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Aging contributes to age-related diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, and Alzheimer’s disease, which are characterized by imbalance of protein homeostasis, accumulation of oxidative damage, stem cell failure, altered intercellular communication, chronic inflammation, and micro-ecological disorders. It is well known that hydrogen sulfide(H
RESUMEN
Gas molecules including hydrogen sulfide, nitric oxide, carbon monoxide, ethylene, hydrogen gas, ammonia, methane, hydrogen cyanide, and sulfur dioxide were the main components of primitive atmosphere on the earth four billion years ago. Nowadays, these gases are viewed as gasotransmitters (GTs) in organisms, namely endogenously gaseous molecules. GTs not only regulate many physiological and pathological processes, such as breathing, blood pressure, learning, memory, and the inflammatory response in animals, but also play a key role in the stomatal movement, seed germination, plant growth, development, and response to environmental stress. In this review, we cover the current progress on the metabolism of GTs, their response to temperature stress in plants, and their general characteristics, anabolism, catabolism. In addition, we highlight the key role of the antioxidant system, the osmoregulation system, the ion balance system, the water balance system, heat shock proteins, post-translational modifications, and re-establishment and repair of biomembranes in the mitigation of oxidative stress, osmotic stress, ion stress, water stress, protein denaturation, and biomembrane injury induced by temperature stress. The alleviation of these injuries could increase the resistance of plants to high temperature and low temperature stresses. Furthermore, we summarize the interactions among GTs by initiating chemical reaction, regulating metabolic enzymes, competing target molecules, and triggering new signaling to modulate temperature stress tolerance in plants. The aim of this review is to drive the rapid progress on GTs in the field of plant biology in the future.
RESUMEN
ABSTRACT: As a gas signaling molecule, endogenous hydrogen sulfide (H2S) plays a crucial role in the plant stress response. However, the role of H2S in the response to organic pollutants specifically has not been studied. Here, the effects of H2S addition on soybean (Glycine max) seedlings tolerance of 1,4-dichlorobenzene (1,4-DCB) were investigated. Under 1,4-DCB stress, the growth of soybean seedlings roots and stems was inhibited, while L-/D-cysteine desulfhydrase (LCD/DCD) activity was induced and endogenous H2S increased. When applied jointly with sodium hydrosulfide (NaHS), a H2S donor, root growth inhibition was effectively alleviated. Pre-treatment of seedlings with 0.4mmol L-1 NaHS reduced the malondialdehyde (MDA) and reactived oxygen species (ROS) content, mitigating root cell toxicity significantly. Further experiments confirmed that NaHS enhanced soybean seedlings peroxidase (POD) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities. In contrast, these effects were reversed by hypotaurine (HT), a H2S scavenger. Therefore, H2S alleviated 1,4-DCB toxicity in soybean seedlings by regulating antioxidant enzyme activity to reduce cell oxidative damage.
RESUMO: Tal como uma molécula de sinal de gás, sulfureto de hidrogenio endógena (H2S) desempenha um papel crucial na resposta ao stress das plantas. Mas não foi relatado o papel de H2S em plantas poluentes orgânicos stress. Este estudo sobre a variação de H2S envolvido em plântulas de soja tolerância 1,4-Diclorobenzeno foi investigada. Os resultados mostraram sob o 1,4-diclorobenzeno stress, que o crescimento da soja (Glycine max) de raiz de mudas e caule foram inibidas, L- / D-cisteína desulfhydrase (LCD / DCD) atividades enzimáticas foram empossados, em seguida, H2S endógeno aumentado. Quando aplicado com hidrossulfureto de sódio (NaSH), um doador de H2S, raiz de plântulas de soja, a inibição do crescimento pode ser melhorada. Tratamentos prévios com 0,4mmol L-1 NaHS, malondialdeído (MDA) e espécies de oxigênio reactivas conteúdo (ROS) foi reduzida, em seguida, a toxicidade celular da raiz foi reduzida significativamente. Outros experimentos confirmaram que NaSH melhorou a peroxidase de plântulas de soja (POD), superóxido dismutase (SOD) atividades enzimáticas. Em contraste, estes efeitos foram revertidos por hypotaurine (HT), um eliminador de H2S. Então H2S pode aliviar toxicidade 1,4-diclorobenzeno em plântulas de soja por meio da regulamentação das atividades de enzimas antioxidantes para manter a integridade da estrutura celular.
RESUMEN
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is recognized as one of three gasotransmitters together with nitric oxide (NO) and carbon monoxide (CO). As a signaling molecule, H2S plays an important role in physiology and shows great potential in pharmaceutical applications. Along this line, there is a need for the development of H2S prodrugs for various reasons. In this review, we summarize different H2S prodrugs, their chemical properties, and some of their potential therapeutic applications.