lipase pancreatic enzymes from growing pigs fed peach palm meal (Bactris gasipaes H.B.K.; PPM) and synthetic lysine (SL). Forty-eight barrows, with an average live weight of 30 ± 0 5 kg, were randomly distributed and allotted to six experimental diets in a 3x2 factorial arrangement of treatments, with three levels of PPM (0, 16 and 32 %), with or without the addition of 0.27% SL, with four replications per diet and two pigs per experimental unit. To collect pancreas samples, four pigs per diet were slaughtered at third and sixth weeks. The results of the assay showed no effect of diet (PPM xLS) on the activity of the enzymes. An effect (P <0.05) of the diet x week interaction on trypsin and lipase enzymatic activities was observed. There were no significant differences in the activity of trypsin in the third week, after consumption of diets. In the sixth week, all diets, except that containing 0.27 % of SL and 16 % of PPM, showed lower (P<0.05) trypsin activity than the basal diet. In the third week, the pancreatic lipase activity was greatest (P<0.05) in pigs fed the diet with 16% of PPM without SL; and in the sixth week, the activity was less (P<0.05) in pigs fed diets containing 32% of PPM with and without the addition of 0.27% of SL, when compared with the basal diet and that which contained 32% of PPM and/or SL. In summary, the PPM and/or SL diets affect the trypsin and pancreatic lipase activities after sixth weeks of consumption.

Phosphorus utilization in growing pigs fed a phosphorus deficient diet supplemented with a rice bran product and amended with phytase / Utilización de fosforo en cerdos de ceba alimentados con una dieta baja en fosforo, suplementada con salvado de arroz y fitasa / Utilização do fósforo em suínos alimentados com uma dieta baixa em fósforo, suplementada com farelo de arroz e fitase

Rice bran is not only a source of energy for pigs, it also contains significant amounts of phosphorus (P). However, about 75% of this P is not digested by the pig, unless phytase is added to the diet. Once excreted, P may end up contaminating water bodies and thus causing eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to determine the digestibility of P and other nutrients in a diet supplemented with increasing levels of rice bran (0, 7.5, 15, and 30%), and to evaluate the effects of phytase inclusion on the nutrient digestibility of rice bran. Pigs (n= 24, 87.5 ± 2.51kg) were confined in individual metabolic crates to determine total tract apparent digestibility and retention of nutrients. The digestibility coefficients found for dry matter, energy, fat, N, and P in the rice bran product used were: 72, 79, 84, 74, and 15%, respectively. Phytase supplementation increased P digestibility (p<0.01) but it did not increase N digestibility (p>0.1); the increase in fecal P excretion that occurred when rice bran was added to the diet was reduced by 26% with phytase supplementation.

El salvado de arroz no sólo es una interesante fuente de energía para cerdos, sino que contiene bastante fósforo (P). Sin embargo, cerca del 75% de ese P no es utilizable por los cerdos, a menos que se adicione alguna fitasa a la dieta de estos animales. Al no utilizarse, dicho P es excretado, pudiendo contaminar fuentes de agua y generando eutroficación del recurso hídrico. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue establecer la digestibilidad del P y otros nutrientes en una dieta suplementada con niveles crecientes de salvado de arroz (0, 7.5, 15, y 30%), así como evaluar el efecto de la inclusión de fitasa en la digestibilidad de nutrientes del salvado. Para esto se utilizaron 24 cerdos (87.5 ± 2.51kg), confinados en jaulas metabólicas individuales, a los que se les calculó digestibilidad total aparente y retención de nutrientes por el método de Colección Total. Los coeficientes de digestibilidad encontrados fueron: 72, 79, 84, 74, y 15% para materia seca, energía, grasa, N y P, respectivamente. La suplementación con fitasa incrementó la digestibilidad del P (p<0.01), pero no incrementó la digestibilidad del N (p>0.1). El incremento observado en la excreción fecal de P al adicionar salvado de arroz a la dieta fue disminuido en 26% con la adición de fitasa.

O farelo de arroz não é apenas uma fonte de energia interessante para os suínos, ele contém suficiente fósforo (P). No entanto, perto do 75% de P não é usado pelos suínos, a menos que adicione-se alguma fitase na dieta desses animais. Quando não for utilizado, o P é excretado e podem contaminar fontes de água e eutrofização dos recursos hídricos. O objectivo deste estudo foi determinar a digestibilidade do P e outros nutrientes de uma dieta suplementada com níveis crescentes de farelo de arroz (0, 7.5, 15 e 30%), e para avaliar o efeito da fitase sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes de farelo. Para isso, 24 animais (87.5 ± 2.51 kg), foram confinados em gaiolas metabólicas individuais. Foi calculada a digestibilidade total e retenção de nutrientes pelo método de colheita total. Os coeficientes de digestibilidade encontrados foram: 72, 79, 84, 74 e 15% de matéria seca, energia, gordura, N e P, respectivamente. A suplementação de fitase aumentou o P digestível (p<0.01), porém, aumentou a digestibilidade do N (p>0.1). O aumento observado na excreção fecal de P pela adição de farelo de arroz à dieta foi reduzida em 26% com a adição de fitase.

Efecto de la suplementación de lisina sobre la ganancia de peso y características cárnicas y de la canal en cerdos en iniciación / Effect of lysine supplementation on weight gain and meat and Carcass characteristics in initiation pigs

Se evaluó el efecto de la suplementación de lisina en dietas para cerdos en iniciación sobre ganancia de peso y características de la canal y cárnicas. Se utilizaron 18 cerdos castrados (Yorkshire, Hampshire, Duroc y Landrace) con peso vivo inicial promedio de 10,13 kg y 40 días de edad. Se asignaron en tres tratamientos (T) con 6 repeticiones cada uno. El testigo (T1) fue dieta basal sin lisina adicionada; T2 = T1 + 0,285 kg de L-lisina/100 kg de alimento, y T3 = T1 + 0,569 kg de lisina/100 kg de alimento. Los cerdos se alimentaron por 33 d. La dieta basal fue de sorgo, (Sorghum vulgare) y pasta de soya, (Glicine max) (20,81% de PC y 3.460 Mcal EM/kg de MS). Al final del período de alimentación se registró el peso de los animales, la altura a la cruz (cm), circunferencia torácica (cm), espesor de grasa dorsal medida con ultrasonido. Para las características de la canal y cárnicas se sacrificaron al azar cuatro animales por tratamiento. Para muestras de costilla, jamón y paleta de cada canal se analizó para MS, PC, grasa y cenizas. No se encontró diferencias (P³0,05) entre tratamientos para ganancia de peso, altura a la cruz, circunferencia torácica, y grasa dorsal (mm). Para peso al sacrificio, rendimiento de la canal caliente y fría, área del ojo de la costilla, contenido de MS, PC, grasa y cenizas de costilla, jamón y paleta fueron similares (P³0,05) entre tratamientos. Se concluye que la lisina como promotor de crecimiento de tejido magro no se reflejó en ganancia de peso, características de la canal o composición de la carne de los cerdos en iniciación.

The effect of lysine supplementation in diets for growing pigs on weight gain, carcass and meat characteristics was evaluated. Eighteen castrated pigs (Yorkshire, Hampshire, Duroc y Landrace) of 10.13 kg initial weight and 40 d of T2 = T1 + 0.285 kg of lysine / 100 kg of feed; and T3 = T1 + 0.569100 kg of feed. Basal diet contained 20.81% CP and 3,460 Mcal/kg of ME. Pigs were fed for 33 d. At the end of the feeding trial final weight, cross height (cm) and thoracic circumference (cm), and subcutaneous fat measured with ultrasound were recorded. For carcass and meat characteristics, four pigs per treatment selected at random were slaughtered. Samples of rib, ham and shoulder from each carcass were analyzed for DM, CP, fat and ash. There were no differences (P>0.05) between treatments for weight gain, cross height, thoracic circumference, weight at sacrifice, hot and cold carcass yields, rib eye area and subcutaneous fat. The content of DM, CP, fat and ash was similar (P>0.05) among treatments. It is concluded that lysine as growth promotant of lean tissue was no reflected in weight gain, carcass characteristics or meat composition of the growing pigs.

Respuesta productiva y concentración de urea en plasma de cerdos en crecimiento alimentados con dietas sorgo-pasta de soya con baja proteína / Growth performance and plasma urea concentration of growing pigs fed sorghum-soybean meal, low-protein diets

The dietary crude protein (CP) can be reduced by four percentage units when corn-soybean meal (SBM) and crystalline amino acids (AA) are used to formulate diets for growing pigs. With sorghum the results have not been conclusive. Therefore, two experiments were conducted to determine the lowest CP value in sorghum-SBM, AA supplemented diets, using plasma urea nitrogen (PUN), growth performance, and carcass characteristics as the response criteria. In Experiment 1, the percentage of CP in the treatments was as follows: T1) 16.0, control diet; T2) 14.5; T3) 13.0; and T4) 11.5. Eight gilts were used in a cross-over design with four periods of 7 days each. Blood samples were collected the last day of the period to determine PUN. Several regression models were used to obtain the best prediction of PUN. The lowest PUN indicated that CP can be reduced from 16 to 11.5%. The best regression model was the nonlineal exponential, which can predict that the minimum plasma urea concentration is obtained with 10.48% of CP. In Experiment 2, the percentage of CP and metabolizable energy Mcal kg-1) were as follows: T1) 16, 3.265, control; T2) 16, 3.165; T3) 14.5, 3.265; T4) 14.5, 3.165; T5) 11.5, 3.265; and T6) 11.5, 3.165. Thirty barrows were assigned in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 2 factorial arrangement, six treatments and five replicates of one barrow (individually penned) for each treatment. The lowest CP reduced the average daily gain, feed gain ratio, and PUN. The lowest ME reduced the feed gain ratio. These results indicate that reducing CP diminishes PUN, although some productive variables are affected.

La proteína cruda (PC) puede reducirse cuatro unidades porcentuales cuando se utiliza maíz-pasta de soya y aminoácidos (AA) para cerdos en crecimiento. Con sorgo no se han obtenido resultados concluyentes. Por ello se realizaron dos experimentos para determinar el porcentaje mínimo de PC en dietas sorgo-pasta de soya adicionadas con AA, con base en la concentración de urea en plasma de cerdos en crecimiento, y su respuesta productiva. En el Experimento 1, el porcentaje de PC en los tratamientos fue: T1) testigo, 16.0; T2) 14.5; T3) 13.0; y T4) 11.5. Se utilizaron ocho cerdas en un diseño cruzado (cross-over), con cuatro periodos de siete días. El último día de cada periodo se obtuvo sangre para determinar la concentración de urea. Se utilizaron varios modelos de regresión para obtener el que mejor predijera la concentración de urea. El menor nivel de urea indicó que la proteína puede reducirse de 16% hasta 11.5%. El mejor modelo de regresión fue el no lineal exponencial, con el que se puede predecir que la mínima concentración de urea se obtiene con 10.48% de PC. En el Experimento 2, los porcentajes de PC y las Mcal EM kg-1 fueron: T1) testigo, 16, 3.265; T2) 16, 3.165; T3) 14.5, 3.265; T4) 14.5, 3.165; T5) 11.5, 3.265; y T6) 11.5, 3.165, que se proporcionaron a 30 cerdos machos castrados (cinco repeticiones por tratamiento), alojados individualmente, en un diseño completamente al azar con arreglo factorial 3 × 2, con seis tratamientos y cinco repeticiones por tratamiento. La menor PC redujo la GDP, la conversión alimenticia y la urea en plasma. La menor EM redujo la conversión alimenticia. Lo anterior indica que disminuir la proteína reduce la urea en plasma, aunque se afectan algunas variables productivas.