A literature based on entry and development of human immunodeficiency virus into the human host

HIV is a global threat cause of millions of lives and evolved as one of the most dangerous epidemics in the recent era. Among all other viruses infect human, the nature, evolution and development of HIV have fluctuated. This paper is constructed by focusing on a brief of entry and development of HIV into the human being based on the literature. Summary of the paper clarifies that, HIV spillover from chimpanzees, mangabey and western gorilla to the human being and mutated from SIV into HIV long before from discovery in several possible human-animal contacts in Africa. Genetic mutations also found significant into the human host and several subgroups of HIV was identified. Possible ways of entry to the human host are distinguished as the exposure of horizontaland verticle transmission of HIV where the relative risks of these exposures were also quantified. The development process after exposure by HIV is found similar regarding the ways of transmission. Untreated subjects have shown different immunological dysfunction, even death, depending on the severity of the HIV and consequences of the acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Changing epidemiology of dengue in South-East Asia.

The burden of dengue and its potential threat to global health are now globally recognized, with 2.5 billion people at risk worldwide. The pathogenesis of severe dengue is particularly intriguing with the involvement of different immune factors. Also, the epidemiology of dengue in South-East Asia is undergoing a change in the human host, the dengue virus and the vector bionomics. Shift in affected age groups, sex differences and expansion to rural areas are evident, while the virulence and genotype of the virus determine the severity and time interval between sequential infections. The Aedes mosquito, a potent and adaptive vector, has evolved in longevity and survival, affected by seasonality and climate variability, socio-cultural and economic factors of human habitation and development. This review provides insights into the changing epidemiology and its factors in South-East Asia, one of the most important epicentres of dengue in the world, highlighting the major factors influencing these rapid changes. Addressing the changes may help mitigate the challenges in the current dengue control and prevention efforts.