Sobre el currículo oculto: del buen médico, la jerarquía y el maltrato

Objetivo: Describir las interacciones de algunos estudiantes de dos programas de Medicina en Colombia relacionadas con el currículo oculto. Metodología: Estudio hermenéutico, que utilizó la etnografía y la teoría fundamentada, mediante la aplicación de observación participante en cinco escenarios de práctica y once entrevistas en profundidad. El análisis de los datos se hizo con codificación abierta, axial y selectiva, propias de la teoría fundamentada, lo que generó una matriz del paradigma. Resultados: Estudiar Medicina implica hacer parte de una jerarquía desde inspiradora hasta excesiva. La exigencia de la educación médica por formar un médico incansable e intachable, la competencia para ser admitido a cada rango y el miedo a equivocarse exacerban el funcionamiento negativo de la jerarquía médica. Esta jerarquía se basa en el poder del conocimiento que permite el maltrato. Lo anterior desencadena agotamiento, frustración, desinterés y afecta la ética profesional, aspectos que estropean al médico en formación. Conclusión: El currículo oculto determina la formación del médico más que el currículo formal. Reconocer y reflexionar sobre el currículo oculto desde la comunidad académica permite visibilizar, en futuras reformas curriculares, el papel que este desempeña.

Objective: To describe the interactions of some students from two Medicine programs in Colombia related to the hidden curriculum. Methodology: Hermeneutic study, which used ethnography and grounded theory, through the application of participant observation in five practice scenarios and eleven in-depth interviews. The data analysis was done with open, axial and selective coding, typical of the grounded theory, which generated a matrix of the paradigm. Results: Studying Medicine implies being part of a hierarchy from inspiring to excessive. The demand of medical education to train a tireless and blameless doctor, the competition to be admitted to each rank and the fear of making mistakes exacerbate the negative functioning of the medical hierarchy. This hierarchy is based on the power of knowledge that allows abuse. The above triggers exhaustion, frustration, lack of interest and affects professional ethics, aspects that spoil the doctor in training. Conclusion: The hidden curriculum determines the doctor's training more than the formal curriculum. Recognizing and reflecting on the hidden curriculum from the academic community makes visible, in future curricular reforms, the role it plays.

Objetivo: Descrever as interações de alguns alunos de dois cursos de Medicina da Colômbia em relação ao currículo oculto. Metodologia: Estudo hermenêutico, que utilizou etnografia e teoria fundamentada, por meio da aplicação da observação participante em cinco cenários de prática e onze entrevistas em profundidade. A análise dos dados foi feita com codificação aberta, axial e seletiva, típica da teoria fundamentada, que gerou uma matriz do paradigma. Resultados: Estudar Medicina implica fazer parte de uma hierarquia que vai do inspirador ao excessivo. A exigência da formação médica para formar um médico incansável e irrepreensível, a competição para ser admitido em cada posto e o medo de errar exacerbam o funcionamento negativo da hierarquia médica. Essa hierarquia é baseada no poder do conhecimento que permite o abuso. O exposto acima desencadeia esgotamento, frustração, desinteresse e afeta a ética profissional, aspectos que prejudicam o médico em formação. Conclusão: O currículo oculto determina mais a formação do médico do que o currículo formal. Reconhecer e refletir sobre o currículo oculto da comunidade acadêmica torna visível, em futuras reformas curriculares, o papel que ele desempenha.

Weight bias and stigma in healthcare professionals: a narrative review with a Singapore lens

Addressing weight stigma is essential to obesity management as it causes inequalities in healthcare and impacts the outcomes of health. This narrative review summarises systematic review findings about the presence of weight bias in healthcare professionals, and interventions to reduce weight bias or stigma in these professionals. Two databases (PubMed and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature [CINAHL]) were searched. Seven eligible reviews were identified from 872 search results. Four reviews identified the presence of weight bias, and three investigated trials to reduce weight bias or stigma in healthcare professionals. The findings may help further research and the treatment, health and well-being of individuals with overweight or obesity in Singapore. Weight bias was prevalent among qualified and student healthcare professionals globally, and there is a lack of clear guidance for effective interventions to reduce it, particularly in Asia. Future research is essential to identify the issues and inform initiatives to reduce weight bias and stigma among healthcare professionals in Singapore.

The Emotion-Regulation Benefits of Implicit Reappraisal in Clinical Depression: Behavioral and Electrophysiological Evidence / 神经科学通报·英文版

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized by emotion dysregulation. Whether implicit emotion regulation can compensate for this deficit remains unknown. In this study, we recruited 159 subjects who were healthy controls, had subclinical depression, or had MDD, and examined them under baseline, implicit, and explicit reappraisal conditions. Explicit reappraisal led to the most negative feelings and the largest parietal late positive potential (parietal LPP, an index of emotion intensity) in the MDD group compared to the other two groups; the group difference was absent under the other two conditions. MDD patients showed larger regulatory effects in the LPP during implicit than explicit reappraisal, whereas healthy controls showed a reversed pattern. Furthermore, the frontal P3, an index of voluntary cognitive control, showed larger amplitudes in explicit reappraisal compared to baseline in the healthy and subclinical groups, but not in the MDD group, while implicit reappraisal did not increase P3 across groups. These findings suggest that implicit reappraisal is beneficial for clinical depression.

Implicit, But Not Explicit, Emotion Regulation Relieves Unpleasant Neural Responses Evoked by High-Intensity Negative Images / 神经科学通报·英文版

Evidence suggests that explicit reappraisal has limited regulatory effects on high-intensity emotions, mainly due to the depletion of cognitive resources occupied by the high-intensity emotional stimulus itself. The implicit form of reappraisal has proved to be resource-saving and therefore might be an ideal strategy to achieve the desired regulatory effect in high-intensity situations. In this study, we explored the regulatory effect of explicit and implicit reappraisal when participants encountered low- and high-intensity negative images. The subjective emotional rating indicated that both explicit and implicit reappraisal down-regulated negative experiences, irrespective of intensity. However, the amplitude of the parietal late positive potential (LPP; a neural index of experienced emotional intensity) showed that only implicit reappraisal had significant regulatory effects in the high-intensity context, though both explicit and implicit reappraisal successfully reduced the emotional neural responses elicited by low-intensity negative images. Meanwhile, implicit reappraisal led to a smaller frontal LPP amplitude (an index of cognitive cost) compared to explicit reappraisal, indicating that the implementation of implicit reappraisal consumes limited cognitive control resources. Furthermore, we found a prolonged effect of implicit emotion regulation introduced by training procedures. Taken together, these findings not only reveal that implicit reappraisal is suitable to relieve high-intensity negative experiences as well as neural responses, but also highlight the potential benefit of trained implicit regulation in clinical populations whose frontal control resources are limited.

Alterando viés racial implícito em adultos pretos e brancos: uma avaliação de procedimento de equivalência de estímulos / Changing implicit racial bias in black and white adults: an assessment of stimulus equivalence procedure / Cambiar el Sesgo racial implícito en adultos negros y blancos: una evaluación del procedimiento de equivalencia de estímulos

Enquanto ciência, a Análise do Comportamento tem tecnologia para estudar práticas culturais relacionadas a questões raciais. O objetivo deste estudo foi aplicar uma dessas tecnologias e avaliar os efeitos produzidos por um procedimento de redução de viés racial negativo em relação a pessoas pretas. Foram selecionados 17 participantes, pretos e brancos, que preencheram um questionário de autodeclaração e foram avaliados pelo Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP) para definição de linha de base. Por meio de um procedimento de matching-to-sample (MTS), foram treinadas três rela-ções entre estímulos: (a) polegares/figuras abstratas; (b) figuras abstratas/pessoas pretas e figuras abstratas; e (c) relações anteriores simultâneas. Ao término de cada treino, foram realizados testes de simetria, transitividade e equivalência. Utilizou-se novamente o IRAP, para verificar mudanças após o treino. Os resultados indicaram que as respostas dos participantes na linha de base não mostraram viés negativo para pessoas pretas mas, após o treino, houve mudança significativa para participantes brancos. Recomenda-se que pesquisas futuras testem as características do experimentador e outras formas de detecção de viés racial implícito. (AU)

As a science, behavior analysis has technology to study cultural practices related to racial issues. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects produced by a procedure aimed to reduce negative racial bias towards black people. Seventeen black and white participants were selected after fulfilling a self-declaration questionnaire and being assessed by Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), in order to set a baseline. Then, three relations were trained using matching-to-sample (MTS): (a) thumbs/abstract figures; (b) abstract figures/ black people and abstract figures; and (c) simultaneous prior relations. Symmetry, transitivity and equivalence tests were performed at the end of each training, and IRAP was used again to assess changes after the procedure. Results indicated that participants were not negatively biased towards black people and, after the procedure, only white participants showed significant change. We recommended future studies to test the effects of the researcher's characteristics as well as other ways to detect implicit racial bias. (AU)

Como ciencia, el análisis del comportamiento tiene tecnología para estudiar prácticas culturales relacionadas con cuestiones raciales. El propósito de este estudio fue evaluar los efectos producidos por un procedimiento destinado a reducir el sesgo racial negativo con relación a personas negras. Diecisiete participantes blancos y negros fueron seleccionados después de completar un cuestionario de autodeclaración y de ser evaluados por Implicit Relational Assessment Procedure (IRAP), con el fin de establecer una línea de base. Despues, se entrenaron tres relaciones utilizando matching-to-sample (MTS): (a) pulgares/figuras abstractas; (b) figuras abstractas /personas negras y figuras abstractas; y (c) relaciones previas simultáneas. Las pruebas de sime-tría, transitividad y equivalencia fueran realizadas al final de cada entrena-miento, y el IRAP fue nuevamente usado para evaluar los cambios después del procedimiento. Los resultados indicaron que los participantes no tenían sesgo negativo con relación a personas negras y, después del procedimiento, solo los participantes blancos mostraron un cambio significativo. Recomendamos futuros estudios para evaluar los efectos de las características del investigador, así como otras formas de detectar el sesgo racial implícito. (AU)

Negritude no Brasil: publicações em análise do comportamento / Blackness in Brazil: publications in behavior analysis / Negritud en Brasil: publicaciones en análisis del comportamiento

Dados quantitativos revelam diferenças entre negros e não negros em relação à violência no Brasil, e esse fato abre espaço para discutir o racismo. Autores apontam que há necessidade de levar em consideração aspectos históricos, como o escravismo, para compreender a situação atual do fenômeno. Este estudo teve como objetivo discutir a contribuição da Análise do Comportamento, por meio de seus estudos, para a construção de comportamentos não racistas. Realizou-se busca nos Periódicos Capes, e selecionaram-se estudos produzidos nos últimos 20 anos (2000-2020) que contivessem as palavras de busca racism, racial e Behavior Analysis. Os estudos discutiam sobre ferramentas para mensuração de viés racial implícito e também formas de intervenção. Conclui-se que a Análise do Comportamento, embora seja uma ciência eficaz para mudança de comportamento, ainda precisa aumentar sua produção sobre o racismo.

Quantitative data has been revealing differences between blacks and non-blacks regarding violence in Brazil. This fact opens space to discuss racism. Authors have been pointing out that there is a need to consider historical aspects, such as slavery, to understand the current stage of the phenomenon. This study aimed to discuss the contribution of Behavior Analysis, through its studies, to the construction of non-racist behaviors. Having the last 20 years as a time frame (2000-2020), a search and a selection of studies that contained the keywords Racism, Racial, and Behavior Analysis were carried out in the CAPES Journals database, from Brazil. The found studies discussed tools for measuring implicit racial bias as well as ways of intervention. It was concluded that Behavior Analysis, although an effective science for behavior change, still needs to increase its production on racism.

Datos cuantitativos han revelado diferencias entre negros y no negros con respecto a la violencia en Brasil. Esta realidad abre espacio para discutir el racismo. Autores vienen señalando que es necesario considerar aspectos históricos, como la esclavitud, para comprender el escenario actual del fenómeno. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo discutir la contribución del Análisis del Comportamiento, a través de sus pesquisas, a la construcción de conductas no racistas. Se realizaron una búsqueda y selección de estudios que contenían las palabras clave racism, racial y Behavior Analysis, en la base de datos Periódicos Capes, de Brasil, escritos en los últimos 20 años (2000-2020). Los estudios encontrados discutieron herramientas para medir el sesgo racial implícito, así como formas de intervención. Se llegó a la conclusión de que el Análisis del Comportamiento, aunque es una ciencia eficaz para el cambio de conductas, todavía necesita aumentar su producción sobre el racismo.

Notas psicanalíticas acerca das arquiteturas do infamiliar na literatura fantástica / Psychoanalytic notes on the architectures of the uncanny in fantastic literature

Defende-se que a literatura fantástica constitui um material valioso de pesquisa para o psicanalista, haja vista que ela está comprometida em evocar no leitor o sentimento do infamiliar (Unheimliche), entendido como a manifestação episódica de um conteúdo atávico do psiquismo que se encontrava até então em estado latente, acarretando a regressão ao narcisismo primário e a dissolução temporária e localizada das fronteiras do Eu. Propõe-se a expressão arquiteturas do infamiliar para designar a conjuntura estético-literária que caracteriza esse projeto narrativo. Para evidenciar a especificidade dos recursos textuais que favorecem esse arranjo, sua sintaxe é contraposta à dos chistes. Então, por meio da referência às concepções de anamorfose, leitor implícito, fantasia e construção, busca-se esclarecer os mecanismos psíquicos relacionados à leitura e à criação dos textos fantásticos, sublinhando o caráter volátil e mutante de suas temáticas e estratégias e a sua íntima relação com a cultura e o social. Pontua-se que o estudo desses artifícios literários podem trazer contribuições significativas para o entendimento das vicissitudes da fantasia e da delimitação dos limites do Eu e da realidade. Ao final, comenta-se o conto O homem de areia, de E. T. A. Hoffmann, à luz da proposta apresentada.

This paper defends that fantastic literature constitutes a valuable research material for the psychoanalyst, given that this literary modality is committed to evoking in the reader the feeling of the uncanny (Unheimliche), understood as an episodic manifestation of an atavistic in latent state psychic content, causing the regression to primary narcissism and a temporary and localized dissolution of the borders of the Self. The expression architectures of the uncanny is proposed to designate the aesthetic-literary conjuncture that characterizes this project. To highlight the specificity of the textual resources that favor this arrangement, its syntax is contrasted with that of jokes. Through the reference to the concepts of anamorphosis, implicit reader, fantasy and construction, one seeks to clarify the psychic mechanisms related to the reading and creation of fantastic texts, underlining the volatile and mutating character of their themes and strategies and their intimate relationship with culture and society. One argues that the study of these literary devices can bring significant contributions to the understanding of the delimitation of Self and reality, and the vicissitudes of fantasy as well. At the end, the short story The Sandman, by E. T. A. Hoffmann, is commented in the light of the this proposal.

Performance of memory task indicators for assessment of the risk of depressive disorders / 预防医学

Objective@#To evaluate the risk of depressive disorders using memory task indicators, so as to provide insights into clinical assessment of depressive disorders.@*Methods@#A total of 68 patients with depressive disorders undergoing treatments in the departments of psychiatrics and clinical psychology in a tertiary hospital during the period from January to September, 2021 were enrolled as the case group, while a total of 31 hospital employees, social volunteers and university students served as controls. The error rate and response time of classical memory task experiments were compared between the two groups, including implicit memory, short-term memory and working memory tasks. In addition, the predictive indicators of depressive disorders were identified using multivariable logistic regression analysis and receiver operative characteristics (ROC) curve.@*Results@#The case group included 29 men and 39 women and had a mean age of (24.12±7.40) years, including 46 subjects with an educational level higher than diploma. The control group included 15 men and 16 women and had a mean age of (26.45±6.65) years, including 23 subjects with an educational level higher than diploma. Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed significant associations of age of >18 years (OR=3.431, 95%CI: 1.259-9.350), error rate of 2-back task (OR=1.056, 95%CI: 1.016-1.097) and error rate of short-term memory tasks (OR=1.078, 95%CI: 1.009-1.152) with the development of depressive disorders. ROC curve analysis showed that the error rate of 2-back tasks showed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of 0.730 (95%CI: 0.630-0.831), cutoff of 22.5%, sensitivity of 42.6% and specificity of 93.5% for prediction of the risk of depressive disorders, and the error rate of short-term memory tasks showed an AUC of 0.717 (95%CI: 0.605-0.829), cutoff of 23.5%, sensitivity of 67.6% and specificity of 71.0% for prediction of the risk of depressive disorders. In addition, the combination of the error rate of 2-back tasks and the error rate of short-term memory tasks showed an AUC of 0.829 (95%CI: 0.734-0.923), sensitivity of 75.0% and specificity of 80.6% for prediction of the risk of depressive disorders.@*Conclusion@#Short-term and working memory task indicators are feasible for assessment of the risk of depressive disorders.

The influence of frustration situation on adolescents' implicit and explicit aggression: the moderating role of attribution style / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Objective:To explore the influence mechanism of frustration situation and attribution style on adolescents' implicit and explicit aggression under the framework of general aggression model.Methods:Using the multi-dimensional attribution scale, thirty adolescents with internal attribution and thirty with external attribution tendencies were selected as research objects.A mixed experimental design of 2(frustration vs no frustration) × 2(internal attribution vs external attribution)was adopted.And the frustration situation task, Buss-Perry aggressive questionnaire and single category implicit association test were used for the research.The experimental program of SC-IAT was rendered with E-prime 1.0.SPSS 17.0 software was used for descriptive statistics, double facter variance analysis, simple effect analysis and post-test. Results:The effects of frustration situation on individuals' explicit and implicit aggression were statistically significant ( F(1, 58)=6.78, P<0.05, η2 = 0.11 and F(1, 58)= 17.59, P<0.01, η2 = 0.23). The explicit aggression (83.43±15.05) and implicit aggression (-0.06±0.35) in the situation of frustration were higher than those in the condition of no frustration (80.54±12.40) and implicit aggression (-0.33±0.49). The effects of frustration situation on explicit and implicit aggression of subjects with different attribution styles were statistically significant ( F(1, 58)=4.90, P<0.05, η2 = 0.08 and F(1, 58)= 8.68, P<0.01, η2 =0.13). The frustration situation had a great influence on explicit aggression of the subjects with internal attribution ( D<0) (frustration: (82.90±12.98), no frustration: (77.56±10.16), while significant influence was observed on the implicit aggression of the subjects with external attribution ( D>0) (frustration: (0.07±0.35), no frustration: (-0.40±0.45)). Conclusion:Frustration situation influences explicit and implicit aggression of adolescents, and attribution style plays a moderating role in it.Both explicit aggression and implicit aggression can be explained by the general aggression model.

The relationship between non-suicidal self-injury and implicit attitude / 中华行为医学与脑科学杂志

Non-suicidal self-injury(NSSI) is defined as deliberate " destruction to body issue without conscious suicidal intent" and which is not culturally and socially sanctioned.The evaluation of NSSI mainly includes explicit measurement and implicit measurement.In recent years, implicit measurement has received wide attention from scholars, among which the implicit association task(IAT), as a tool to measure the relative attitude towards objects in individuals' implicit cognition and to prevent the interference of consciousness, which is an effective method to evaluate NSSI.On the basis of introducing the background of implicit attitude, this paper summarized the research progress of implicit attitude in distinguishing and predicting NSSI from behavioral and neuroimaging perspectives.Firstly, compared with the group without NSSI history, the NSSI group had a more recognized implicit attitude towards NSSI, which was correlated with the frequency and severity of NSSI.Secondly, compared with other known traditional predictors, whether implicit attitude is a better predictor of subsequent behavior of NSSI remains controversial.Finally, there are not many studies on the biological basis of implicit attitude towards NSSI in NSSI populations.Preliminary results suggest that the activation of salience networks and the reduction of gray matter volume in some brain regions (such as the dorsal striatum) may be related to implicit attitude in NSSI populations.To sum up, measuring implicit attitudes towards NSSI is useful for screening and predicting people at risk for NSSI, especially when individuals have false reports or low self-awareness.In addition, this paper also put out some shortcomings for future research and clinical intervention.

Identificación de posibles factores causales en salud aplicando la metodología "ASI-IMC" / Identification of possible causal factors in health applying the "ASI-IMC" methodology / Identificação de possíveis fatores causais em saúde aplicando a metodologia "ASI-BMI"

RESUMEN Una vez diseñada la metodología ASI-IMC, que permite una correcta aplicación del análisis estadístico implicativo en los estudios de causalidad en medicina se aplicó la misma en dichos estudios. Se escogió como ejemplo un estudio de factores pronósticos de mortalidad en cáncer de mama. El objetivo es evaluar la efectividad de la metodología de empleo del análisis estadístico implicativo en la identificación de posibles factores causales. Se realizó un estudio observacional analítico prospectivo de tipo casos y controles anidado en una cohorte, cuyo universo de estudio quedó conformado por todas las mujeres mayores de 18 años de edad con el diagnóstico clínico e histológico de cáncer de mama, procedentes de la provincia de Santiago de Cuba, atendidas en el Hospital Oncológico "Conrado Benítez", entre 2014 y 2019 con una muestra de 140 casos y 140 controles, empleando 25 covariables como supuestos factores pronósticos y aplicando las 5 primeras etapas de la metodología de empleo del análisis estadístico implicativo en los estudios de causalidad en medicina. Fueron identificados como factores de buen pronóstico en pacientes con cáncer de mama la determinación de los biomarcadores, mientras que, de mal pronóstico clasificaron el estadio avanzado y la quimioterapia de manera directa, así como el tamaño tumoral y la metástasis, de manera indirecta. La metodología empleada permitió la identificación de posibles factores causales en la investigación presentada, evidenciando una vez más su efectividad.

ABSTRACT Once the "ASI-IMC" methodology that allows a correct application of the statistical analysis implicated in the causality studies in medicine was designed, it was applied in said studies. A study of prognostic factors of mortality in breast cancer was chosen as an example. In order to evaluate the effectiveness of the employment methodology of the statistical analysis implicit in the identification of possible causal factors; a prospective analytical observational study of cases and controls nested in a cohort was conducted, whose study universe was made up of all women over 18 years of age with the clinical and histological diagnosis of breast cancer, from the province from Santiago de Cuba, treated at the "Conrado Benítez" Oncology Hospital, between 2014 and 2019 with a sample of 140 cases and 140 controls, using 25 covariates as supposed prognostic factors and applying the first 5 stages of the employment methodology of the implicative statistical analysis in causation studies in medicine. Biomarker determination was identified as factors of good prognosis in breast cancer patients, while, of poor prognosis classified advanced stage and chemotherapy directly, as well as tumor size and metastasis, indirectly. The methodology used allowed the identification of possible causal factors in the research presented, demonstrating once again its effectiveness.

RESUMO Uma vez desenhada a metodologia ASI-BMI, que permite uma correta aplicação da análise estatística implicativa nos estudos de causalidade em medicina, foi aplicada nos referidos estudos. Um estudo de fatores prognósticos para mortalidade no câncer de mama foi escolhido como exemplo. O objetivo é avaliar a eficácia da metodologia de utilização da análise estatística implicativa na identificação de possíveis fatores causais. Foi realizado um estudo observacional analítico prospectivo do tipo caso-controle aninhado em uma coorte, cujo universo de estudo foi constituído por todas as mulheres maiores de 18 anos com diagnóstico clínico e histológico de câncer de mama, da província de Santiago de Cuba. , atendidos no Hospital Oncológico "Conrado Benítez", entre 2014 e 2019 com uma amostra de 140 casos e 140 controles, utilizando 25 covariáveis como supostos fatores prognósticos e aplicando as 5 primeiras etapas da metodologia de uso da análise estatística implicativa na causalidade estudos em medicina. A determinação dos biomarcadores foi identificada como fatores de bom prognóstico em pacientes com câncer de mama, enquanto o estágio avançado e a quimioterapia foram classificados diretamente como de mau prognóstico, assim como o tamanho do tumor e metástases, indiretamente. A metodologia utilizada permitiu a identificação de possíveis fatores causais nas pesquisas apresentadas, demonstrando mais uma vez sua eficácia.

Medidas Implícitas en Cognición: Una Aproximación al Estudio de la Automaticidad / Implicit Measures in Cognition: An Approach to the Study of Automaticity

Resumen La investigación en cognición implícita ha aumentado de manera vertiginosa durante las últimas décadas, principalmente por el uso generalizado de procedimientos experimentales conocidos como medidas implícitas. A diferencia de los cuestionarios de autoinforme, estas metodologías impiden que sesgos como la deseabilidad social afecten las respuestas de los participantes, lo que permite abordar temas sensibles. Sin embargo, las medidas implícitas difieren en aspectos como las instrucciones, los materiales o los indicadores conductuales analizados. Debido a esto, hay controversia sobre la naturaleza de los procesos que están siendo medidos, las características que se les atribuyen y, por ende, la posibilidad de hacer comparaciones entre los estudios que emplean diferentes medidas implícitas. Basándose en un modelo de procesamiento dual, este trabajo propone que las medidas implícitas pueden entenderse como indicadores de procesos automáticos. A partir de dicha propuesta, se discuten los requisitos que las medidas implícitas deben cumplir y algunos desafíos para la investigación en automaticidad.

Abstract The research on implicit cognition has increased dramatically over the past few decades, mainly because of the widespread use of experimental procedures known as implicit measurements. In contrast to self-report questionnaires, these methodologies prevent biases as social desirability from affecting participants' responses, allowing sensitive issues to be addressed. However, the implicit measures differ in central aspects as the instructions, materials, or behavioral indicators analyzed. For those reasons, there is controversy about the nature of the processes being measured, the characteristics attributed to them, and, therefore, the possibility of making comparisons between studies that use different implicit measures. Based on a dual processing model, this paper proposes that implicit measures can be understood as indicators of automatic processes. Finally, we will discuss the requirements that implicit measures must satisfy, and some challenges for research in automaticity.

La medición de la felicidad a través del Test de Asociación Implícita y su relación con la depresión y el bienestar autoinformados / The measurement of happiness with Implicit Association Test and its relationship with self-reported depression and well-being

Resumen: La evaluación del bienestar subjetivo y psicológico ha alcanzado considerable evidencia científica, principalmente a través de diferentes pruebas de autoinforme. Sin poner en cuestión este tipo de medición, lo cierto es que estas mediciones presentan la desventaja de estar basadas en declaraciones subjetivas y manipulables conscientemente por parte del sujeto. El objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un diseño bajo el paradigma del Test de Asociación Implícita de Greenwald y Farnham (2000) para aplicarlo a la medición implícita del bienestar subjetivo y psicológico. Así, se realizó un estudio transversal descriptivo con una muestra de 327 adultos (51,7% hombres; M = 38,69, DT = 11,98), que completaron un Test de Asociación Implícita para la medida objetiva del bienestar psicológico, y dos medidas autoinformadas para evaluar por un lado la felicidad y por otros posibles síntomas depresivos. Los resultados mostraron una buena fiabilidad del Test de Asociación Implícita, así como asociaciones débiles con las medidas de autoinforme. Una asociación implícita más fuerte con los afectos positivos que con los afectos negativos estuvo relacionada con una mayor felicidad subjetiva y menos síntomas depresivos. Estos resultados sugieren la posibilidad de completar la evaluación del bienestar usando medidas objetivas.

Abstract: The assessment of subjective and psychological well-being has reached considerable scientific evidence, mainly through different self-report tests. Without questioning this type of measurement, the fact is that these measurements have the disadvantage of being based on subjective statements that can be consciously manipulated by the subject. The aim of this work is to present a new instrument following the paradigm of the Implicit Association Test by Greenwald and Farnham (2000) in order to provide the implicit measurement of subjective and psychological well-being. Thus, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out with a sample of 327 adults (51.7% men; M = 38.69, SD = 11.98), who completed an Implicit Association Test for the objective measurement of psychological well-being, and two self-reported measures to assess happiness and depressive symptoms. The results showed good reliability of the Implicit Association Test, as well as weak associations with the self-report measures. A stronger implicit association with positive affects than with negative affects was related to higher subjective happiness and fewer depressive symptoms. These results suggest the possibility of completing the well-being assessment using objective measures.

Conteúdo dos Estereótipos e Preconceito Racial: Efeitos da Cordialidade e da Competência / Content of Stereotypes and Racial Prejudice: Effects of Cordiality and Competence

Resumo Utilizando o Modelo do Conteúdo dos Estereótipos (MCE), analisou-se, em dois estudos, as relações das dimensões de cordialidade e competência com as expressões de preconceito racial. No Estudo 1, participaram 169 universitários (M idade=21,7 anos, 47% pardos). Verificou-se a existência de preconceito implícito, a maior atribuição de competência aos brancos que aos negros e a relação positiva entre racismo moderno e atribuição de competência aos brancos. No Estudo 2, participaram 143 universitários (M idade=25,4 anos, 64,9% pardos). Verificou-se que negros descritos como malsucedidos-amáveis receberam maior estereotipia de competência do que brancos malsucedidos-frios. Concluiu-se que: 1) a dimensão da cordialidade não se aplicou aos negros e 2) existe uma relação entre o MCE e a expressão do preconceito racial.

Abstract Using the Stereotype Content Model (SCT), we analyzed in two studies the relationship between the dimensions of warmth and competence of stereotypes with the racial prejudice expressions. In the first study, 169 undergraduates participated (M age=21.7 years, 47% brown skin). We found implicit prejudice, greater attribution of competence to whites than to blacks and a relationship between modern racism and attribution of competence to whites. In the second study, 143 undergraduates took part (M age=25.4, 64.9% brown skin). We found that blacks described as incompetent-friendly received greater competence stereotyping than whites incompetent-cold. We concluded that: 1) the dimension of warmth did not apply to blacks and 2) there is a relationship between SCT and racial prejudice expressions.

Towards diversity in science - a glance at gender disparity in the Brazilian Society of Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC)

Gender equity is far from being achieved in most academic institutions worldwide. Women representation in scientific leadership faces multiple obstacles. Implicit bias and stereotype threat are considered important driving forces concerning gender disparities. Negative cultural stereotypes of weak scientific performance, unrelated to true capacity, are implicitly associated with women and other social groups, influencing, without awareness, attitudes and judgments towards them. Meetings of scientific societies are the forum in which members from all stages of scientific careers are brought together. Visibility in the scientific community stems partly from presenting research as a speaker. Here, we investigated gender disparities in the Brazilian Society of Neuroscience and Behavior (SBNeC). Across the 15 mandates (1978-2020), women occupied 30% of the directory board posts, and only twice was a woman president. We evaluated six meetings held between 2010 and 2019. During this period, the membership of women outnumbered that of men in all categories. A total of 57.50% of faculty members, representing the potential pool of speakers and chairs, were female. Compared to this expected value, female speakers across the six meetings were scarce in full conferences (χ2(5)=173.54, P<0.001) and low in symposia (χ2(5)=36.92, P<0.001). Additionally, women chaired fewer symposia (χ2(5)=47.83, P<0.001). Furthermore, men-chaired symposia had significantly fewer women speakers than women-chaired symposia (χ2(1)=56.44, P<0.001). The gender disparities observed here are similar to those in other scientific societies worldwide, urging them to lead actions to pursue gender balance and diversity. Diversity leads not only to fairness but also to higher-quality science.

The development of a computer-based teaching simulation tool to aid medical imaging educators in teaching pattern recognition / Desarrollo de una herramienta de simulación computacional de enseñanza de apoyo a los educadores de imagen médica en la enseñanza del patrón de reconocimiento

SUMMARY: The aim of this exploratory design science research (DSR) study was to design a computer-based teaching simulation tool (CBTST) for training medical imaging (MI) students in chest pattern recognition. A DSR methodology used in the design of the CBTST entailed the following phases: 1) awareness of the problem (proposal design); 2) suggestion; 3) development; 4) evaluation; and 5) conclusion. The CBTST was designed using Microsoft Visual Studio which operates on the Structured Query Language server. The designed CBTST was evaluated using the System Usability Scale (SUS) and MI educators. The designed CBTST evaluation yielded an average score of 70.1 which exceeded the score of 68 which is generally accepted to indicate that the CBTST has good usability. The CBTST proved to be an authentic tool that is user-friendly and allows communication and feedback between the educator and the students. It is envisaged that the implementation of this tool will enhance the future training of MI students in pattern recognition while contributing immensely to the current development of the use of computer-based simulation.

RESUMEN: El objetivo de este estudio de investigación en ciencias de diseño (DSR) fue desarrollar una herramienta de simulación de enseñanza basada en computadora (CBTST) para capacitar a los estudiantes en el reconocimiento de patrones de tórax a través de la imagenología médica. Una metodología DSR utilizada en el diseño del CBTST implicaba las siguientes fases: 1) conciencia del problema (diseño de la propuesta); 2) sugerencia; 3) desarrollo; 4) evaluación; y 5) conclusión. El CBTST se diseñó con Microsoft Visual Studio, que opera en el servidor de Structured Query Language. El CBTST diseñado se evaluó utilizando la escala de usabilidad del sistema (SUS) y educadores de IM. La evaluación CBTST diseñada arrojó un puntaje promedio de 70,1 que excedió el puntaje de 68 que generalmente se acepta para indicar que el CBTST tiene buena usabilidad. El CBTST demostró ser una herramienta auténtica, fácil de usar y que permite la comunicación y la retroalimentación entre el educador y los estudiantes. Se prevé que la implementación de esta herramienta mejorará la formación futura de los estudiantes de IM en el reconocimiento de patrones y contribuirá de manera importante al desarrollo actual del uso de la simulación basada en computadora.

Treatment of agrammatism in oral and written production in patients with Brocas aphasia The use of implicit and explicit learning / Tratamento do agramatismo na produção oral e escrita em pacientes com afasia de Broca: uso do aprendizado implícito e explícito

Abstract. Several approaches to the rehabilitation of agrammatism use implicit and explicit learning methods. Objective: To verify the effect of adapted Mapping Therapy and ORLA methods (explicit versus implicit learning) on the oral and written production in spontaneous language among agrammatic patients with Broca's aphasia. Methods: Six individuals were submitted to Mapping Therapy and ORLA (Oral Reading for Language in Aphasia) treatments. Samples of oral and written production from a picture description task were compared pre and post-treatment. Results: In Mapping Therapy, the patients presented better performance after the training for the variables related to written production: number of words, nouns, verbs, closed-class words, and number of complete sentences. Regarding oral output, the patients had similar performance before and after the therapeutic process. In ORLA, the patients presented a significant difference before and after the therapeutic process in the variables related to oral production, increasing the number of words, number of verbs, and speech rate. There was no difference in pre and post-treatment performance in written production. Conclusion: Both implicit and explicit learning can be used in the treatment of agrammatism. Mapping Therapy was more effective for the treatment of agrammatism in written production, while ORLA was more effective for the agrammatism in oral production.

Resumo. Várias abordagens terapêuticas para a reabilitação do agramatismo utilizam métodos implícitos e explícitos de aprendizado. Objetivo: Verificar o efeito dos métodos adaptados Mapping Therapy e ORLA (aprendizagem explícita versus implícita) na produção oral e escrita de discurso em pacientes agramáticos com afasia de Broca. Métodos: Seis indivíduos foram submetidos aos tratamentos Mapping Therapy e ORLA. Amostras das produções oral e escrita na tarefa de descrição da prancha foram comparadas antes e após o tratamento. Resultados: No método Mapping Therapy, os pacientes apresentaram melhor desempenho após o tratamento nas seguintes variáveis ​​relacionadas à produção escrita: número de palavras, substantivos, verbos, palavras de classe fechada e número de frases completas. Em relação à emissão oral, os pacientes mantiveram desempenho semelhante pré e pós processo terapêutico. No método ORLA, os pacientes apresentaram diferença significativa antes e após o processo terapêutico nas variáveis ​​relacionadas à produção oral, com aumento no número de palavras, número de verbos e velocidade de fala. Não houve diferença no desempenho pré e pós tratamento na produção escrita. Conclusão: Tanto a aprendizagem implícita como a explícita têm o potencial de serem usadas no tratamento do agramatismo. A Mapping Therapy foi mais eficaz no tratamento do agramatismo na produção escrita, enquanto o ORLA foi mais eficaz para o agramatismo na produção oral.

Atitude implícita e explícita em relação à obesidade entre treinadores de futsal da cidade de Londrina - PR / Implicit and explicit attitude regarding the obesity among coaches of futsal schools of the city of Londrina - PR / Actitud implícita y explícita en cuanto a la obesidad entre entrenadores de futsal de la ciudad del Londrina - PR

Este estudo objetivou investigar a atitude implícita e explícita de 15 treinadores nas escolas de futsal da cidade de Londrina-PR em re- lação à obesidade. Foi utilizado o Teste de Associação Implícita para ava- liar o preconceito implícito e o Questionário Crandall para o preconceito explícito em relação à obesidade de crianças praticantes de futsal da ci- dade. Os resultados apontaram uma maior Antipatia ao obeso por parte dos treinadores eutróficos. Ainda, os treinadores mais jovens apresen - taram atitudes explícitas mais negativas em relação à obesidade, asso- ciando-a à "burrice" ou "preguiça". Destaca-se que as atitudes implícitas negativas devem ser reduzidas, pois têm potencial de causar graves pro- blemas às crianças e que os treinadores têm papel fundamental nesse processo, visto que as atitudes negativas podem afastar as crianças da prática esportiva.

This study aimed to investigate the implicit and explicit attitude towards obesity in 15 coaches in the futsal schools of the city of Londrina-PR. The "Implicit Association Test" was used to evaluate the implicit prejudice and the "Crandall" Questionnaire for the explicit prejudice in relation to obesity in futsal children of the city of Londrina. The results showed a greater Antipathy to the obese for the eutrophic trainers. In addition, the younger trainers presented more negative explicit attitudes towards obesity, associating obesity with "stupidity" or "laziness". It is noteworthy that the implicit negative attitudes should be reduced, because they have the potential to bring serious problems to children and that the coaches have a fundamental role in this process, since negative attitudes can lead children away from sports practice.

El objetivo de este estudio era investigar la actitud implícita y explícita hacia la obesidad en 15 entrenadores de las escuelas de futsal de la ciudad de Londrina-PR. Se utilizó el "Test de asociación implícita" para evaluar el prejuicio implícito y el cuestionario "Crandall" para el prejuicio explícito en relación con la obesidad en niños de futsal de la ciudad de Londrina. Los resultados mostraron una mayor antipatía hacia los obesos para los entrenadores eutróficos. Además, los entrenadores más jóvenes presentaron actitudes explícitas más negativas hacia la obesidad, asociando la obesidad con "estupidez" o "pereza". Cabe destacar que las actitudes negativas implícitas deben reducirse, ya que tienen el potencial de causar graves problemas a los niños y que los entrenadores tienen un papel fundamental en este proceso, ya que las actitudes negativas pueden alejar a los niños de la práctica deportiva.

Efeitos da atenção dividida no priming de repetição / Effects of divided attention in repetition priming

O presente artigo tem por objetivo investigar possíveis efeitos da atenção dividida no priming de repetição a partir de uma revisão seletiva da literatura. Foram selecionados estudos realizados com testes de priming perceptual e/ou conceitual, nos quais a divisão da atenção foi realizada na fase de codificação ou de recuperação. Em geral, as evidências indicaram que o priming, tanto o perceptual quanto o conceitual, foi afetado pela atenção dividida na codificação quando a tarefa secundária (ou distratora) foi mais demandante de atenção, exigindo resposta frequente e apresentada sincrônica ao estímulo alvo. Poucos estudos foram realizados na recuperação e eles indicaram imunidade do priming perceptual e conceitual à atenção dividida. Conclui-se que os processos de memória implícita podem exigir recursos atencionais na codificação. Implicações teóricas dos resultados são discutidas.

This article aims to investigate possible effects of divided attention on repetition priming from a selective review of the literature. Studies were included if they utilized perceptual and/or conceptual priming tasks, in which the division of attention was performed during encoding or retrieval. In general, the results suggested that perceptual and conceptual priming were affected by divided attention during encoding. This effect occurred when the secondary task (or distractor task) demanded higher levels of attention, requiring frequent task responses and it was presented simultaneously to the memory target stimulus. The few studies investigating retrieval showed that perceptual and conceptual priming are not sensitive to divided attention. Therefore, implicit memory processes may require attentional resources in the encoding. Theoretical implications of the results are discussed.