Fatores intervenientes na gerência do cuidado de enfermagem à criança hospitalizada com cardiopatia reumática / Intervening factors in the management of nursing care for children hospitalized with rheumatic heart disease / Factores que intervienen en la gestión del cuidado de enfermería al niño hospitalizado con cardiopatía reumática

Objetivo: analisar os fatores intervenientes na gerência do cuidado de enfermagem à criança hospitalizada com cardiopatia reumática. Método: estudo descritivo-exploratório com abordagem qualitativa, que utilizou a Teoria Fundamentada em Dados e o Interacionismo Simbólico, respectivamente, como referencial metodológico e teórico. A coleta de dados foi realizada em uma instituição especializada em atendimento cardiológico, no munícipio do Rio de Janeiro. Foram entrevistados 19 profissionais de enfermagem através de um roteiro semiestruturado. Resultado: emergiram os seguintes fatores intervenientes na prática da gerência do cuidado: condição socioeconômica da família, comportamento da criança, condições de trabalho, comunicação ineficaz, educação permanente, trabalho em equipe e experiência profissional. Conclusão: os resultados apontam para a necessidade de proposição de estratégias de ação e interação que facilitem a prática gerencial de cuidado à criança com cardiopatia reumática e sua família face aos fatores intervenientes identificados.

Objective: to analyze the factors involved in the management of nursing care for children hospitalized with rheumatic heart disease. Method: this is a descriptive-exploratory study with a qualitative approach, which used Data-Based Theory and Symbolic Interactionism, respectively, as methodological, and theoretical references. Data was collected in an institution specializing in cardiac care in the city of Rio de Janeiro. Nineteen nursing professionals were interviewed using a semi-structured script. Result: the following intervening factors in the practice of care management emerged: the family's socioeconomic status, the child's behavior, working conditions, ineffective communication, continuing education, teamwork, and professional experience. Conclusion: the results point to the need to propose strategies for action and interaction that facilitate management practice in caring for children with rheumatic heart disease and their families, given the intervening factors identified.

Objetivo: analizar los factores que intervienen en la gestión del cuidado de enfermería al niño hospitalizado con cardiopatía reumática. Método: estudio descriptivo-exploratorio con enfoque cualitativo, cuyos marcos metodológico y teórico fueron la Teoría Fundamentada y el Interaccionismo Simbólico, respectivamente. La recolección de datos se realizó en una institución especializada en atención cardiológica, en la ciudad de Río de Janeiro. Fueron entrevistados 19 profesionales de enfermería mediante un cuestionario semiestructurado. Resultado: surgieron los siguientes factores intervinientes en la práctica de la gestión del cuidado: condición socioeconómica de la familia, comportamiento del niño, condiciones de trabajo, comunicación ineficaz, educación continua, trabajo en equipo y experiencia profesional. Conclusión: los resultados indican que es necesario proponer estrategias de acción e interacción que faciliten la práctica de la gestión del cuidado al niño con cardiopatía reumática y a sus familiares, con respecto a los factores intervinientes identificados.

Factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes geriátricos atendidos en el centro de salud INNFA

Los llamados factores de riesgo cardiovascular conductuales, como la dieta inadecuada, sedentarismo, el consumo excesivo de alcohol y el tabaquismo, aumentan la probabilidad de ataque cardíaco y accidente cerebrovascular, incluso cuando coexisten en personas sin padecimientos previos. Objetivo fue identificar los factores de riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes geriátricos del Centro de salud INNFA, en Macas, Ecuador. Metodología: Investigación con enfoque cuantitativo, diseño no experimental, alcance descriptivo, de corte transversal, empleó una muestra de 40 pacientes geriátricos atendidos en el Centro de Salud referido, la técnica para la recolección de datos fue la encuesta y el instrumento un cuestionario de riesgos cardiovasculares. La muestra de estudio se caracterizó por el predominio del sexo femenino y edades entre 60 y 69 años en los pacientes, condiciones socio-económicas que pueden incrementar el riesgo cardiovascular como como nivel educativo básico y la remuneración menor a un salario básico unificado. Conclusión: La mayoría de los pacientes presentaban dos o más factores de riesgo y entre estos predominaron la hipertensión arterial, hipercolesterolemia, sobrepeso, consumo excesivo de bebidas alcohólicas y la diabetes mellitus.

The so-called behavioral cardiovascular risk factors, such as inadequate diet, sedentary lifestyle, excessive alcohol consumption, and smoking, increase the probability of heart attack and stroke, even when they coexist in persons with no previous conditions. The objective was to identify cardiovascular risk factors in geriatric patients at the INNFA health center in Macas, Ecuador. Methodology: Research with a quantitative approach, non-experimental design, descriptive scope, cross-sectional, used a sample of 40 geriatric patients attended at the referred health center, the technique for data collection was the survey and the instrument was a cardiovascular risk questionnaire. The study sample was characterized by the predominance of female sex and age between 60 and 69 years in patients, socio-economic conditions that may increase cardiovascular risk such as basic education level and remuneration lower than a unified basic salary. Conclusion: Most of the patients had two or more risk factors and among these, arterial hypertension, hypercholesterolemia, overweight, excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages and diabetes mellitus predominated.

Os chamados factores de risco cardiovascular comportamentais, como a alimentação inadequada, o sedentarismo, o consumo excessivo de álcool e o tabagismo, aumentam a probabilidade de enfarte do miocárdio e de acidente vascular cerebral, mesmo quando coexistem em pessoas sem patologias prévias. O objetivo foi identificar os factores de risco cardiovascular em pacientes geriátricos do centro de saúde INNFA em Macas, Equador. Metodologia: Investigação com abordagem quantitativa, desenho não experimental, âmbito descritivo, transversal, com uma amostra de 40 pacientes geriátricos atendidos no referido centro de saúde, a técnica de recolha de dados foi um inquérito e o instrumento foi um questionário de risco cardiovascular. A amostra do estudo caracterizou-se pelo predomínio do sexo feminino e idade entre 60 e 69 anos, condições socioeconómicas que podem aumentar o risco cardiovascular como o nível de escolaridade básico e remuneração inferior a um salário base unificado. Conclusão: A maioria dos pacientes apresentava dois ou mais fatores de risco e, dentre estes, predominaram a hipertensão arterial, a hipercolesterolemia, o excesso de peso, o consumo excessivo de bebidas alcoólicas e o diabetes mellitus.

Epidemiología y resultados del paro cardiorrespiratorio pediátrico en la unidad de recuperación cardiovascular de un hospital público en Argentina / Epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric cardiac arrest in a cardiovascular unit at a public hospital in Argentina

Resumen Antecedentes: Los niños con cardiopatías congénitas experimentan paro cardiorrespiratorio (PCR) con mayor frecuencia que la población pediátrica general. Se desconoce la epidemiología exacta del PCR en nuestro medio, al igual que el riesgo de mortalidad y los factores que influyen en la evolución neurológica. Objetivo: Describir la epidemiología y los resultados asociados con la reanimación cardiopulmonar pediátrica en una unidad de recuperación cardiovascular. El criterio de valoración primario fue la supervivencia al momento del alta hospitalaria; los secundarios fueron el retorno de la circulación espontánea, la supervivencia a las 24 horas y la condición neurológica en el largo plazo. Método: Estudio de cohorte longitudinal, descriptivo, prospectivo, en menores de 18 años que requirieron reanimación cardiopulmonar entre 2016 y 2019. Se analizaron las variables demográficas y las características del paro cardiorrespiratorio y de la reanimación, así como su resultado. Se realizaron análisis de una y múltiples variables para comparar a los pacientes sobrevivientes con los fallecidos. Resultados: De los 1,842 pacientes internados, el 4.1% experimentó PCR. Se analizaron 50 pacientes con expedientes completos. Se logró el retorno de la circulación espontánea en el 78% (39), con una supervivencia alta del 46%. La reanimación > 6 min y el uso de fármacos vasoactivos fueron factores predictivos de mortalidad; se realizó el seguimiento de 16/23 pacientes, 10 de ellos con desarrollo normal para la edad luego de seis meses, seis tenían trastorno generalizado del desarrollo. Conclusiones: El 4.1% de los pacientes presentó un PCR, con una tasa de 3.4 PCR por 1,000 días-paciente. La supervivencia al egreso hospitalario (n = 50) fue del 46%. La reanimación > 6 min y la utilización de fármacos vasoactivos fueron factores predictivos independientes de mortalidad. Luego de seis meses, el 63% tenía desarrollo neurológico normal para la edad.

Abstract Background: Children with congenital heart disease present a higher frequency of cardiorespiratory arrest (CRA) than the general pediatric population. The epidemiology of CRA is not exactly known in our setting, nor are the mortality risk or the neurological evolution factors. Objective: To describe the epidemiology and outcomes associated with pediatric cardiopulmonary resuscitation in a cardiovascular recovery unit. The primary endpoint was the survival to discharge and the secondary endpoints were the return to spontaneous circulation, the survival at 24 hours and the remote neurological condition. Methods: Descriptive, prospective, longitudinal cohort study in children under 18 years of age who required cardiopulmonary resuscitation between 2016 and 2019. Demographic variables, characteristics of cardiopulmonary arrest, resuscitation and outcome were analyzed. An uni- and multivariate analysis was performed comparing survivors and deceased. Results: Out of 1,842 hospitalized patients, 4.1% presented CRA. Fifty patients with complete records were analyzed. Seventy-eight percent (39) returned to spontaneous circulation with a high survival rate of 46%. Resuscitation > 6 min and the use of vasoactive drugs were predictors of mortality; 16/23 patients were followed up, 10 of them with normal development for age at 6 months, six had pervasive developmental disorder. Conclusions: 4.1% of patients presented CRA, with a rate of 3.4 CRA per 1,000 patient-days. Survival at hospital discharge (n = 50) was 46%. Resuscitation > 6 min and the use of vasoactive drugs were independent predictors of mortality. At six months, 63% had normal neurological development for age.

Pharmaceutical care for a patient with atrial flutter，atrial fibrillation，placenta praevia hemorrhage and throm-bocytopenia-threatened abortion after operation of congenital heart disease / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To provide a reference for the safe administration of patients with atrial flutter， atrial fibrillation， placenta praevia hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia-threatened abortion after the operation of congenital heart disease. METHODS Clinical pharmacists participated in the diagnosis and treatment of a patient with atrial flutter， atrial fibrillation， placenta praevia hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia-threatened abortion after the operation of congenital heart disease. Given the thrombocytopenia caused by enoxaparin sodium， pharmacists suggested to stop enoxaparin sodium and change it to fondaparinux sodium after a blood routine review. For the patient with fast heart rate and low blood pressure， pharmacists recommended to choose metoprolol and adjust the dosage according to the heart rate， and change furosemide to hydrochlorothiazide. Pharmacists recommended to continue using metoprolol regarding doctors’ plan to replace metoprolol with sotalol before cesarean section. For possible drug interactions in the patient， pharmacists recommended to closely monitor blood potassium and other indicators， and provided drug education. RESULTS The doctors adopted the advice of clinical pharmacists. The patient’s bleeding was controlled， the indicators were kept stable during hospitalization， the gestational week was extended smoothly， and the cesarean section was successfully performed. CONCLUSIONS By participating in the treatment of the patient with atrial flutter， atrial fibrillation， placenta praevia hemorrhage and thrombocytopenia-threatened abortion after the operation of congenital heart disease， clinical pharmacists formulate individualized medication plans for the patient based on adverse drug reactions， drug interactions and medication education， ensuring the safety and effectiveness of medication.

Burden of coronary heart disease for adult patients and its correlation with sociodemographic index / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the burden of disease attributable to coronary heart disease in adult patients in 2020, to compare the disease burden of patients with coronary heart disease among different sociodemographic indexes (SDI) , and to explore the correlation between the two to provide theoretical guidance for coronary heart disease prevention. Methods The data of 881 adult patients with coronary heart disease in our Hospital in 2020 were collected, and the data, such as illness, morbidity, mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALY) of adult patients with coronary heart disease were analyzed. Pearson correlation was used to analyze the association between disease burden and sociodemographic index in adult patients with coronary heart disease. Results The prevalence and incidence of adult patients with coronary heart disease were higher in women than in men, while the mortality rate and DALY rate were mainly higher in men than in women. The prevalence, morbidity and mortality rates increased in different age groups, and increased rapidly in the age group of 45 years and beyond. The prevalence of DALY in adult patients with coronary heart disease in different age groups also showed an upward trend, and increased rapidly in the age group of 35 years and beyond. The SDI value of adult patients with coronary heart disease was (0.52±0.16), of which the low SDI value was (0.13±0.05), the medium and low SDI value was (0.34±0.17), the medium SDI value was (0.50±0.14), the medium and high SDI value was (0.82±0.25), and the high SDI value was (0.93±0.13). The chi-square results showed that there were differences in mortality (χ2=12.358, P=0.020) and DALY rate (χ2 =14.557, P=0.011) of adult patients with coronary heart disease between different grades of SDI groups, and the differences were statistically significant. Pearson-related results showed that SDI and DALY rate were negatively correlated in adult patients with coronary heart disease (r=-0.374, P=0.022), and there were gender differences. SDI was negatively correlated with DALY rate in male patients with coronary heart disease (r=-0.489, P=0.017), and SDI was negatively correlated with mortality (r=-0.290, P=0.040) and DALY rate in female patients with coronary heart disease (r=-0.392, P=0.006）. Conclusion Burden of disease attributed to coronary heart disease in adult patients varies by sex and it has a negative correlation with SDI, and the improvement of national welfare and education level, that is, the increase of SDI may have a certain effect on reducing the burden of coronary heart disease.

Trends of heart disease death and prediction of life expectancy without cause of death in Qidong City in 1990-2019 / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To analyze the trend of heart disease death and the life expectancy without cause of death in Qidong City, Jiangsu Province from 1990 to 2019, and to provide reference for the prevention and control of heart disease. Methods Data on heart disease deaths among residents in Qidong City from 1990 to 2019 were collected through the Qidong City Death Registration and Monitoring System. The crude mortality rate (CR) and Chinese age-standardized mortality rate (CASR), potential years of life loss (PYLL), average years of life loss (AYLL), potential life loss years rate (PYLLR), life expectancy, and life expectancy without cause of death were calculated, and the annual percentage change (APC) was used to analyze the trend of heart disease death. Using SAS9.2 software, the death trend prediction was conducted by the ARIMA model in time series analysis. Results From 1990 to 2019, 27,762 residents died of heart disease in Qidong City, with a CR of 81.20/100 000 and an APC of 3.734%. There were 12 358 deaths of heart disease in men, with a CR of 73.24/100 000 and an APC of 3.86%, while there were 15 404 deaths of heart disease in women, with a CR of 88.95/100 000 and an APC of 3.63%. CR showed an upward trend (all P < 0.001). The PYLL for heart disease was 66 192.00 person-years, the AYLL was 13.23 person-years, and the PYLLR was 2.16‰. The life expectancy loss from heart disease was gradually increasing: 0.89 years in 1990 to 1.85 years in 2019, with an APC of 0.405% (P<0.001, a statistically significant trend). The prediction results showed that in 2029, the life expectancy after heart disease would reach 88.17 years. Conclusion From 1990 to 2019, the crude mortality rate of heart disease in Qidong City has showed an increasing trend, leading to an increasing loss of life due to heart disease year by year. The mortality rate and life loss of heart disease in women are higher than those in men. Targeted intervention measures should be further adopted to reduce the mortality rate of heart disease among residents in Qidong.

Research progress of Parkin protein regulating mitochondrial homeostasis through ubiquitination in cardiovascular diseases / 中国药理学通报

In addition to providing energy for cells, mitochondria also participate in calcium homeostasis, cell information transfer, cell apoptosis, cell growth and differentiation. Therefore, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis is very crucial for the body to carry out normal life activities. Ubiquitination, a post-translational modification of proteins, is involved in various physiological and pathological processes of cells by regulating mitochondrial homeostasis. However, the mechanism by which ubiquitination regulates mitochondrial homeostasis has not been summarized, especially the effect of Parkin protein on cardiovascular diseases. In this paper, the specific mechanism of mitochondrial homeostasis regulated by ubiquitination of Parkin protein is discussed, and the influence of mitochondrial homeostasis imbalance on cardiovascular diseases is reviewed, with a view to providing potential therapeutic strategies for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases.

Clinical outcomes of Gravidocardiac patients in Silliman University Medical Center from January 2015 to December 2019: A retrospective study

Background@#Cardiac disease increases morbidity and mortality in pregnant patients. This is found in both developing countries and underdeveloped countries. Cardiovascular demand increases with pregnancy, causing additional stress on a diseased heart. This then poses a greater risk of complications; thus, specialized care involving an Obstetric-Gynecologist and a Cardiologist is warranted. The Modified WHO Classification of Maternal Cardiovascular Risk, CARPREG, and CARPREG II predict risk among gravidocardiac patients and corresponding needed medical attention perinatally. Little data has been known on the clinical outcomes of pregnancy among gravidocardiac patients in the Philippines. This study aims to gauge the clinical outcomes of gravidocardiac patients admitted to a tertiary hospital in Dumaguete City.@*Methods@#A retrospective, cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out among all gravidocardiac patients admitted for labor and delivery between January 2015 and December 2019. A chart review of the cases satisfying the inclusion criteria was done. Data gathered were tabulated, and a Chi-Square was used to assess if there was a significant relationship between the cardiac condition and the mode of delivery, duration of pregnancy, maternal outcomes, and fetal outcomes.@*Results@#Cardiac lesions noted among gravidocardiac patients include mitral valve prolapse, which comprised the majority of cases, patent ductus arteriosus, ventricular septal defect, mitral valve regurgitation, aortic valve regurgitation, atrial septal defect, and peripartum cardiomyopathy. Pregnancies were mainly carried to term with vaginal delivery as the primary mode of birth. Maternal outcomes were generally favorable, with no deaths recorded. Fetal outcomes were variable among cases, and fetal mortality was recorded at 3.92%. A significant relationship was seen between maternal cardiac condition and maternal outcomes of the pregnancies.@*Conclusion@#Among pregnant patients with cardiac conditions, maternal outcomes of pregnancy can be predicted in association with the cardiac condition. There is a great need to educate the public on the need for proper perinatal care when a cardiac condition in pregnancy is detected.

A postoperative in-hospital mortality risk model for elderly patients undergoing cardiac valvular surgery based on LASSO-logistic regression / 中国胸心血管外科临床杂志

@#Objective     To evaluate the risk factors for postoperative in-hospital mortality in elderly patients receiving cardiac valvular surgery, and develop a new prediction models using the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO)-logistic regression. Methods     The patients≥65 years who underwent cardiac valvular surgery from 2016 to 2018 were collected from the Chinese Cardiac Surgery Registry (CCSR). The patients who received the surgery from January 2016 to June 2018 were allocated to a training set, and the patients who received the surgery from July to December 2018 were allocated to a testing set. The risk factors for postoperative mortality were analyzed and a LASSO-logistic regression prediction model was developed and compared with the EuroSCOREⅡ. Results     A total of 7 163 patients were collected in this study, including 3 939 males and 3 224 females, with a mean age of 69.8±4.5 years. There were 5 774 patients in the training set and 1 389 patients in the testing set. Overall, the in-hospital mortality was 4.0% (290/7 163). The final LASSO-logistic regression model included 7 risk factors: age, preoperative left ventricular ejection fraction, combined coronary artery bypass grafting, creatinine clearance rate, cardiopulmonary bypass time, New York Heart Association cardiac classification. LASSO-logistic regression had a satisfying discrimination and calibration in both training [area under the curve (AUC)=0.785, 0.627] and testing cohorts (AUC=0.739, 0.642), which was superior to EuroSCOREⅡ. Conclusion     The mortality rate for elderly patients undergoing cardiac valvular surgery is relatively high. LASSO-logistic regression model can predict the risk of in-hospital mortality in elderly patients receiving cardiac valvular surgery.

Exploring Modern Mechanism of Treating Diabetic Retinopathy and Coronary Heart Disease from Perspective of Blood Stasis Under Viewpoint of Treating Different Diseases with the Same Method / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Diabetic retinopathy（DR） and coronary heart disease（CHD） are both major chronic vascular complications that seriously jeopardize the health of the population and often occur together in clinical practice， it is of great clinical value to actively explore the association between the two in the process of disease development and methods of prevention and treatment of modern medicine and traditional Chinese medicine（TCM）. According to TCM， the heart and eyes physiologically communicate with each other by taking Qi， blood and veins as bridges， blood stasis obstructing collaterals is the common TCM etiology of DR and CHD， whose mechanism involves inflammation， oxidative stress and endothelial dysfunction. Promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis plays an important role in the same treatment for different diseases and prevention and treatment of comorbidities， possibly by inhibiting the expression of interleukin-1β（IL-1β）， endothelin-1（ET-1） and hypoxia inducible factor-1α/vascular endothelial growth factor（HIF-1α/VEGF）， regulating phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases/protein kinase B/mammalian target of rapamycin（PI3K/Akt/mTOR） pathway， initiating adenosine monophosphate（AMP）-activated protein kinase/silent information regulator 1（AMPK/SIRT1） and nuclear transcription factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/heme oxygenase-1（Nrf2/HO-1） signaling pathways， inhibiting Hippo/Yes-associated protein（Hippo/YAP） signaling pathway， inhibiting mitochondrial permeability transition pore and anti-platelet agglutination for treating DR and CHD， which provides a multi-component， multi-pathway and multi-target selection strategies and ideas for the prevention and treatment of DR and CHD by TCM from a biological perspective. Based on this， subsequent studies should focus on constructing clinically relevant comorbidity models， conducting multicenter prospective studies， and fully utilizing artificial intelligence technology to gain a deeper understanding of the relationship between the two diseases， so as to elucidate the mechanism of promoting blood circulation and removing blood stasis in preventing and treating panvascular diseases.

Nomgram model for individual prediction of coronary heart disease with pulmonary hypertension / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To establish an individual Nomgram model for predicting the risk of coronary heart disease complicated with pulmonary hypertension. Methods From January 2017 to December 2021 , 352 patients with coronary heart disease (CHD) complicated with pulmonary hypertension in our hospital were selected, and 352 patients with coronary heart disease but without pulmonary hypertension were selected as the control group. The clinical baseline data of the two groups were analyzed first, and then logistics multivariate analysis was performed. To explore the risk factors of coronary heart disease complicated with pulmonary hypertension, the Nomgram model was established to predict the risk, and the predictive value of the model was tested by receiver characteristic curve (ROC). Results Logistics multivariate analysis showed that alcoholism, smoking, stroke history, hypertension course, CHD course, PASP, HCT, PaCO2, D-dimer, NIHSS score and low PaO2 were all independent risk factors for CHD complicated with pulmonary hypertension. Nomgram model prediction results for patients with coronary heart disease showed that Alcohol abuse, smoking, stroke history, duration of hypertension (5.66 years), duration of coronary heart disease (2.12 years), NIHSS (12.33 points), PASP (75.22mmHg), HCT (33.22%), PaCO2 (56.11mmHg), D-dimer (255.12μg/L), PaO2 (56.22mmHg) is a risk factor for coronary heart disease complicated with pulmonary hypertension. ROC curve showed that the area under the prediction curve of Nomgram model for coronary heart disease complicated with pulmonary hypertension was 0.675. Conclusion Nomgram model can predict pulmonary hypertension in patients with coronary heart disease to a certain extent.

Discussion on the Scientific Connotation of Fortifying Spleen， Resolving Phlegm and Dispelling Stasis in the Treatment of Coronary Heart Disease under the Guidance of Dysfunctional High-Density Lipoprotein / 中医杂志

The key pathogenesis of coronary heart disease （CHD） is spleen deficiency and phlegm stasis， and dysfunctional high-density lipoprotein （dys-HDL） may be the biological basis for the occurrence of CHD due to spleen deficiency and phlegm stasis. Considering the biological properties and effects of high-density lipoprotein （HDL）， it is believed that the structure and components of HDL are abnormal in the state of spleen deficiency which led to dys-HDL； and dys-HDL contributes to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques through two major pathways， namely， mediating the dysfunction of endothelial cells and mediating the foaminess of macrophages and smooth muscle cells， thus triggering the development of CHD. It is also believed that dys-HDL is a microcosmic manifestation and a pathological product of spleen deficiency， and spleen deficiency makes foundation for the production of dys-HDL； dys-HDL is also an important biological basis for the phlegm-stasis interactions in CHD. The method of fortifying spleen， resolving phlegm， and dispelling stasis， is proposed as an important principle in the treatment of CHD by traditional Chinese medicine， which can achieve the therapeutic purpose by affecting the changes in the structure and components of dys-HDL， thus revealing the scientific connotation of this method， and providing ideas for the diagnosis and treatment of CHD by traditional Chinese medicine.

Performance Evaluation of Geometrically Different Pediatric Arterial Cannulae in a Pediatric Cardiopulmonary Bypass Model

ABSTRACT Objective: To define a reference chart comparing pressure drop vs. flow generated by a set of arterial cannulae currently utilized in cardiopulmonary bypass conditions in pediatric surgery. Methods: Cannulae from two manufacturers were selected considering their design and outer and inner diameters. Cannula performance was evaluated in terms of pressure drop vs. flow during simulated cardiopulmonary bypass conditions. The experimental circuits consisted of a Jostra HL-20 roller pump, a Quadrox-i pediatric oxygenator (Maquet Cardiopulmonary AG, Rastatt, Germany), and a custom pediatric tubing set. The circuit was primed with lactated Ringer's solution only (first condition) and with human packed red blood cells added (second condition) to achieve a hematocrit of 30%. Cannula sizes 8 to 16 Fr were inserted into the cardiopulmonary bypass circuit with a "Y" connector. The flow was adjusted in 100 ml/min increments within typical flow ranges for each cannula. Pre-cannula and post-cannula pressures were measured to calculate the pressure drop. Results: Utilizing a pressure drop limit of 100 mmHg, our results suggest a recommended flow limit of 500, 900, 1400, 2600, and 3100 mL/min for Braile arterial cannulae sizes 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 Fr, respectively. For Medtronic DLP arterial cannulae sizes 8, 10, 12, 14, and 16 Fr, the recommended flow limit is 600, 1100, 1700, 2700, and 3300 mL/min, respectively. Conclusion: This study reinforces discrepancies in pressure drop between cannulae of the same diameter supplied by different manufacturers and the importance of independent translational research to evaluate components' performance.

Estimación del riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2

Introducción: Las personas diabéticas tienen entre dos y tres veces más riesgo de morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular que aquellas que no padecen la enfermedad. Objetivo: Estimar el riesgo cardiovascular en pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2 atendidos en un Área de Salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo y trasversal de 103 pacientes con diabetes mellitus tipo 2, pertenecientes al Consultorio Médico de la Familia No. 23 del policlínico Carlos J Finlay, municipio Songo-La Maya en la provincia Santiago de Cuba, desde enero hasta diciembre de 2023. Se estudiaron variables cualitativas y cuantitativas (edad, año de diagnóstico y duración de la enfermedad); se estimó el riesgo cardiovascular según el modelo para la predicción del riesgo en personas con diabetes tipo 2. Resultados: Se observó predominio del sexo femenino (58,3 %). La mayoría de los pacientes tenían hipertensión arterial (76 %) y microalbuminuria (31,2 %). La edad media de los pacientes fue de 65,5 años y como promedio tenían un tiempo de evolución de la diabetes de 8,6 años. La evaluación del riesgo cardiovascular ubicó a 43,3 % de la población en un nivel moderado y 25,7 % con alto riesgo. Conclusiones: Los pacientes diabéticos estudiados mostraron un riesgo de moderado a alto de presentar eventos cardiovasculares. Se hace necesario realizar intervenciones educativas en estos pacientes y sus familiares para lograr cambios favorables en los estilos de vida y mejorar el control de la enfermedad, previniendo así complicaciones y la ocurrencia de eventos fatales en los próximos años.

Introduction: Diabetic people have between two and three times more risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality than those who do not suffer from the disease. Objective: To estimate cardiovascular risk in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus treated in a Health Area. Methods: A descriptive and cross-sectional study was carried out on 103 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, belonging to the Family Medical Office No. 23 of the Carlos J. Finlay polyclinic, Songo-La Maya municipality, Santiago de Cuba province, from January to December 2023. Qualitative variables and quantitative (age, year of diagnosis and duration of the disease) were studied; Cardiovascular risk was estimated according to the model for predicting cardiovascular risk in people with type 2 diabetes. Results: A predominance of the female sex was observed (58.3%). Most patients had arterial hypertension (76.0%) and microalbuminuria (31.2%). The average age of the patients was 65.5 years and on average they had a duration of diabetes of 8.6 years. The cardiovascular risk evaluation placed 43.3% of the population at a moderate level and 25.7% at high risk. Conclusions: The diabetic patients studied showed a moderate to high risk of presenting cardiovascular events. It is necessary to carry out educational interventions in these patients and their families to achieve favorable changes in lifestyles and improve disease control, thus preventing complications and the occurrence of fatal events in the coming years.

Síndrome metabólico e hipotiroidismo: un estudio transversal en una población ecuatoriana

Introducción: el síndrome metabólico y el hipotiroidismo son condiciones muy frecuentes y a menudo superpuestas. Ambos son precursores bien establecidos de la enfermedad cardiovascular aterogénica. Objetivo: evaluar la asociación entre el hipotiroidismo y el síndrome metabólico en pacientes que asisten a la consulta de medicina interna del Hospital IESS de Riobamba, Ecuador. Metodología: se realizó una investigación de tipo descriptiva, correlacional con un diseño no experimental de corte transversal desde enero de 2022 hasta julio de 2023. Se incluyeron 985 sujetos de ambos sexos, mayores de 25 años. A todos los pacientes se les realizó un exhaustivo examen físico y se tomaron muestras de sangre para la realización de pruebas bioquímicas y hormonales. Resultados: 84,97% de los participantes eran eutiroideos, 1,93% presentaron hipotiroidismo manifiesto y 4,97% hipotiroidismo subclínico, mientras que 32,99% tenían síndrome metabólico. Se encontraron diferencias significativas en la edad, peso, circunferencia de cintura, colesterol total, LDL colesterol, triglicéridos, glucosa postpandrial y HOMA-IR entre los sujetos con hipotiroidismo manifiesto y los eutiroideos (p<0,05). Se observó una correlación positiva entre la TSH y todos los componentes del síndrome metabólico (p<0,05). La prevalencia de síndrome metabólico fue significativamente mayor en los sujetos con hipotiroidismo manifiesto (p < 0,05) que en los demás grupos. Se observó que los niveles de T4L (OR 8,82; IC 95% 1,56-49,8) y TSH (OR 1,61; IC 95% 1,19-2,18) son factores de riesgo para el desarrollo de síndrome metabólico. Conclusión: el hipotiroidismo y el síndrome metabólico están altamente asociados. Es recomendable que los sujetos con hipotiroidismo sean examinados para detectar síndrome metabólico y viceversa. La evaluación de la función tiroidea en pacientes con este síndrome puede ayudar a identificar y prevenir el riesgo de eventos cardiovasculares y cerebrovasculares.

Introduction: Metabolic syndrome and hypothyroidism are widespread and often overlapping conditions. Both are well-established precursors of atherogenic cardiovascular disease. Objective: To evaluate the association between hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome in patients attending the internal medicine consultation at the IESS Hospital in Riobamba, Ecuador. Methodology: A descriptive, correlational research study was conducted with a non-experimental cross-sectional design from January 2022 to July 2023. Nine hundred eighty-five subjects of both sexes and over 25 years of age, were included. All patients underwent a thorough physical examination and blood samples were taken for biochemical and hormonal tests. Results: Eighty-four-point ninety-seven percent of the participants were euthyroid, 1.93% presented overt hypothyroidism, 4.97% had subclinical hypothyroidism, and 32.99% had metabolic syndrome. Significant differences in age, weight, waist circumference, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglycerides, postprandial glucose, and HOMA-IR were found between subjects with manifest hypothyroidism and euthyroid subjects (p<0.05). A positive correlation was observed between TSH and all components of the metabolic syndrome (p<0.05). The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was significantly higher in subjects with overt hypothyroidism (p < 0.05) than in the other groups. It was observed that the levels of FT4 (OR 8.82; 95% CI 1.56-49.8) and TSH (OR 1.61; 95% CI 1.19-2.18) were risk factors for the development of the metabolic syndrome. Conclusion: Hypothyroidism and metabolic syndrome are highly associated. It is recommended that subjects with hypothyroidism be screened for metabolic syndrome and vice versa. Evaluation of thyroid function in patients with this syndrome can help identify and prevent the risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events.

Is having a moderate or low history, electrocardiogram, age, risk factors, troponin risk score a handicap for long-term mortality?

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: History, electrocardiogram, age, risk factors, troponin risk score and troponin level follow-up are used to safely discharge low-risk patients with suspected non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome from the emergency department for a 1-month period. We aimed to comprehensively investigate the 6-month mortality of patients with the history, electrocardiogram, age, risk factors, troponin risk score. METHODS: A total of 949 non-ST elevation acute coronary syndrome patients admitted to the emergency department from 01.01.2019 to 01.10.2019 were included in this retrospective study. History, electrocardiogram, age, risk factors, troponin scores of all patients were calculated by two emergency clinicians and a cardiologist. We compared the 6-month mortality of the groups. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 67.9 (56.4-79) years; 57.3% were male and 42.7% were female. Six-month mortality was significantly lower in the high-risk history, electrocardiogram, age, risk factors, troponin score group than in the low- and moderate-risk groups: 11/80 (12.1%), 58/206 (22%), and 150/444 (25.3%), respectively (p=0.019). CONCLUSION: Patients with high history, electrocardiogram, age, risk factors, troponin risk scores are generally treated with coronary angioplasty as soon as possible. We found that the mortality rate of this group of patients was lower in the long term compared with others. Efforts are also needed to reduce the mortality of moderate and low-risk patients. Further studies are needed on the factors affecting the 6-month mortality of moderate and low-risk acute coronary syndrome patients.

Prediction of Vasoactive-Inotropic Score on Prolonged Mechanical Ventilation in Adult Congenital Heart Disease Patients After Surgical Treatment Combined with Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting

ABSTRACT Introduction: This study aimed to investigate the predictive value of the vasoactive-inotropic score (VIS) at different time points for postoperative prolonged mechanical ventilation (PMV) in adult congenital heart disease patients undergoing surgical treatment combined with coronary artery bypass grafting. Methods: Patients were divided into two groups that developed PMV or not. The propensity score matching method was applied to reduce the effects of confounding factors between the two groups. VIS at different time points (VIS at the end of surgery, VIS6h, VIS12h, and VIS12h max) after surgery were recorded and calculated. The value of VIS in predicting PMV was analyzed by the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve, and multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze independent risk factors. Results: Among 250 patients, 52 were in the PMV group, and 198 were in the non-PMV group. PMV rate was 20.8%. After propensity score matching, 94 patients were matched in pairs. At each time point, the area under the ROC curve predicted by VIS for PMV was > 0.500, among which VIS at the end of surgery was the largest (0.805). The optimal cutoff point for VIS of 6.5 could predict PMV with 78.7% sensitivity and 72.3% specificity. VIS at the end of surgery was an independent risk factor for PMV (odds ratio=1.301, 95% confidence interval 1.091~1.551, P<0.01). Conclusion: VIS at the end of surgery is an independent predictor for PMV in patients with adult congenital heart disease surgical treatment combined with coronary artery bypass grafting.

Cardiovascular Risk and Lifestyle: comparison between teaching workers in Portugal and Brazil / Riesgo cardiovascular y estilo de vida: comparación entre trabajadores docentes en Portugal y Brasil / Risco Cardiovascular e Estilo de Vida: comparação entre trabalhadores do ensino de Portugal e Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: Compare Cardiovascular Risk between workers in Brazil and Portugal who work in the teaching context and its relationship with Lifestyle and Common Mental Disorder. Methods: Cross-sectional study that compared the cardiovascular health conditions of teaching workers in Manaus (Brazil) and Coimbra (Portugal). The odds ratio between groups was estimated. Results: The differences were: Smoking and hypercholesterolemia in participants from Portugal. Hypertension, chronic disease, increased abdominal perimeter, common mental disorder, and absence from work in Brazil. The variables with the greatest effect for high cardiovascular risk were: Country-Portugal [17.273 (95%CI1.538-193.951)], sex-male [61.577 (95%CI5.398-702.469)] and smoking [593.398 (95%CI57.330-6.142.020)]. Conclusion: The differences in risk between groups showed that participants from Portugal, men, with high blood pressure and/or smokers are the most vulnerable to having a cardiovascular event. There is a need for interventions to promote cardiovascular health in the workplace in both countries.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Comparar el Riesgo Cardiovascular entre trabajadores de Brasil y Portugal que actúan em el contexto docente y su relación con el Estilo de Vida y el Trastorno Mental Común. Métodos: Estudio transversal que comparo las condiciones de salud cardiovascular de trabajadores docentes de Manaos (Brasil) y Coimbra (Portugal). Se estimó el odds ratio entre grupos. Resultados: Las diferencias fueron: Tabaquismo e hipercolesterolemia en participantes de Portugal. Hipertensión, enfermedad crónica, aumento del perímetro abdominal, trastorno mental común y ausentismo laboral en Brasil. Las variables com mayor efecto para alto riesgo cardiovascular fueron: País-Portugal [17.273 (IC95%1.538-193.951)], sexo-masculino [61.577 (IC95%5.398-702.469)] y tabaquismo [593.398(IC95%57.330- 6.142.020)]. Conclusión: Las diferencias de riesgo entre grupos mostraron que los participantes portugueses, los hombres, los hipertensos y/o fumadores son los más vulnerables a sufrir un evento cardiovascular. Es necesario realizar intervenciones para promover la salud cardiovascular en el lugar de trabajo en ambos países.

RESUMO Objetivo: Comparar o Risco Cardiovascular entre trabalhadores do Brasil e Portugal que atuam no contexto do ensino e sua relação com Estilo de Vida e Transtorno Mental Comum. Métodos: Estudo transversal que comparou as condições de saúde cardiovascular de trabalhadores do ensino de Manaus (Brasil) e Coimbra (Portugal). Foi estimada a razão de chance entre grupos. Resultados: As diferenças foram: Tabagismo e hipercolesterolemia nos participantes de Portugal. Hipertensão, doença crônica, perímetro abdominal aumentado, transtorno mental comum e afastamento do trabalho no Brasil. As variáveis com maior efeito para risco cardiovascular alto foram: País-Portugal [17.273 (IC95%1.538-193.951)], sexo-masculino [61.577 (IC95%5.398 -702.469)] e tabagismo [593.398(IC95%57.330- 6.142.020)]. Conclusão: As diferenças de risco entre grupos mostraram que os participantes de Portugal, homens, com pressão arterial aumentada e/ou tabagistas são os mais vulneráveis a ter evento cardiovascular. Há necessidades de intervenções para a promoção da saúde cardiovascular no ambiente laboral nos dois países.

Evaluation of the participation of ABCA1 transporter in epicardial and mediastinal adipose tissue from patients with coronary artery disease

ABSTRACT Objective: Recent studies have shown a relationship between adipose tissue and coronary artery disease (CAD). The ABCA1 transporter regulates cellular cholesterol content and reverses cholesterol transport. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) R230C, C-17G, and C-69T and their expression in epicardial and mediastinal adipose tissue in Mexican patients with CAD. Subjects and methods: The study included 71 patients with CAD and a control group consisting of 64 patients who underwent heart valve replacement. SNPs were determined using TaqMan probes. mRNA was extracted using TriPure Isolation from epicardial and mediastinal adipose tissue. Quantification and expression analyses were done using RT-qPCR. Results: R230C showed a higher frequency of the GG genotype in the CAD group (70.4%) than the control group (57.8%) [OR 0.34, 95% CI (0.14-0.82) p = 0.014]. Similarly, C-17G (rs2740483) showed a statistically significant difference in the CC genotype in the CAD group (63.3%) in comparison to the controls (28.1%) [OR 4.42, 95% CI (2.13-9.16), p = 0.001]. mRNA expression in SNP R230C showed statistically significant overexpression in the AA genotype compared to the GG genotype in CAD patients [11.01 (4.31-15.24) vs. 3.86 (2.47-12.50), p = 0.015]. Conclusion: The results suggest that the GG genotype of R230C and CC genotype of C-17G are strongly associated with the development of CAD in Mexican patients. In addition, under-expression of mRNA in the GG genotype in R230C is associated with patients undergoing revascularization.

El puntaje de Framingham ayudaría en la estratificación del riesgo de pacientes con ergometría positiva y SPECT normal / The Framingham score could help in risk stratification of patients with positive ergometry and normal SPECT

Antecedentes. El valor pronóstico de una ergometría positiva en el contexto de imágenes tomográficas de perfusión miocárdica de estrés y reposo (SPECT) normales no está bien establecido. Objetivos. Documentar la incidencia de infarto, muerte y revascularización coronaria en pacientes con una ergometría positiva de riesgo intermedio e imágenes de perfusión SPECT normales, y explorar el potencial valor del puntaje de riesgo de Framingham en la estratificación pronóstica de estos pacientes. Métodos. Cohorte retrospectiva integrada por pacientes que habían presentado síntomas o hallazgos electrocardiográficos compatibles con enfermedad arterial coronaria durante la prueba de esfuerzo, con criterios de riesgo intermedio en la puntuación de Duke y perfusión miocárdica SPECT normal. Fueron identificados a partir de la base de datos del laboratorio de cardiología nuclear del Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular de la ciudad de Posadas, Argentina. Resultados. Fueron elegibles 217 pacientes. El seguimiento fue de 3 1,5 años. La sobrevida libre de eventos (muerte,infarto de miocardio no fatal, angioplastia coronaria o cirugía de bypass de arteria coronaria) a uno, tres y cinco años fue significativamente menor (Log-rank test, p= 0,001) en el grupo con puntaje de Framingham alto o muy alto (77, 71y 59 %, respectivamente) que en el grupo de puntaje bajo o intermedio (89, 87 y 83 %). Tomando como referencia a los pacientes con riesgo bajo en el puntaje de Framingham, luego de ajustar por edad, sexo y puntaje de Duke, los pacientes categorizados en los estratos alto y muy alto riesgo del puntaje de Framingham presentaron una incidencia del evento combinado cercana al triple (hazard ratio [HR] 2,81; intervalo de confianza [IC] del 95 % 0,91 a 8,72; p= 0,07 y HR 3,61;IC 95 % 1,23 a 10,56; p= 0,019 respectivamente). Conclusiones. La estimación de riesgo con el puntaje de Framingham sería de ayuda en la estratificación pronóstica de los pacientes con ergometría positiva y SPECT normal. (AU)

Background. The prognostic value of positive exercise testing with normal SPECT myocardial perfusion imaging is not well established. Objectives. To document the incidence of infarction, death, and coronary revascularization in patients with a positive intermediate-risk exercise test and normal SPECT perfusion images and to explore the potential value of the Framingham Risk Score in the prognostic stratification of these patients. Methods. A retrospective cohort comprised patients who presented symptoms or electrocardiographic findings compatible with coronary artery disease during the stress test, with intermediate risk criteria in the Duke score and normal SPECT myocardial perfusion. They were identified from the database of the nuclear cardiology laboratory of the Instituto de Cardiología y Cirugía Cardiovascular of Posadas, Argentina. Results. 217 patients were eligible. Follow-up was 3 1.5 years. Event-free survival (death, non-fatal myocardial infarction, coronary angioplasty, or coronary artery bypass surgery) at one, three, and five years was significantly lower (Log-ranktest, p: 0.001) in the group with a score of Framingham high or very high (77, 71 and 59 %, respectively) than in the lowor intermediate score group (89, 87 and 83 %). Taking as reference the low-risk patients in the Framingham score, after adjusting for age, sex, and Duke score, the patients categorized in the high-risk and very high-risk strata showed about three times higher incidence of the combined event (hazard ratio [HR] 2.81; 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.91 to 8.72;p=0.07 and HR 3.61; 95 % CI 1.23 to 10.56; p=0.019 respectively). Conclusions. Risk estimation with the Framingham score would be helpful in the prognostic stratification of patients with positive exercise testing and normal SPECT. (AU)