Analysis of clinical and pathological characteristics of drug-induced live injury based on hepatotoxicity injury patterns / 临床与实验病理学杂志

Purpose To explore the clinical and pathologi-cal features and the relationships between pathological features and drugs of patients with drug-induced liver injury(DILI)based on the hepatotoxicity injury patterns.Methods The clin-ical data,laboratory indicators,drugs,and liver biopsy of 50 cases of DILI were collected,the expression of CK19 was detec-ted by immunohistochemistry EnVision two-step method,and the reticular scaffold of liver tissue was displayed by Reticular fiber staining.Results Among the 50 patients with DILI,there were 29 cases of hepatocellular DILI,11 cases of cholestatic DILI,and 10 cases of mixed DILI,respectively,with the hepatocellu-lar DILI accounting for the highest proportion(58％).7 catego-ries of drugs induced DILI,with herbal ranking first(52％).Different types of drugs could cause different types of DILI,with herbal induced 17 cases hepatocellular DILI(58.62％)and an-ti-infectious and anticancer drugs induced all 3 cases cholestatic DILI(27.27％).Different types of DILI displayed various pathological characteristics.Hepatocellular congestion,feathery degeneration,and small bile duct thrombosis primarily occur in cholestasis and mixed DILI,while bridging necrosis,sub-large and large necrosis were mainly seen in hepatocellular DILI.Conclusion Based on hepatotoxicity injury patterns,DILI ex-hibits a variety of clinical and pathological characteristics,and there is some relationship between pathological characteristics and drugs.Liver puncture pathological biopsy plays an important role in improving the diagnosis and treatment of DILI.

Study on the Mechanism of Hepatotoxicity Induced by Rhubarb Based on Network Pharmacology and Experimental Verification / 世界科学技术-中医药现代化

Objective The potential mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by rhubarb was preliminarily explored by network pharmacology and verified by cell experiments.Methods Based on network pharmacology,component collection and target prediction are carried out through multiple databases.PPI network construction,GO enrichment analysis and KEGG pathway analysis were combined with software to systematically predict the mechanism of hepatotoxicity induced by rhubarb.The pathway information predicted by network pharmacology was verified by primary hepatocyte experiments and Western blot experiments.Results The results of network pharmacology showed that RH was the main component of hepatotoxicity induced by rhubarb.Seventeen core targets of hepatotoxicity induced by rhubarb were obtained.KEGG results suggested that DNA damage and apoptosis were one of the key mechanisms of hepatotoxicity induced by rhubarb.The results of primary hepatocytes and Western blot showed that RH could inhibit the viability of primary hepatocytes in a time-dose dependent manner.ABT and SFP can significantly reduce the toxicity of RH on primary liver cells in mice,and RFP can increase the toxicity of RH to mouse primary liver cells.Upregulation of γ-H2AX and PARP-1 protein in primary liver cells of mice after treatment with different concentrations of RH.Conclusion RH in rhubarb can significantly inhibit the viability of mouse primary hepatocytes,and its toxicity to mouse primary hepatocytes is mainly caused by the metabolic activation of RH by CYP 2C9.RH can activate PARP-1 protein,phosphorylate H2AX,induce DNA damage and apoptosis in mouse primary hepatocytes.

Development of an in vitro screening method for idiosyncratic hepatotoxic components in traditional Chinese medicine: a case study with Epimedii Folium and Psoraleae Fructus / 药学学报

Idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) has long posed a challenging and pivotal concern in pharmaceutical research. The complex composition of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has introduced a bottleneck in current research, hindering the elucidation of the component basis associated with IDILI in TCM. Using Epimedii Folium (EF) and Psoraleae Fructus (PF) as illustrative examples, this study endeavors to establish an in vitro evaluation model, providing a high-throughput and preliminary assessment method for screening components related to TCM-induced IDILI. A TNF-α-mediated HepG2 susceptible model was first established in this study, with the focus on the index components present in EF and PF. The release of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the cell supernatant served as the detection index. A concentration-toxicity response curve was constructed, and the hepatotoxic components of EF and PF were identified utilizing the synergistic toxicity index. The LDH results unveiled the hepatotoxic effects of bavachin, backuchiol, isobavachin, neobavaisoflavone, psoralidin, isobavachalcone, icarisid I, and icarisid II on both normal and susceptible cells, categorizing these 8 components as both direct hepatotoxicity components and idiosyncratic hepatotoxicity components. Bavachin and neobavaisoflavone exhibited no hepatotoxicity on normal cells but demonstrated significant effects on susceptible cells, designating them as potential idiosyncratic susceptible hepatotoxicity components. The study further delineated that 10 EF components and 3 PF components were direct immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Additionally, 14 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components were identified, encompassing 10 EF components and 4 PF components, with neobavaisoflavone, bavachinin, and isobavachin being potential idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components. Synergistic toxicity index results indicated that 13 idiosyncratic immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components (except anhydroicaritin) combined with bavachin demonstrated synergistic hepatotoxicity on susceptible cells. Notably, 3 idiosyncratic susceptible immune-promoting hepatotoxicity components combined with bavachin exhibited synergistic hepatotoxicity, with neobavaisoflavone displaying the highest synergistic toxicity index and bavachinin the lowest. In summary, this methodology successfully screens hepatotoxic and immune-promoting hepatotoxic components in EF and PF, distinguishing the types of components inducing hepatotoxicity, evaluating the hepatotoxicity degree of each component, and elucidating the synergistic relationships among them. Importantly, these findings align with the characteristics of IDILI. The method provides an effective model tool for the fundamental research of TCM-related IDILI components.

High-throughput screening of novel TFEB agonists in protecting against acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice

Macroautophagy (referred to as autophagy hereafter) is a major intracellular lysosomal degradation pathway that is responsible for the degradation of misfolded/damaged proteins and organelles. Previous studies showed that autophagy protects against acetaminophen (APAP)-induced injury (AILI) via selective removal of damaged mitochondria and APAP protein adducts. The lysosome is a critical organelle sitting at the end stage of autophagy for autophagic degradation via fusion with autophagosomes. In the present study, we showed that transcription factor EB (TFEB), a master transcription factor for lysosomal biogenesis, was impaired by APAP resulting in decreased lysosomal biogenesis in mouse livers. Genetic loss-of and gain-of function of hepatic TFEB exacerbated or protected against AILI, respectively. Mechanistically, overexpression of TFEB increased clearance of APAP protein adducts and mitochondria biogenesis as well as SQSTM1/p62-dependent non-canonical nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) activation to protect against AILI. We also performed an unbiased cell-based imaging high-throughput chemical screening on TFEB and identified a group of TFEB agonists. Among these agonists, salinomycin, an anticoccidial and antibacterial agent, activated TFEB and protected against AILI in mice. In conclusion, genetic and pharmacological activating TFEB may be a promising approach for protecting against AILI.

Synthesis, characterization and protection effect of black rice anthocyanins nano-composite against hepatotoxicity induced by methotrexate in rats

Abstract The present study aimed to investigate the beneficial of prepared black rice anthocyanins nano-composite (An-AgNps) against hepatotoxicity induced by methotrexate (MTX) in rats. Anthocyanins nano-composite was prepared by silver as the metallic ion reduction and were characterized by IR and SEM. The rats in our experiment were divided into five groups. Serum lipid profile, serum transaminases (ALT and AST), ALP, LDH, TBA, GSH and SOD were examined. The results show that SEM of An-AgNps has average particle size from 70 to 130nm. In the group treated with MTX; TC, TG, LDL-c, ALT, AST, ALP, LDH and TBA levels were significantly (P0.05) increased than NC, while, HDL-c, SOD and GSH levels were significantly (P0.05) decreased. On the other hand, An-AgNps + MTX treated groups were reversed the levels of all biomarkers similar to NC. In conclusion, the results show that An-AgNps has a protective effect on MTX-induced hepatotoxicity and oxidative stress.

Resumo O presente estudo teve como objetivo investigar o benefício de nanocompósito de antocianinas de arroz preto preparado (An-AgNps) contra a hepatotoxicidade induzida por metotrexato (MTX) em ratos. O nanocompósito de antocianinas foi preparado a partir da prata por meio da redução do íon metálico e caracterizado por IR e SEM. Os ratos em nosso experimento foram divididos em cinco grupos, e foram examinados o perfil lipídico sérico, as transaminases séricas (ALT e AST), ALP, LDH, TBA, GSH e SOD. Os resultados mostram que SEM de An-AgNps tem tamanho médio de partícula de 70 a 130 nm. No grupo tratado com MTX, os níveis de TC, TG, LDL-c, ALT, AST, ALP, LDH e TBA aumentaram significativamente (P 0,05) do que NC, enquanto os níveis de HDL-c, SOD e GSH diminuíram significativamente (P 0,05). Por outro lado, nos grupos tratados com An-AgNps + MTX, foram revertidos os níveis de todos os biomarcadores semelhantes ao NC. Em conclusão, os resultados mostram que o An-AgNps tem um efeito protetor contra a hepatotoxicidade induzida pelo MTX e o estresse oxidativo.

Lesión hepática inducida por medicamentos secundaria al consumo de esteroides androgénicos

El uso de esteroides anabólicos de forma ilícita es un problema en aumento caracterizado por la falta de conocimiento sobre los potenciales efectos secundarios a estos productos. El uso ilegal de los mismos ha llevado a un infra diagnóstico de los eventos adversos, dentro de los más frecuentes se ha encontrado la hepatotoxicidad. Se presenta el caso de un hombre adulto maduro deportista aficionado quien fue hospitalizado por ictericia y enfermedad hepática inducida por medicamentos en relación al uso de esteroides anabólicos en dosis elevadas. La prevención de la lesión hepática inducida por fármacos (DILI) implica educar a los pacientes que toman fármacos hepatotóxicos sobre su uso seguro, enseñar los signos y síntomas asociados con la lesión hepática, así como, la educación a la población vulnerable en prevenir la automedicación o el uso ilegal de estas sustancias.

The use of anabolic steroids in an illicit way is a growing problem characterized by the lack of knowledge about the potential side effects of these products. Their illegal use has led to under diagnosis of adverse events, among the most frequent of which was hepatotoxicity. We present the case of a mature adult male amateur athlete who was hospitalized for jaundice and drug-induced liver disease in relation to the use of high-dose anabolic steroids. The prevention of drug-induced liver damage (DILI) training the susceptible population about the dangers of self-medication and illegal drug use, as well as educating the vulnerable population to prevent self-medication. or the illegal use of these substances.

Investigation of the effect of Myricetin on Cisplatin-induced liver hepatotoxicity

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: Cisplatin, a widely used anticancer agent, induces hepatotoxicity alongside organ damage. Understanding Cisplatin's toxicity mechanism and developing preventive measures are crucial. Our study explores Myricetin, a flavonoid, for its protective effects against Cisplatin-induced hepatotoxicity. METHODS: In our study, a total of 32 Wistar albino male rats were utilized, which were categorized into four distinct groups: Control, Myricetin, Cisplatin, and Myricetin+Cisplatin. For the histological assessment of hepatic tissues, hematoxylin-eosin and periodic acid Schiff staining were employed, alongside immunohistochemical measurements of TNF-α, interleukin-17, and interleukin-6 immunoreactivity. Additionally, aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase values were examined by biochemical analysis. RESULTS: In the histological evaluation of the tissues, a normal healthy cell structure and a strong periodic acid Schiff (+) reaction were observed in the hepatocyte cells in the tissues of the Control and Myricetin groups, while intense eosinophilia, minimal vacuolization, congestion, and sinusoidal expansions were observed in the hematoxylin-eosin stainings, and a decrease in the positive reaction in the periodic acid Schiff staining was observed in the Cisplatin group. Consistent with these histological findings, an increase in TNF-α, interleukin-17, and interleukin-6 expressions (p<0.0001) and a concomitant increase in aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase values were observed in the Cisplatin group. In the group protected by Myricetin, a significant improvement was observed in all these histological and biochemical values. CONCLUSION: Cisplatin induces notable histopathological alterations in the liver. In this context, Myricetin exhibits the potential to alleviate Cisplatin-induced damage by modulating histological parameters and biochemical processes.

Hepatotoxicidad por tamsulosina / dutasterida: reporte de un caso probable

La tamsulosina y dutasterida son medicamentos ampliamente usados como tratamiento de la hipertrofia benigna de próstata. teniendo un buen perfil de seguridad. Existen escasos reportes de injuria hepática asociado al uso de tamsulosina; sin embargo, no hay reportes de toxicidad hepática por el uso de dutasterida y del uso combinado de tamsulosina/dutasterida. Se presenta el caso de un varón de 64 años quien desarrolla injuria hepática tras el uso combinado de tamsulosina/dutasterida, desarrollando un patrón de daño hepatocelular y clínica de hepatitis aguda. Se realizo descarte de patología hepática viral, autoinmune y enfermedades metabólicas de depósito, así como de patología biliar mediante ecografía abdominal y colangioresonancia. En la evaluación de causalidad, presentó CIOMS-RUCAM: 6 puntos (probable) y Naranjo: 4 puntos (posible). El paciente presentó respuesta clínica y laboratorial luego de suspender el medicamento.

Tamsulosin and dutasteride are drugs widely used to treat benign prostatic hypertrophy. having a good safety profile. There are few reports of liver injury associated with the use of tamsulosin; however, there are no reports of hepatic toxicity from the use of dutasteride and the combined use of tamsulosin/dutasteride. We present the case of a 64-year-old man who developed liver injury after the combined use of tamsulosin/dutasteride, developing a pattern of hepatocellular damage and acute hepatitis symptoms. Viral, autoimmune, and metabolic storage diseases of the liver were ruled out, as well as biliary pathology by means of abdominal ultrasound and resonance cholangiography. In the causality evaluation, CIOMS-RUCAM presented: 6 points (probable) and Naranjo: 4 points (possible). The patient presented a clinical and laboratory response after discontinuing the drug.

Prospective Protective Effects of Arthrospira platensis Against Acetaminophen Induced Hepato-Renal Toxicity in Rats / Efectos Protectores Prospectivos de Arthrospira platnesis Contra la Toxicidad Hepatorrenal Inducida por Paracetamol en Ratas

SUMMARY: The toxic effects of acetaminophen appear primarily in the liver and kidney. The protective effect of blue green alga Arthrospira platensis on hepato-renal toxicity caused by acetaminophen was evaluated in male rats. The obtained results showed that subcutaneous injection of acetaminophen at a dose 120 &240 սl acetaminophen/kg by weight resulted in an observed elevation in the enzyme activities of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP), serum total lipids, total cholesterol, creatinine, total bilirubin, urea, nitric oxide (NO), L- malondialdehyde (MDA) and interleukins (IL-2 &IL-6). However, there is a decrease in the serum total protein, albumin and loss in antioxidant enzyme activities in liver including; superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GSH). This effect was found to be dose and time dependent. In spite of, pre- oral administration of Arthrospira platensis 1000 mg/kg .b. wt. prior acetaminophen injection succeeded to modulate the effect of the observed abnormalities caused by acetaminophen. Moreover, there were no remarkable changes in serum biomarkers of rats received Arthrospira platensis only at a dose of 1000 mg/kg by weight (group 2). The histopathological findings confirm the biochemical results that indicates the safety use of Arthrospira platensis at the selected dose in this study. Therefore, the present results clarified the protective effect of blue green alga Arthrospira platensis on oxidative stress, hepatic and nephrotoxicity induced by acetaminophen in male Wister rats.

Los efectos tóxicos del paracetamol aparecen principalmente en el hígado y el riñón. Se evaluó en ratas macho Wistar el efecto protector del alga verde azulada Arthrospira platensis sobre la toxicidad hepatorrenal causada por paracetamol. Los resultados obtenidos mostraron que la inyección subcutánea de paracetamol a dosis de 120 y 240 µl de paracetamol/kg, resultó en una elevación en las actividades enzimáticas de la aspartato aminotransferasa (AST), alanina aminotransferasa (ALT) y fosfatasa alcalina (ALP), lípidos séricos totales, colesterol total, creatinina, bilirrubina total, urea, óxido nítrico (NO), L- malondialdehído (MDA) e interleucinas (IL-2 e IL-6). Sin embargo, hay una disminución en la proteína sérica total, albúmina y pérdida en las actividades de las enzimas antioxidantes en el hígado, incluyendo; superóxido dismutasa (SOD), catalasa (CAT) y glutatión reductasa (GSH). Se encontró que este efecto era dependiente de la dosis y el tiempo. A pesar de la administración preoral de Arthrospira platensis 1000 mg/kg, la inyección previa de acetaminofeno logró modular el efecto de las anormalidades observadas causadas por el acetaminofeno. Además, no hubo cambios notables en los biomarcadores séricos de ratas que recibieron Arthrospira platensis solo a una dosis de 1000 mg/kg (Grupo 2). Los hallazgos histopatológicos confirman los resultados bioquímicos que indican la seguridad del uso de Arthrospira platensis a la dosis seleccionada en este estudio. Por lo tanto, los presentes resultados aclararon el efecto protector del alga verde azulada Arthrospira platensis sobre el estrés oxidativo, la toxicidad hepática y la nefrotoxicidad inducida por paracetamol en ratas Wistar macho.

Investigation of the protective effect of boric acid against hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic injury induced by acrylamide in rats / Investigación del efecto protector del ácido bórico contra lesiones hepatotóxicas y nefrotóxicas inducidas por acrilamida en ratas

SUMMARY: To investigate if the administration of boric acid (BA) would exert any protective effect against possible nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity induced by the exposure to acrylamide (ACR) in rats. In our study, we used a total of 28 rats that were divided into four equal groups. Group 1: the control group which was not treated with any procedure. Group 2: the ACR group that was administered ACR 50 mg/kg/day via intraperitoneal (i.p) route for 14 days. Group 3: the BA group that was administered BA 200 mg/kg/ day via gavage via peroral (p.o) route for 14 days. Group 4: the ACR+BA group that was administered BA simultaneously with ACR. Total antioxidant and oxidant (TAS/TOS) capacities were measured in all groups at the end of the experiment. In addition, the specimens obtained were evaluated with histopathological examination. Studies showed that the ACR and ACr+BA groups were not significantly different in terms of hepatic TAS level while the TOS level was higher in the ACR group than the ACR+BA group. The groups did not show any significant difference regarding renal TAS and TOS levels. In the histopathological examination of the hepatic tissue, the histopathological injury score of the ACR group was significantly higher than those of the other groups whereas it was significantly lower in the ACR+BA group than the ACR group. Our study concluded that Boric acid had a protective effect against acrylamide- induced hepatotoxicity, but not against nephrotoxicity.

El objetivo de este estudio fue investigar si la administración de ácido bórico (BA) ejercería algún efecto protector frente a la posible nefrotoxicidad y hepatotoxicidad inducida por la exposición a acrilamida (ACR) en ratas. En nuestro estudio, utilizamos un total de 28 ratas que se dividieron en cuatro grupos iguales. Grupo 1: grupo control que no fue tratado. Grupo 2: grupo ACR al que se le administró ACR 50 mg/kg/día por vía intraperitoneal (i.p) durante 14 días. Grupo 3: grupo BA al que se le administró BA 200 mg/kg/día por sonda por vía peroral (p.o) durante 14 días. Grupo 4: grupo ACR+BA al que se administró BA simultáneamente con ACR. Las capacidades antioxidantes y oxidantes totales (TAS/TOS) se midieron en todos los grupos al final del experimento. Además, los especímenes obtenidos fueron evaluados con examen histopatológico. Los estudios demostraron que los grupos ACR y ACr+BA no fueron significativamente diferentes en términos del nivel hepático de TAS, mientras que el nivel de TOS fue mayor en el grupo ACR que en el grupo ACR+BA. Los grupos no mostraron ninguna diferencia significativa con respecto a los niveles renales de TAS y TOS. En el examen histopatológico del tejido hepático, la puntuación de lesión histopatológica del grupo ACR fue significativamente mayor que la de los otros grupos, mientras que fue significativamente menor en el grupo ACR+BA que en el grupo ACR. Nuestro estudio concluyó que el ácido bórico tiene un efecto protector contra la hepatotoxicidad inducida por acrilamida, pero no contra la nefrotoxicidad.

Supplementation of Madhuca longifolia Seed oil augments diclofenac-induced organ toxicities: A biochemical and histopathological approach-Supplemenntary data

Diclofenac medication has been extensively used for anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and analgesic actions. Its abiding usage and overdose have induced toxicity and harmful effects on the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. The research aims to scrutinize the protective effect of Madhuca longifolia seed oil against diclofenac-induced toxicity in female Wistar albino rats. A period of 10 days of study was aimed at 7 groups; Group 1 was assigned as normal control. Group 2 has been administered diclofenac (50 mg/kg b.w. /day, i.p.) only on the last two days of each study period. Group 3 and Group 4 have been pre-treated with 1 mL, and 2 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil, respectively, and diclofenac was induced as per Group 2. Group 5 was treated with the standard drug silymarin and diclofenac. Group 6 and Group 7 were given 1 mL and 2 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil alone. After the study period, parameters like liver enzyme markers, renal enzyme markers, and antioxidants were measured, and tissue samples were analyzed for histopathological changes. The results proved that pre-treatment of 1 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil has efficacy against diclofenac-induced toxicity.

Supplementation of Madhuca longifolia Seed oil augments diclofenac-induced organ toxicities: A biochemical and histopathological approach

Diclofenac medication has been extensively used for anti-inflammatory, anti-pyretic, and analgesic actions. Its abiding usage and overdose have induced toxicity and harmful effects on the liver, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. The research aims to scrutinize the protective effect of Madhuca longifolia seed oil against diclofenac-induced toxicity in female Wistar albino rats. A period of 10 days of study was aimed at 7 groups; Group 1 was assigned as normal control. Group 2 has been administered diclofenac (50 mg/kg b.w. /day, i.p.) only on the last two days of each study period. Group 3 and Group 4 have been pre-treated with 1 mL, and 2 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil, respectively, and diclofenac was induced as per Group 2. Group 5 was treated with the standard drug silymarin and diclofenac. Group 6 and Group 7 were given 1 mL and 2 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil alone. After the study period, parameters like liver enzyme markers, renal enzyme markers, and antioxidants were measured, and tissue samples were analyzed for histopathological changes. The results proved that pre-treatment of 1 mL of Madhuca longifolia seed oil has efficacy against diclofenac-induced toxicity.

Chemical and Biological Evaluation of Bakeries Produced from Golden Berries

This investigation was performed with the purpose of researching the influence of pizza containing dried golden berry fruits (DGBF) at different doses against carbon tetrachloride - induced hepatotoxicity in rats. The study shows phenols content of golden berry. 25 male rats were used in the biological investigation. Rats were divided into five groups (5 rats in group) the investigation was 12 weeks. The first group (negative group) was given a basal diet and the second group (G2, G3, G4, and G5) was injected intramuscularly with carbon tetrachloride 2 ml/kg BW (50% v/v in liquid paraffin) weekly to induce hepatotoxicity. After the injury, group G3, G4 and G5 fed on 50% basal diet supplemented with 50%pizza containing 5, 10 and 15% DGBF. Findings indicate that DGBF had a high antioxidant activity, total phenol, flavonoids, ascorbic acid and carotenoids content. Rats fed 50% pizza containing (5,10 and 15%) DGBF had a lower serum total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol, triglyceride, urea, uric acid, creatinine, GOT, GPT, MDA and SOD compared to rats fed simply the basal diet (positive control). The DGBF was added to the pizza with different proportions, and its sensory properties were evaluated, and all proportions were proper to the panelists, compared to the control. The findings of this work suggest that golden berries could be used to treat and prevent hepatotoxicity patients.

Study on chemical compositions and hepatotoxicity of water extract and ethanol precipitate of processed products of Psoralea corylifolia / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE To study the content changes of 5 chemical compositions in water extract and ethanol precipitate of different processed products of Psoralea corylifolia， and to preliminarily evaluate its hepatotoxicity. METHODS The water extracts from crude product of P. corylifolia and processed products by Leigong method， running water rinsing method， and salt stir-frying method were prepared， as well as the ethanol precipitates of processed products by Leigong method and salt stir-frying method were prepared. The contents of psoralenoside， isopsoralenoside， psoralen， isopsoralen and bakuchiol were determined by high- performance liquid chromatography and compared. The median lethal concentration （LC50） and maximum non-lethal concentration （MNLC） of each sample to wild-type zebrafish juveniles were calculated after 72 h of treatment with different concentrations of water extracts from raw product and processed products by running water rinsing method， Leigong method and salt stir-frying method， different concentrations of ethanol precipitates from processed products by Leigong method and salt stir-frying method， and the acetaminophen was used as the positive control. The basic morphology of wild-type zebrafish juveniles and the liver phenotype of transgenic zebrafish juveniles were observed after 72 h of treatment with the above samples （MNLC）. Pearson correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between component content and hepatotoxicity. RESULTS Compared with the water extract of raw products， the contents of psoralenoside and isopsoralenoside in the water extract of different processed products were generally decreased （P＜0.05）， while the contents of psoralen， isopsoralen and bakuchiol in the ethanol precipitate of Leigong method and salt stir-frying products were significantly increased （P＜0.05）. The LC50 of water extracts of crude product and processed products by running water rinsing method， Leigong method， salt stir-frying method， and ethanol precipitates of processed products by Leigong method and salt stir- frying method were 2.45， 5.00， 5.38， 1.55， 2.36， 0.64 g/L （calculated by crude drug）， and MNLC were 2.21， 4.53， 5.02， 1.37， 2.13， 0.53 g/L （calculated by crude drug）. Compared with the blank control group， the zebrafish juveniles in each sample treatment group showed different degrees of deformity， the liver relative fluorescence intensity was significantly weakened （P＜0.05 or P＜ 0.01）. Fat-soluble components such as bakuchiol， isopsoralen and psoralen were highly correlated with liver fluorescence intensity （R 2＞0.7）. CONCLUSIONS The processed products of P. corylifolia mainly compose of psoralenoside and isopsoralenoside after water extraction， the contents of psoralen， isopsoralen and bakuchiol increase after alcohol precipitation， and the hepatotoxicity is positively correlated with the contents of liposoluble compositions in P. corylifolia.

New outlook on safety of traditional Chinese medicine: concept and practice / 中国中药杂志

Profound changes have taken place in human disease spectrum, constitution spectrum, and drug use behavior, and the safety of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) faces new trends and problems. In particular, serious adverse reactions/events such as liver injury and kidney injury caused by non-toxic TCM have been frequently reported, overturning people's understanding of TCM safety, and even shaking the public's confidence in the development of TCM. In the new era of globalization, correctly understanding the situation and problems of TCM safety and addressing the dilemmas in safety evaluation and risk prevention of TCM are the key missions to be undertaken by TCM practitioners. This paper suggests that the situation and problems of TCM safety should be viewed objectively and dialectically, and the use standard of TCM should be advanced with the times. Furthermore, this paper puts forward the new conception and methodology of TCM safety(including one innovative understanding, two types of evaluation modes, tri-elements injury hypothesis; four-quadrant risk decision processes, and five-grade safety evidence body) for the first time, hoping to provide new theories, new strategies, new methods and successful examples for solving the safety problems of TCM.

Hepatotoxicity and mechanism of Rhododendri Mollis Flos based on zebrafish model / 中国中药杂志

This study used the zebrafish model to explore the hepatotoxicity of Rhododendri Mollis Flos(RMF). The mortality was calculated according to the number of the survival of zebrafish larvae 4 days after fertilization under different concentration of RMF, and the dose-toxicity curve was fitted to preliminarily evaluate the toxicity of RMF. The liver phenotypes under the sublethal concentration of RMF in the treatment group and the blank control group were observed by hematoxylin-eosin(HE) staining and acridine orange(AO) staining. Meanwhile, the activities of alanine aminotransferase(ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase(AST) were determined to confirm the hepatotoxicity of RMF. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction(real-time PCR) and Western blot were used to determine the expressions of genes and proteins in zebrafish larvae. Gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry(GC-TOF-MS) was used to conduct untargeted metabolomics testing to explore the mechanism. The results showed that the toxicity of RMF to zebrafish larvae was dose-dependent, with 1 100 μg·mL~(-1) of the absolute lethal concentration and 448 μg·mL~(-1) of sublethal concentration. The hepatocyte apoptosis and degeneration appeared in the zebrafish larvae under the sublethal concentration of RMF. The content of ALT and AST in zebrafish larvae at the end of the experiment was significantly increased in a dose-dependent manner. Under the sublethal concentration, the expressions of genes and proteins related to apoptosis in zebrafish larvae were significantly increased as compared with the blank control group. The results of untargeted metabolomics showed that the important metabolites related to the he-patotoxicity of RMF were mainly enriched in alanine, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, and other pathways. In conclusion, it is inferred that RMF has certain hepatotoxicity to zebrafish larvae, and its mechanism may be related to apoptosis.

Fluorine-thiol displacement probes for acetaminophen's hepatotoxicity

Chemicals possessing reactive electrophiles can denature innate proteins leading to undesired toxicity, and the overdose-induced liver injury by drugs containing electrophiles has been one of the major causes of non-approval and withdraw by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Elucidating the associated proteins could guide the future development of therapeutics to circumvent these drugs' toxicities, but was largely limited by the current probing tools due to the steric hindrance of chemical tags including the common "click chemistry" labels. Taking the widely used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug acetaminophen (APAP) as an example, we hereby designed and synthesized an APAP analogue using fluorine as a steric-free label. Cell toxicity studies indicated our analogue has similar activity to the parent drug. This analogue was applied to the mouse hepatocellular proteome together with the corresponding desthiobiotin-SH probe for subsequent fluorine-thiol displacement reactions (FTDRs). This set of probes has enabled the labeling and pull-down of hepatocellular target proteins of the APAP metabolite as validated by Western blotting. Our preliminary validation results supported the interaction of APAP with the thioredoxin protein, which is an important redox protein for normal liver function. These results demonstrated that our probes confer minimal steric perturbation and mimic the compounds of interest, allowing for global profiling of interacting proteins. The fluorine-thiol displacement probing system could emerge as a powerful tool to enable the investigation of drug-protein interactions in complex biological environments.

Antagonism of Lentinan on sodium arsenite induced hepatotoxicity in mice / 公共卫生与预防医学

Objective To explore the intervention effects of lentinan on sodium arsenite (SA) induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Methods Healthy male C57BL/6 mice were used as experimental subjects and divided into 4 groups, namely control group, SA treatment group, lentinan intervention + SA exposure group, and lentinan intervention control group. The mice were given oral SA (10.0 mg/kg.bw, once every other day) for 14 days, and then the liver tissues and serum samples were collected. Hematoxylin-eosin (HE) was used to evaluate the characteristics of hepatic pathological damage. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), Flow Cytometry (FC) and Western-blotting (WB) were used to detect the levels of hepatic function, oxidative stress, CD4+ type 17 helper T cells (Th17), and inflammatory cytokines. Results Compared with the control group, the arsenic exposure group showed obvious hepatic pathological injury and increased levels of serum ALT (8.78±0.76 vs 5.47±0.49) and AST (12.42±1.87 vs 7.14±0.57), FC experiments showed that the Th17 content in liver tissues increased (67.70±4.94 vs 7.36±1.50), and ELISA showed that the antioxidant GSH content decreased (593.40±23.25 vs 730.94±30.81), and the levels of MDA (74.56±7.63 vs 49.90±6.42) and proinflammatory cytokines IL-17A (162.48±10.75 vs 118.53±7.92) and IL-1β (512.50±24.78 vs 462.48±22.15) increased in hepatic tissues (P < 0.05). Compared with the arsenic exposure group, the lentinan showed a significant antagonistic effect after intervention (P < 0.05). Compared to SA exposure group, WB analysis showed that compared with the arsenic exposure group, the expression levels of IL-17A (0.47±0.08 vs 0.89±0.11) and NLRP3 inflammasome (0.80±0.09 vs 1.09±0.16) in the liver tissues of the lentinan intervention group were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). Conclusion Lentinan alleviates SA-induced hepatic injury in mice, which may be mediated through the inhibition of Th17-IL-17A inflammatory signaling.

Statin-related drug-induced liver injury / 中华肝脏病杂志

Statins are a kind of prescription drug that is widely used to treat hyperlipidemia, coronary artery disease, and other atherosclerotic diseases. A common side effect of statin use is a mild rise in liver aminotransferases, which occurs in less than 3% of patients. Statin-related liver injury is most commonly caused by atorvastatin and simvastatin, but severe liver injury is uncommon. Therefore, understanding and evaluating hepatotoxicity and weighing the benefits and risks is of great significance to better realize the protective effect of statins.

Effects of titanium dioxide nanoparticles on circRNA expression profiles in human hepatocellular carcinoma cells HepG2 / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To investigate the effect of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs) on the expression profile of circular ribonucleic acid (circRNA) in human hepatocytes through in vitro cell experiments, and to attempt to understand the potential mechanism of hepatotoxicity through bioinformatics analysis.@*METHODS@#TiO2 NPs were characterized from the aspects of particle size, shape and agglomeration state. The cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) was used to detect the cytotoxicity of TiO2 NPs against human hepatocellular carcinoma cells (HepG2) after exposure to 0, 1.56, 3.13, 6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, 100, and 200 mg/L TiO2 NPs for 24 h or 48 h. The cells were treated at doses of 0 mg/L TiO2 NPs (control group) and 100 mg/L TiO2 NPs (treatment group), and collected after exposure for 48 h, and then RNA from the extracted cell samples was collected and sequenced. The differential circRNAs between the control and the TiO2 NPs treatment groups were screened, and then the enrichment pathway of the differential circRNA target gene was analyzed by multivariate statistics. According to the sequencing results, significantly altered genes and important genes in the significant enrichment pathways were screened, and real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) was performed to verify the results.@*RESULTS@#TiO2 NPs were spherical anatase with a hydrated particle size of (323.50±85.44) nm and a Zeta potential of (-21.00±0.72) mV in a serum-free medium. The results of the CCK8 cytotoxicity assay showed that with the increase of TiO2 NPs concentration, cell viability gradually decreased. A total of 11 478 circRNAs were found by RNA sequencing. Compared with the control groups, TiO2 NPs treatment groups (100 mg/L) had a total of 89 differential circRNAs, of which 59 were up-regulated and 30 were down-regulated. Analysis of the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway showed that the targeted genes of differential circRNAs were mainly enriched in fatty acid degradation, Fanconi anemia pathway, and fatty acid metabolism. The expression levels of circRNA.6730, circRNA.3650 and circRNA.4321 were significantly different between the TiO2 NPs treatment group and the control group, which were consistent with the sequencing results.@*CONCLUSION@#TiO2 NPs can induce changes in circRNA expression profile, and epigenetics may play an important role in the mechanism of hepatotoxicity.