Escoliosis idiopática del adolescente / Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis

La escoliosis idiopática del Adolescente (EIA) es una deformidad tridimensional de la columna vertebral que aqueja de diversas formas la condición de vida de quien la padece, afectando el desarrollo físico y psicológico del paciente. Proponemos evaluar el resultado clínico, radiológico y el componente de calidad de vida de pacientes tratados quirúrgicamente con EIA, en el servicio de Neurocirugía, Hospital Jesús Yerena del Lídice. Se evaluó patrón de la curva, clasificación según Lenke, ángulo de Cobb pre y postquirúrgico, edad de tratamiento quirúrgico, gradode corrección, calidad de vida según cuestionario SRS-22 pre y postquirúrgica, valoración funcional mediante la escala de discapacidad de Oswestry (ODI) y complicaciones postoperatorias. Se estudiaron 22 casos (95 % femenino), el principal grupo etario fue de 11-14 años (55 %), la escoliosis tipo 1 fue la predominante (60 %), el ángulo de Cobb inicial fue mayor a 50° (50 %) y la madurez esquelética principal fue Risser 3 (55 %). La edad de resolución quirúrgica predominante fue entre 15-18 años (60 %), el grado de corrección postoperatorio fue de 75-100 % (73 %) y la densidad de los tornillos pediculares fue de 1.4-1.7 (64 %). En el cuestionario SRS-22, hubo mayor afectación en las dimensiones de autoimagen con una media de 1.8 y la valoración por ODI mostró un índice de incapacidad mínima, que fue mejorando en los controles sucesivos. Nuestra principal complicación fueron las infecciones (36 %). Concluimos que la cirugía correctiva temprana en la EIA ofrece a una mejoría clínica, radiológica y de la calidadde vida de estos paciente(AU)

Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis (AIS) is a three-dimensional deformity of the spine that affects the living condition of those who suffer from it in various ways, affecting the physical and psychological development of the patient. We propose to evaluate the clinical and radiological outcome and the quality-of-life component of patients treated surgically with EIA, in the Neurosurgery Service, Hospital Jesús Yerena del Lídice. Curve pattern, Lenke classification, pre-and post-surgical Cobb angle, age at surgical treatment, degree of correction, quality of life according to pre-and post-surgical SRS-22 questionnaire, functional assessment using the Oswestry Disability Scale (ODI) and postoperative complications were evaluated. 22 cases were studied (95% female), the main age group was 11-14 years (55%), type 1 scoliosis was predominant (60%), the initial Cobb angle was greater than 50° (50%) and the main skeletal maturity was Risser 3 (55%). The predominant age of surgical resolution was between 15-18 years (60%), the degree of postoperative correction was 75-100% (73%) and the density of pedicle screws was 1.4-1.7 (64%). In the SRS-22 questionnaire, there was greater impairment in the self-image dimensions with a mean of 1.8 and the ODI assessment showed aminimal disability index, which improved in successive controls. Our main complication was infections (36%). We conclude that early corrective surgery in AIS offers clinical, radiological and quality of life improvement for these patient(AU)

Relative incidence of interstitial lung diseases in Brazil / Incidência relativa de doenças pulmonares intersticiais no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To assess the relative frequency of incident cases of interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) in Brazil. Methods: This was a retrospective survey of new cases of ILD in six referral centers between January of 2013 and January of 2020. The diagnosis of ILD followed the criteria suggested by international bodies or was made through multidisciplinary discussion (MDD). The condition was characterized as unclassifiable ILD when there was no specific final diagnosis following MDD or when there was disagreement between clinical, radiological, or histological data. Results: The sample comprised 1,406 patients (mean age = 61 ± 14 years), and 764 (54%) were female. Of the 747 cases exposed to hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP)-related antigens, 327 (44%) had a final diagnosis of HP. A family history of ILD was reported in 8% of cases. HRCT findings were indicative of fibrosis in 74% of cases, including honeycombing, in 21%. Relevant autoantibodies were detected in 33% of cases. Transbronchial biopsy was performed in 23% of patients, and surgical lung biopsy, in 17%. The final diagnoses were: connective tissue disease-associated ILD (in 27%), HP (in 23%), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (in 14%), unclassifiable ILD (in 10%), and sarcoidosis (in 6%). Diagnoses varied significantly among centers (c2 = 312.4; p < 0.001). Conclusions: Our findings show that connective tissue disease-associated ILD is the most common ILD in Brazil, followed by HP. These results highlight the need for close collaboration between pulmonologists and rheumatologists, the importance of detailed questioning of patients in regard with potential exposure to antigens, and the need for public health campaigns to stress the importance of avoiding such exposure.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar a frequência relativa de casos incidentes de doenças pulmonares intersticiais (DPI) no Brasil. Métodos: Levantamento retrospectivo de casos novos de DPI em seis centros de referência entre janeiro de 2013 e janeiro de 2020. O diagnóstico de DPI seguiu os critérios sugeridos por órgãos internacionais ou foi feito por meio de discussão multidisciplinar (DMD). A condição foi caracterizada como DPI não classificável quando não houve um diagnóstico final específico após a DMD ou houve discordância entre dados clínicos, radiológicos ou histológicos. Resultados: A amostra foi composta por 1.406 pacientes (média de idade = 61 ± 14 anos), sendo 764 (54%) do sexo feminino. Dos 747 casos expostos a antígenos para pneumonite de hipersensibilidade (PH), 327 (44%) tiveram diagnóstico final de PH. Houve relato de história familiar de DPI em 8% dos casos. Os achados de TCAR foram indicativos de fibrose em 74% dos casos, incluindo faveolamento, em 21%. Autoanticorpos relevantes foram detectados em 33% dos casos. Biópsia transbrônquica foi realizada em 23% dos pacientes, e biópsia pulmonar cirúrgica, em 17%. Os diagnósticos finais foram: DPI associada à doença do tecido conjuntivo (em 27%), PH (em 23%), fibrose pulmonar idiopática (em 14%), DPI não classificável (em 10%) e sarcoidose (em 6%). Os diagnósticos variaram significativamente entre os centros (c2 = 312,4; p < 0,001). Conclusões: Nossos achados mostram que DPI associada à doença do tecido conjuntivo é a DPI mais comum no Brasil, seguida pela PH. Esses resultados destacam a necessidade de uma estreita colaboração entre pneumologistas e reumatologistas, a importância de fazer perguntas detalhadas aos pacientes a respeito da potencial exposição a antígenos e a necessidade de campanhas de saúde pública destinadas a enfatizar a importância de evitar essa exposição.

Research progress on invasive cervical resorption / 口腔疾病防治

@#Tooth absorption can be divided into physiological absorption and pathological absorption. Root absorption of mature deciduous teeth is physiological absorption. Pathological absorption includes internal absorption and external absorption. Internal absorption, also known as intramedullary absorption, includes inflammatory absorption and alternative absorption. External tooth absorption originates from the outer surface of the root or the neck of the tooth and can be divided into inflammatory absorption, alternative absorption, pressure resorption and invasive cervical resorption. Invasive cervical resorption (ICR) is pathological damage caused by many factors, which usually begins in the cemento-enamel junction and extends peripherally or horizontally in the dentin. It hardly invades the pulp. Orthodontic devices, trauma, bleaching, systemic diseases, and the use of certain medications can all lead to invasive cervical resorption. The clinical manifestations of ICR are usually asymptomatic or not obvious, and most of which are found in imaging examinations. Because caries and internal absorption are often misdiagnosed through plain apical radiography, cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) can help to better understand the situation of invasive cervical resorption. Because the pathogenesis and etiology of invasive cervical resorption are not fully understood, clinical negligence and inadequate treatment of invasive cervical resorption can even cause unnecessary tooth loss. This article reviews the latest research progress on the histopathologic features, pathogenic mechanism, susceptibility factors, diagnosis and treatment of ICR, with special emphasis on susceptibility factors and their mechanisms.

Research progress of optical coherence tomography and optical coherence tomography angiography in the prediction of postoperative visual acuity in patients with idiopathic epiretinal membrane / 国际眼科杂志(Guoji Yanke Zazhi)

Idiopathic epiretinal membrane(IERM)is a kind of epiretinal membrane without any other known ocular conditions, which occurs mostly in the middle-aged and elderly people over the age of 50. As IERM worsens, the structure and function of the retina in the macular region are altered, leading to symptoms like reduced vision and metamorphopsia. The pathogenesis of IERM remains unclear, and surgery is the primary treatment option. However, there is no consensus on the best time to have surgery, and there are differences in how well patients recover their vision following surgery. Optical coherence tomography(OCT)and OCT angiography(OCTA), as non-invasive and rapid diagnostic tools to observe retinal microstructure and blood flow changes in the macula, have been extensively utilized in clinical settings. The use of OCT and OCTA parameters to predict postoperative visual acuity has emerged as a hot topic in IERM research. This article provides a comprehensive review of current research on the correlation between various OCT and OCTA parameters and the prediction of postoperative visual acuity in IERM, aiming to assist clinicians in determining the optimal timing for surgery and balancing the benefits and risks involved.

Pathogenesis of Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis and Modulating Effect of Chinese Medicine： A Review / 中国实验方剂学杂志

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis （IPF）， as a progressive lung disease， has a poor prognosis and no reliable and effective therapies. IPF is mainly treated by organ transplantation and administration of chemical drugs， which are ineffective and induce side effects， failing to meet the clinical needs. Therefore， developing safer and more effective drugs has become an urgent task， which necessitates clear understanding of the pathogenesis of IPF. The available studies about the pathogenesis of IPF mainly focus on macrophage polarization， epithelial-mesenchymal transition （EMT）， oxidative stress， and autophagy， while few studies systematically explain the principles and links of the pathogeneses. According to the traditional Chinese medicine theory， Qi deficiency and blood stasis and Qi-Yang deficiency are the key pathogeneses of IPF. Therefore， the Chinese medicines or compound prescriptions with the effects of replenishing Qi and activating blood， warming Yang and tonifying Qi， and eliminating stasis and resolving phlegm are often used to treat IPF. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that such medicines play a positive role in inhibiting macrophage polarization， restoring redox balance， inhibiting EMT， and regulating cell autophagy. However， few studies report how Chinese medicines regulate the pathways in the treatment of IPF. By reviewing the latest articles in this field， we elaborate on the pathogenesis of IPF and provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanism of the active ingredients or compound prescriptions of Chinese medicines in regulating IPF. Combining the pathogenesis of IPF with the modulating effects of Chinese medicines， we focus on exploring systemic treatment options for IPF， with a view to providing new ideas for the in-depth study of IPF and the research and development of related drugs.

Correlation between lung allocation score and early death risk of patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis after lung transplantation / 器官移植

Objective To analyze the correlation between the lung allocation score (LAS) and the risk of early death and complications in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) after lung transplantation. Methods Clinical data of 275 patients with IPF were retrospectively analyzed. The correlation between LAS and the risk of early death in IPF patients after lung transplantation and the correlation between LAS and complications at postoperative 1 year was assessed by univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses. Results Among 275 recipients, 62, 83, 95 and 108 cases died within postoperative 30, 90, 180 and 365 d, respectively. LAS was correlated with 30-, 90-, 180- and 365-d fatality of IPF patients (all P<0.05), whereas it was not correlated with the incidence of primary graft dysfunction (PGD) and acute kidney injury (AKI) at 365 d after lung transplantation (both P>0.05). Conclusions LAS is correlated with the risk of early death of IPF patients after lung transplantation. While, it is not correlated the incidence of PGD and AKI early after lung transplantation. Special attention should be paid to the effect of comprehensive factors upon PGD and AKI.

Mechanism of Medicated Serum of Buyang Huanwutang in Inhibiting Endothelial-to-mesenchymal Transition of Human Pulmonary Artery Endothelial Cells Based on Wnt1/β-catenin Signaling Pathway / 中国实验方剂学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of the Wnt1/β-catenin signaling pathway in the intervention of medicated serum of Buyang Huanwutang （BYHWT） in endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition （EndMT） of human pulmonary artery endothelial cells （HPAECs） as well as its related mechanisms. MethodMedicated serum of BYHWT was prepared by gavage to New Zealand rabbits with a dosage of 53.36 g·kg-1·d-1 after decocting the medicine as usual. In addition， the same volume of normal saline was used to prepare blank serum. The HPAECs were cultured in vitro， and then induced by the transforming growth factor-β1 （TGF-β1） to establish the EndMT model. Five groups were established： blank group （10% blank serum）， model group （TGF-β1+10% blank serum）， low-dose BYHWT group （TGF-β1+2.5% medicated serum+7.5% blank serum）， medium-dose BYHWT group （TGF-β1+5% medicated serum+5% blank serum） and high-dose BYHWT group （TGF-β1+10% medicated serum）. Through Western blot， the expressions of Wnt1， β-catenin， and glycogen synthase kinase-3β （GSK-3β） were detected. In order to further clarify the mechanism of the Wnt1/β-catenin signaling pathway in the intervention of the medicated serum of BYHWT in inhibiting EndMT， the overexpression of β-catenin was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction after plasmid of overexpression β-catenin was constructed and transfected into the HPAECs. The HPAECs were intervened by 10% medicated serum with the optimal effect in previous studies. Then， they were divided into another five groups： the blank group （10% blank serum）， the model group （TGF-β1+10% blank serum）， the BYHWT group （TGF-β1+10% medicated serum）， the BYHWT+overexpression plasmid control group （TGF-β1+10% medicated serum+blank plasmid） and the BYHWT+β-catenin overexpression plasmid group （TGF-β1+10% medicated serum+β-catenin）. Apart from that， cell proliferation ability was detected by the methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium （MTT） method and cell migration ability by scratch assay and Transwell assay together. Immunofluorescence was adopted to detect the expressions of platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule （PECAM-1/CD31）， vascular endothelial cadherin （VE-cadherin）， fibroblast-specific protein 1 （FSP1）， and α-smooth muscle actin （α-SMA）. ResultIn comparison to the blank group， the expressions of Wnt1 and β-catenin were significantly increased （P<0.01） while the expression of GSK-3β significantly decreased （P<0.01） in the model group. In comparison to the model group， the expressions of Wnt1 and β-catenin were significantly decreased （P<0.01） while the expression of GSK-3β was significantly increased （P<0.01） in the high-dose BYHWT group. The expression of β-catenin was significantly decreased （P<0.01） while the expression of GSK-3β was significantly increased （P<0.01） in the medium-dose BYHWT group. There was no significant difference in these indexes of the low-dose BYHWT group. In comparison to the blank group， proliferation and migration abilities were remarkably increased （P<0.01） and the immunofluorescence intensities of CD31 and VE-cadherin were decreased， while those of FSP1 and α-SMA were increased in the model group. In comparison to the model group， proliferation and migration abilities were significantly decreased （P<0.01） and the immunofluorescence intensities of CD31 and VE-cadherin were increased， while those of FSP1 and α-SMA diminished in the BYHWT group. Beyond that， the change trend of those indexes in the BYHWT+β-catenin overexpression plasmid group was consistent with that in the model group. In comparison to the BYHWT+overexpression plasmid control group， proliferation and migration abilities were significantly increased （P<0.01） and the immunofluorescence intensities of CD31 and VE-cadherin were decreased， while those of FSP1 and α-SMA were increased in the BYHWT+β-catenin overexpression plasmid group. ConclusionMedicated serum of BYHWT can inhibit EndMT of HPAECs by the Wnt1/β-catenin signaling pathway.

Imaging study on thoracic and lumbar physiological curvature in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis / 中国骨伤

OBJECTIVE@#To observe the alteration of thoracic and lumbar physiological curvature in adolescent idiopathic scoliosis(AIS) and the difference of physiological curvature between different types of scoliosis.@*METHODS@#A retrospective analysis was conducted on 305 adolescent patients taken full spine X-ray in our hospital from January 2017 to December 2021. The patients were divided into normal group and scoliosis group. The normal group was composed of 179 patients, 79 males and 100 females, aged 10 to 18 years old with an average of (12.84±2.10) years old, with cobb agle less than 10 degrees. The scoliosis group was composed of 126 patients, 33 males and 93 females, aged 10 to 18 years old with an average of (13.92±2.20) years old. The gender, age, Risser sign, thoracic kyphosis(TK) and lumbar lordosis(LL) in 2 groups were compared, and the TK and LL were also compared between different genders, different degrees of scoliosis and different segments of scoliosis.@*RESULTS@#The female ratio(P=0.001) and age (P<0.001) in scoliosis group were higher than them in normal group; the ratio of low-grade ossification was higher in normal group than in scoliosis group(P=0.038). TK was significantly smaller in scoliosis group than in normal group(P<0.001), but there was no significant difference in LL between the 2 groups(P=0.147). There were no significant difference in TK and LL between male and female. The TK was significantly bigger in mild AIS patients than in moderate AIS patients(P<0.05), but there was no significant difference in LL between mild and moderate patients(P>0.05). The TK and LL in different segments scoliosis were not found significant difference.@*CONCLUSION@#The physiological curvature of thoracic and lumbar spine is independent of gender. The thoracic physiological curvature becomes smaller in AIS patients, but lumbar curvature remains unchanged. The thoracic physiological curvature in mild AIS patients is greater than that in moderate AIS patients, but the lumbar curvature is almost unchanged between mild and moderate scoliosis and is similar with that in normal adolescent. The alteration of thoracic and lumbar physiological curvature in AIS patients may be related to relative anterior spinal overgrowth, and the specific detailed mechanism needs to be further studied.

Epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas / Idiopathic generalized epilepsies

Resumen Las epilepsias generalizadas idiopáticas (EGI) son un grupo de epilepsias generalizadas edad de pendientes, subgrupo de las Epilepsias genéticas generalizadas(EGG), con hallazgos electro-clínicos característicos y herencia poligénica. Las EGI inclu yen las cuatro epilepsias generalizadas clásicas más comunes de las EGG: la epilepsia de ausencias de la infancia (EAI), epilepsia de ausencias juveniles (EAJ), epilepsia mioclónica juvenil (EMJ) y la epilepsia con crisis tónico clónicas generalizadas. Clínicamente caracterizadas por la presencia de una o una com binación de crisis de ausencias, mioclonías, tónica-clónicas omioclónica-tónica-clónicas con patrón elec troencefalográfico de punta onda lenta de 2.5 a 6cps y activación con la hiperventilación y fotoestimula ción, Sobresalen de las EGG por compartir atributos particulares como el buen pronóstico con control frecuente de las crisis, la no evolución a encefalopa tías epilépticas, frecuente superposición clínica entre las tres primeras, pudiendo evolucionar entre ellas; la probabilidad y edad de remisión varía en cada una.Más del 80% se controlan adecuadamente con medicamentos anticrisis de amplio espectro como el ácido valproico y pueden empeorar con bloqueadores de sodio o gabaérgicos. Si bien los pacientes son previamente sanos con neurodesarrollo normal, frecuentemente se asocian con trastornos del ánimo, déficit de atención e hiperactividad (TDAH) y problemas del aprendizaje pero no presentan déficit cognitivo. El reconocimiento de este grupo de EGI es importan te para el uso adecuado del recurso, evitando estudios innecesarios, adecuada orientación del pronóstico y un tratamiento óptimo.

Abstract Idiopathic generalized epilepsies (IGE) is a group of epilepsies age-dependent, a subgroup of EGG genetic generalized epilepsies, with electro-clinical features and polygenic inheritance. Four syndromes comprising the IGEs: childhood absence epilepsy (CAD), juvenile absence epilepsy (JAE), juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME), and generalized tonic-clonic seizures epilepsy. Clinically characterized by the presence of one or a combination of absence seizures, myoclonus, tonic-clonic, or myoclonic-tonic-clonic with common electroencephalographic pat terns of 2.5-5.5 Hz generalized spike-wave and activated by hyperventilation or photic stimulation. They generally have a good prognosis for seizure control, not evolve to an epileptic encephalopathy. Frequent clinical overlap between the first three, being able to evolve between them; the probability and age of remission varies in each one. About 80% responding to broad-spectrum anti-seizure drugs such as valproic acid, may worsen with sodium or GABAergic blockers. Development is typically normal; however, they are frequently associated with mood disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and learning dis abilities, but do not have cognitive deficits. The recognition of this group of EGI is important for the adequate use of the resources, avoiding unnecessary studies, adequate orientation of the prognosis and an optimal treatment.

Dilatación idiopática de la aurícula derecha. Reporte de caso y revisión de la literatura / Idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium. Case report and literature review

Resumen La dilatación idiopática de la aurícula derecha (DIAD) es una malformación poco frecuente caracterizada por un crecimiento desproporcionado de la aurícula derecha en ausencia de una causa estructural o funcional que la justifique. Presentamos el caso de una paciente con DIAD con diagnóstico desde la etapa prenatal.

Abstract Idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium is a rare malformation characterized by disproportionate growth of the right atrium in the absence of a cause that justifies it. We present the case of a patient with idiopathic dilatation of the right atrium diagnosed since fetal life.

Caracterización de los pacientes oncológicos que ingresan por comorbilidades en el Hospital Universitario «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau» / Characterization of cancer patients admitted for comorbidities at "Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital

Introducción Según datos de la Organización Mundial de Salud (OMS), el cáncer se ha convertido en una de las primeras causas de muerte a nivel mundial debido al aumento progresivo, si no existe control de su propagación. La valoración conjunta del paciente por parte de distintos especialistas que asumen su abordaje desde diferentes perspectivas, siempre mejora la atención de los mismos y en el caso del paciente oncológico no es una excepción. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes oncológicos que ingresaron por comorbilidades en el Hospital Universitario «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau» de la provincia Villa Clara. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo de corte transversal, en el Hospital Universitario «Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau», de enero a diciembre del 2020, mediante la revisión documental de las historias clínicas al egreso. Resultados: En el sexo femenino, en pacientes de 60 años y más, predominaron los tumores de pulmón, mama y colorrectal, y en el sexo masculino, de pulmón, próstata y hemolinfopoyético El tumor de pulmón fue la localización más frecuente, predominó entre las comorbilidades, las neumonías en pacientes del sexo femenino, mayores de 60 años. Los pacientes ingresados por Diabetes Mellitus, presentaban una enfermedad estable, seguidos por los que se encontraban en progresión, los que ingresaron con insuficiencia cardiaca, presentaban tumor en pulmón o laringe. Conclusiones: Los pacientes que ingresaron por tener tumor de pulmón se asociaron a mayor número de complicaciones y egresos fallecidos. Recomendamos perfeccionar la atención integral de estos pacientes por oncólogos e internistas.

ABTRACT Introduction: according to data from the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide due to its progressive increase, if there is no control of its spread. The joint assessment of the patients by different specialists who assume their approach from different perspectives always improves their care and in the case of cancer patients this is not an exception. Objective: to characterize cancer patients admitted for comorbidities at "Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital in Villa Clara province. Methods: a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at "Dr. Celestino Hernández Robau" University Hospital from January to December 2020, through documentary review of the medical records at discharge. Results: females aged 60 years and over predominated; lung, breast, and colorectal tumours predominated in this gender, as well as lung, prostate, and hemolymphopoietic tumours in males. Lung tumour was the most frequent location; pneumonia prevailed among the comorbidities, in females older than 60 years. Patients admitted for diabetes mellitus had a stable disease, followed by those who were in progression; those who were admitted with heart failure had a lung or larynx tumour. Conclusions: patients admitted for having a lung tumour were associated with a greater number of complications and deaths at discharge. We recommend improving a comprehensive care of these patients by oncologists and internists.

Rituximab therapy for childhood onset idiopathic nephrotic syndrome: experience of a Portuguese tertiary center / Terapia com Rituximabe para síndrome nefrótica idiopática de início na infância: experiência de um centro terciário português

ABSTRACT Introduction: Rituximab (RTX) is a therapeutic option in pediatric difficult-to-treat idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (NS). We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of RTX use in these patients. Method: A retrospective study of all patients with idiopathic NS treated with RTX was conducted in a pediatric nephrology division of a tertiary hospital. Demographic, anthropometric, clinical and analytical data were collected prior to treatment and at 6, 12, and 24 months. Results: Sixteen patients were included (11 males), with a median (25th-75th percentile, P25-P75) age at diagnosis of 2 (2.0-2.8) years. Fifteen were steroid-sensitive and 1 was steroid-resistant and sensitive to cyclosporine. The median age at administration of RTX was 10 (6.3-14.0) years. Throughout a median follow-up time of 2.5 (1.0-3.0) years, 6 (37.5%) patients achieved partial remission and 7 (43.8%) had no relapses and were not taking any immunosuppressants at the 24-month follow-up visit. Regarding complications, 1 patient presented persistent hypogammaglobulinemia. Compared with the 12-month period before RTX, there was a decrease in the median number of relapses at 6 and 12 months [3 (3.0-4.0) vs 0 (0-0.8) and 0.50 (0-1.0), respectively; p = 0.001] and in the daily steroids dose (mg/kg/day) at 6, 12, and 24 months [0.29 (0.15-0.67)vs [0.10 (0.07-0.13); p = 0.001], [0.12 (0.05-0.22); p = 0.005] and [0.07(0.04-0.18); p = 0.021]], respectively. There was also a reduction in the median BMI z score at 24 months [2.11 (0.45-3.70) vs. 2.93 (2.01-3.98); p = 0.049]. Conclusion: Our results confirm the efficacy and safety of RTX use in pediatric idiopathic NS and highlight its' potential cardiometabolic benefits.

Resumo Introdução: Rituximabe (RTX) é uma opção terapêutica na síndrome nefrótica (SN) idiopática pediátrica de difícil tratamento. Visamos avaliar eficácia e segurança do uso de RTX nestes pacientes. Método: Realizou-se estudo retrospectivo de todos os pacientes com SN idiopática tratados com RTX, em uma unidade de nefrologia pediátrica de um hospital terciário. Dados demográficos, antropométricos, clínicos e analíticos foram coletados antes do tratamento e aos 6, 12 e 24 meses. Resultados: Incluímos 16 pacientes (11 do sexo masculino), com idade mediana (percentil 25-75, P25-P75) de 2 (2,0-2,8) anos ao diagnóstico. Quinze eram sensíveis a esteroides, e 1 resistente a esteroides e sensível à ciclosporina.A idade mediana na administração do RTX foi 10 (6,3-14,0) anos. Durante um tempo mediano de acompanhamento de 2,5(1,0-3,0) anos, 6 (37,5%) pacientes alcançaram remissão parcial e 7 (43,8%) não tiveram recidivas e não estavam tomando imunossupressor no acompanhamento aos 24 meses. Quanto às complicações,1 paciente apresentou hipogamaglobulinemia persistente. Comparado ao período de12 meses anterior ao RTX, houve diminuição no número mediano de recidivas em 6 e 12 meses [3 (3,0-4,0) vs 0 (0-0,8) e 0,50 (0-1,0), respectivamente; p = 0,001] e na dose diária de esteroides (mg/kg/dia) aos 6, 12 e 24 meses [0,29 (0,15-0,67) >vs [0,10 (0,07-0,13); p = 0,001], [0,12 (0,05-0,22); p = 0,005] e [0,07 (0,04-0,18); p = 0,021], respectivamente. Houve também redução na mediana do escore z do IMC aos 24 meses [2,11 (0,45-3,70) vs 2,93 (2,01-3,98);p = 0,049]. Conclusões: Nossos resultados confirmam a eficácia e segurança do uso de RTX em SN idiopática pediátrica, destacando seus potenciais benefícios cardiometabólicos.

Calcinosis escrotal: ¿una entidad idiopática? / Scrotal Calcinosis: an Idiopathic Entity?

La calcinosis escrotal es una enfermedad benigna e infrecuente que se presenta en adultos de mediana edad, con múltiples nódulos asintomáticos a nivel de la piel del escroto. Algunos autores vinculan la aparición de estas lesiones a la calcificación secundaria de quistes epidérmicos o ecrinos. Cuando no se encuentra relacionada con dichas entidades ni con alteraciones del metabolismo fosfocálcico, el cuadro se considera idiopático. El tratamiento de elección es quirúrgico, en caso de impacto en la calidad de vida o relevancia estética para el paciente. (AU)

Scrotal calcinosis is a rare, benign disease that presents in middle-aged adults with multiple asymptomatic nodules on the skin of the scrotum. Some authors link the appearance of these lesions to the secondary calcification of epidermal or eccrine cysts. When it is not related to these entities or to alterations in phosphocalcic metabolism, the condition is considered idiopathic. The treatment of choice is surgical, in case of impact on the quality of life or aesthetic relevance for the patient. (AU)

Optic nerve sheath fenestration: A second lease at sight

Purpose: To study the safety and efficacy of optic nerve sheath fenestration surgery in patients with optic disc edema due to different etiologies. Methods: Records of 18 eyes of 15 patients who underwent optic nerve sheath fenestration for vision threatening optic disc edema were reviewed retrospectively, and results were analyzed. Improvement of visual acuity was the main measure of outcome. Improved visual fields, resolution of optic disc edema, diplopia, and headache were other benefits that were observed. Results: Fifteen patients between 13 and 54 years of age were included in the study. Three patients underwent successive bilateral surgery. Idiopathic intracranial hypertension was the most common cause for optic disc edema and was found in 80% of the patients. Mean preoperative logMAR acuity was ?1.9789 ± 1.46270, which improved to ?0.9022 ± 1.23181 (p < 0.005) in the operated eye, and mean logMAR acuity of contralateral eye improved from ?1.3378 ± 1.50107 to ?1.0667 ± 1.33813 (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Early optic nerve sheath fenestration is an effective modality for treating optic disc edema due to a wide myriad of causes and helps resolve the associated symptoms.

Artritis idiopática juvenil, forma sistémica. A propósito de un caso

La artritis idiopática juvenil es la enfermedad reumática crónica más frecuente en niños, y una de las enfermedades crónicas más comunes en la infancia. En Angola no se han realizado revisiones de casos de dicha enfermedad de inicio sistémico, y solo se han reportado escasas publicaciones en el continente africano, en países como Egipto y Sudáfrica. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir un caso de artritis idiopática juvenil sistémica en una paciente de dos años que presentó síntomas como poliartritis, eritema evanescente, adenopatías, fiebre prolongada y visceromegalias. Este es el primer caso de artritis idiopática juvenil reportado en dicho país.

Juvenile idiopathic arthritis is the most frequent rheumatic disease and one of the most common chronic diseases in childhood. In Angola, there are no reviews reported of this systemic onset disease, and only few publications have been reported on the African continent, in countries such as Egypt and South Africa. The objective of this work is to inform on a case of systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis in a two-years-old patient who presented symptoms such as polyarthritis, evanescent erythema, lymphadenopathies, prolonged fever and visceromegaly. This is the first case of juvenile idiopathic arthritis reported in that country.

Rendimiento diagnóstico y morbimortalidad de las biopsias pulmonares quirúrgicas en enfermedad pulmonar intersticial difusa

Introducción: Se denomina Enfermedad Pulmonar Intersticial Difusa (EPID) a un conjunto heterogéneo de patologías caracterizadas por inflamación y fibrosis pulmonar. El diagnóstico basado en patrones clínicos o radiológicos puede, ocasionalmente, ser insuficiente para iniciar un tratamiento. La biopsia pulmonar quirúrgica es una alternativa cuando se requiere aumentar la precisión diagnóstica luego de discusión multidisciplinaria. Objetivo: Describir el rendimiento diagnóstico, morbilidad y mortalidad de las biopsias quirúrgicas pulmonares en un hospital público chileno. Pacientes y Método: Cohorte retrospectiva de todos los pacientes a quienes se realizó biopsia quirúrgica por diagnóstico de EPID entre los años 2010 y 2020, indicada por un comité multidisciplinario. Se excluyen procedimientos similares o biopsias con diagnóstico de EPID como hallazgo incidental. Resultados: 38 pacientes intervenidos, mediana de edad de 63 años, 47% femenino. Solo 1 (2,6%) paciente operado de urgencia, y 34 (89,5%) por videotoracoscopía. 5 (13,1%) pacientes presentaron morbilidad, en 4 de ellos fuga aérea, ninguno requiriendo intervención adicional. No hubo rehospitalización, reoperación ni mortalidad a 90 días. En el 95% de los casos se alcanzó un diagnóstico preciso de la EPID tras discusión multidisciplinaria. Discusión: Se observa un alto rendimiento diagnóstico y una baja morbimortalidad en los pacientes estudiados. La baja frecuencia de procedimientos de urgencia y la adecuada indicación en comité multidisciplinario puede haber contribuido a la baja morbilidad. Conclusión: La biopsia pulmonar quirúrgica en un hospital general tiene un alto rendimiento diagnóstico cuando se discute en comité multidisciplinario para precisar el diagnostico en EPID, con una baja morbimortalidad si se seleccionan adecuadamente los pacientes.

Background: Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by inflammation and fibrosis of the lung. Diagnosis based exclusively on clinical or radiologic patterns may be inaccurate, and if a reliable diagnosis cannot be made, surgical lung biopsy can be strongly considered to increase the diagnostic yield after multidisciplinary committee. Objective: To review the diagnostic results, morbidity, and mortality of surgical biopsies in a chilean public health institution. Patients and Method: Retrospective cohort of patients operated for diagnostic purposes for ILD between 2010 - 2020. Surgical biopsies done for other diagnoses were excluded. Results: 38 patients were included, with a median age of 63 years, 47% were female. Only 1 patient (2.6%) underwent emergency surgery and 89.5% underwent minimally invasive surgery techniques. 5 patients had some morbidity (13.1%), 4 of them being air leak. All complications were successfully managed conservatively. We had no readmission, reoperations, or 90-day mortality in this cohort. In 95% of the cases an accurate diagnosis of ILD was reached after multidisciplinary discussion. Discussion: In our experience surgical lung biopsy has a high diagnostic yield and a low morbidity and mortality. A low number of emergency procedures and accurate surgical indication by an expert committee could explain the low morbidity. Conclusion: Surgical lung biopsy in a general hospital reach a high diagnostic performance when discussed in a multidisciplinary committee to specify the diagnosis in ILD, with low morbidity and mortality if patients are properly selected.

Treatment and Management Experience of Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis in a Low-income Country / Experiência de tratamento e manejo da mastite granulomatosa idiopática em um país de baixa renda

Abstract Objective Reporting our experience of the management and treatment of Idiopathic granulomatous mastitis (IGM) in a low-income country by describing patients characteristics and therapy with emphasis on conservative surgical excision and postoperative care as the cornerstone of treatment. Methods A retrospective cohort of women with histopathological diagnosis of IGM from 2014 to 2018 at Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal in Lima, Peru. Patients' characteristics, clinical presentation, treatment, management, postoperative care, and follow-up were analyzed. Results Thirty-eight patients with histopathological diagnosis of IGM were identified. Their average age was 35.9 years and 23 (60.5%) reported previous use of hormonal contraceptives. Nine (23.7%) patients had chronic mastitis with previous treatment. The time from the onset of symptoms to the first clinic consult was 5.1 months on average. Twenty-one (55.3%) patients had the lesion in the right breast, with a mean size of 6.9 cm. Conservative surgical excision was performed in all patients. Additionally, 86.8% required corticosteroids and 78.9% were treated with antibiotics. Complete remission was obtained at 141 days on average (range 44 to 292 days). Six (15.8%) women reported ipsilateral recurrence and 5 (13.2%), contralateral. The latency time was 25.5 months on average. Conclusion The conservative surgical treatment demonstrated and close follow-up made for a high cure rate, but with recurrence similar to that reported in the literature. Use of gloves is an alternative to manage post operative wounds in a low-income country. The most frequent adverse effect was breast surgical scar.

Visual outcome in pediatric uveitis: A retrospective data review in 277 children

Purpose: The research activity in pediatric glaucoma (PG) was qualitatively and quantitatively evaluated using a scientometric approach. Methods: The “Web of Science” database was accessed for primary bibliometric data regarding PG using search terms “pediatric glaucoma,” “paediatric glaucoma,” “congenital glaucoma,” and “childhood glaucoma.” The data was analyzed for total research productivity, citations, and scientific output in terms of journals, countries, institutions, and authors. The results were further characterized for coauthorship links and visualized by VOS viewer software. Also, the top 25 cited articles were reviewed with the above bibliometric characteristics. Results: One thousand two hundred and sixty?nine items were obtained from our search query from 1955 to 2022; these received 15,485 citations, originated from 78 countries. The top?3 contributing countries were the United States of America (n = 369), India (n = 134), and China (n = 127). LV Prasad Eye Institute (n = 58), Duke University (n = 44), and King Khalid Eye Specialist Hospital (n = 42) were the top?3 productive institutes. The top?3 prolific authors were Mandal AK (n = 53), Freedman, SF (n = 36), and Sarfarazi, M (n = 33). Journal wise, “Investigative Ophthalmology” (n = 187), “Journal of Glaucoma” (n = 92), and “Journal of AAPOS” (n = 68) were the journals in which the most articles were published. The top?25 cited documents received 3564 citations and were published between 1977 and 2016. The key areas of interest were basic sciences (genetics of childhood glaucoma) and surgical management. Conclusion: United States of America, LVPEI, Mandal AK, and “Investigative Ophthalmology” were the top rankers as far as the productivity and publications related to PG are concerned. Articles on molecular genetics in PG have received interest among the ophthalmology community.

Etiology of Hemoptysis in Children and Adolescents – Multicentric Retrospective Data (2012-2021) From Chennai

Objective: To analyze the etiology of hemoptysis in children and to correlate the severity of bleed with the etiology. Methods: This retrospective multicentre study reviewed data from inpatient units of four tertiary care public and private sector pediatric hospitals in Tamil Nadu. Methods: Inpatient case records of children (aged 2 month-15 years) treated for hemoptysis at the four institutions between April, 2012 and March, 2021 were identified, after ethical clearance from respective institutions. Data of children with underlying known bleeding disorders like hemophilia or platelet abnormality were excluded from the study. Hemoptysis was categorized as mild, moderate and severe Results: Of the 73 children who had presented with hemoptysis during the study period, 60 (82.2%) children had mild, 9 (12.3%) had moderate and rest had severe hemoptysis. Idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage was the most common cause of hemoptysis. The common causes of mild hemoptysis in children were idiopathic pulmonary hemorrhage (n=15, 25%), pulmonary tuberculosis (n=12, 20%) and pneumonia (n=8, 13.3%). Congenital airway anomalies and vascular anomalies were more likely to present with moderate to severe bleed. Conclusion: Etiology of hemoptysis is broad and categorizing them into mild, moderate and severe may give a clue about the possible etiology, there by restricting to the required investigations.

Safety and efficacy of romiplostim in children and adolescents with Immune thrombocytopenia: A systematic review

Abstract Objective To evaluate the efficacy and safety of romiplostim (thrombopoietin-receptor agonist) in the treatment of pediatric immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Methods Searches were conducted in MEDLINE, EMBASE, LILACS, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials and ClinicalTrials.gov (from January 2011 to August 2021). Randomized controlled trials (RCTs), double-blind, comparing romiplostim with a placebo in pediatric persistent or chronic ITP were included. The primary outcome was the overall response rate (platelets ≥ 50 × 109/L) in the absence of rescue therapy for at least two consecutive weeks. The secondary endpoints were the minimization of clinically significant bleeding and the necessity for rescue treatments and the maximization of safety (incidence of overall adverse events) and durable response (maintaining platelet counts for at least twelve weeks). Results Two double-blind randomized placebo-controlled trials (84 participants) were included in this systematic review. Our data showed that, compared to the placebo group, the proportion of patients achieving durable platelet response was significantly higher in the romiplostim group (p= 0.003, RR = 6.34, 95%CI = 1.89 - 21.23), as was the overall response in the romiplostim group (p= 0.002, RR = 3.62, 95%CI = 1.63 - 8.03). Significant bleeding incidents (p= 0.49), overall adverse events (p= 0.71) and the need for rescue treatment (p= 0.13) were not statistically different between the romiplostim and placebo groups. Conclusions Romiplostim might improve both durable and overall platelet response in children and adolescents with ITP, compared to a placebo. More clinical trials are needed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of romiplostim and to compare it with other second-line treatments that are being used in pediatric ITP.