Diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To summarize the clinicopathological characteristic,diagnosis and treatment of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction.Methods The retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted.The clinical data of 11 patients with iatrogenic biliary tree destruction who were admitted to the Chinese PLA General Hospital (9 patients) between January 1990 and December 2013 and Beijing Tsinghua Changgung Hospital (2 patients) between December 2014 and May 2017 were collected.Observation indicators:(1) causes and parts of destruction;(2) clinical manifestation;(3) imaging performance;(4) treatment;(5) follow-up.Follow-up using outpatient examination and telephone interview was performed to detect long-term prognosis of patients up to April 2018.Measurement data with skewed distribution were described as M (range).Results (1) Causes and parts of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction:causes of iatrogenic biliary tree destruction in 11 patients:transcatheter arterial embolization for hepatic hemangioma was performed in 7 patients,high intensity focused ultrasound for hepatic hemangioma in 1 patient,arterial embolization for false aneurysm in 1 patient,sclerosant injection for hepatic echinococcosis in 1 patient,and cyberknife radiotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma in 1 patient.Parts of biliary tree destruction of 11 patients:5,3,2 and 1 respectively involved bilateral biliary tree,right biliary tree,bilateral main biliary ducts in hepatic port and left biliary tree.(2) Clinical manifestation:11 patients had symptoms of recurrent chills and fever,and combined with different degrees of jaundice.The initial symptom occurred in 2 weeks to 3 months after iatrogenic biliary tree destruction.Of 11 patients,7 were complicated by different degrees of hepatic abscess,and abscess involving left and right half liver were detected in 4 patients,aggregating in right half liver in 2 patients and aggregating in left half liver in 1 patient.Eight patients had secondary biliary cirrhosis,portal hypertension,splenomegaly and hypersplenism during the late course of disease.(3) Imaging performance:magnetic resonanced cholangio-pancreatography (MRCP) and cholangiography examinations showed missing bile duct in necrosis area,beading-like stricture and dilation of damaged biliary tree,reducing proximal bile duct branches and associated gallbladder necrosis.CT and MRI examinations showed that structure of distribution area of damaged biliary tree disappeared or bile duct wall was thickened,and hepatic abscesses of patients were scattered and multiple.Five patients had significantly secondary liver atrophy-hypertrophic syndrome,showing atrophy of right liver and hyperplasia of left liver.Radiotherapy-induced biliary tree destruction showed a characteristic of continued progress,localized abnormality in the early stage and typical imaging changes after the damage stability in the late stage.(4) Treatment:of 11 patients,4 didn't undergo surgery,and 7 underwent 18 intentional and conclusive surgeries (1-4 times / per case).(5) Follow-up:11 patients were followed up for 2-132 months,with a median time of 73 months.During the follow-up,2,1 and 8 patients had respectively excellent,good and poor prognoses.Among 11 patients,4 died (2 died of severe infection and 2 died of biliary cirrhosis),and 7 survived.Conclusions Iatrogenic biliary tree destruction is easy to cause hepatic abscess,liver atrophy-hypertrophic syndrome or biliary cirrhosis,and it can be diagnosed by imaging examination.The definitive treatment should be followed by liver resection or liver transplantation of involving area according to the extent of damage.

Management and long-term efficacy of patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury / 中华消化外科杂志

Objective To investigate the management of iatrogenic bile duct injury and evaluate the longterm efficacy.Methods The clinical data of 62 patients with iatrogenic bile duct injury who were admitted to the Peking Union Hospital from January 1982 to April 2012 were retrospectively analyzed.Of the 62 cases of iatrogenic bile duct injuries,24 were caused by laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) and 38 were caused by open cholecystectomy. Ten patients received non-surgical treatment, including 8 patients received percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography and drainage (PTCD) and 2 received endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) + stent implantation. Fifty-two patients received surgical treatment,including 47 received cholecystojejunostomy,2 received cholecystoduodenostomy,3 received biliary end-to-end anastomosis. Thirty-six patients received PTCD preoperatively,and 42 received biliary stent implantation intraoperatively.Fifty patients received intraoperative peritoneal drainage to prevent postoperative peritoneal effusion or encapsulated bile collection.Results Of the 52 patients who received surgery,13 patients were complicated by more than 1 complication,including 1 case of wound infection,4 cases of cholangitis,2 cases of anastomotic leakage,2 cases of anastomotic bleeding,1 case of anastomotic occlusion, 1 case of biliary stent falling out and 3 cases of gastrointestinal diseases.Eighteen patients received cholangiography postoperatively,and 2 patients were diagnosed as with bile leakage.Fifteen patients received PTCD + biliary stent implantation,and 1 patient of them received percutaneous puncture drainage.Two patients received reoperation due to anastomotic bleeding.The mean time of peritoneal drainage for the 50 patients was (7.7 ± 2.6) days.No perioperative death was observed,and the mean operation time was (18 ± 12) days.Fifty-five patients were followed up (10 patients received non-surgical treatment,and 45 patients received surgical treatment),with a median time of 93 months.Of the 10 patients who received nonsurgical treatment,1 received reoperation due to bile leakage,3 received PTCD for the second time due to repeated cholangitis after PTCD. Of the 45 patients who received surgical treatment,6 patients had long-term complications,including 6 cases of fever,4 cases of jaundice,3 cases of choledocho-lithiasis and 1 case of bile duct canceration; 4 received reoperation at the second year after operation.Conclusions Early diagnosis of bile duct injury and operation carried out by experienced surgeons are important for a better short- and long-term prognosis.Surgical repair is the first line therapy for bile duct injury.

Surgical treatment of iatrogenic traumatic biliary stricture / 中华消化外科杂志

Iatrogenic traumatic biliary stricture is one of the difficult points in the biliary surgery,and operation is the only definitive treatment. The operative opportunity,surgical procedure and techniques are important for the prognosis.From January 1998 to December 2011,173 patients with iatrogenic traumatic stricture were admitted to the Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital. According to the Bismuth classification of traumatic biliary stricture,10 patients were in type Ⅰ,22 in type Ⅱ,87 in type Ⅲ,38 in type Ⅳ and 16 in type Ⅴ.Excision of the traumatic stricture with end-to-end anastomosis was performed on 19 patients.Of the 173 patients,154 were treated by Roux-en-Y duodenojejunostomy, and 8 of them received additional hemihepatectomy or partial hepatectomy.A total of 155patients were followed up,with a median time of 74 months,the total excellent and good rate was 94.8％ ( 147/155 ).Surgery is the most effective therapy for iatrogenic traumatic biliary stricture. Optimal timing, reasonable surgical methods, strictly following the principle of biliary surgery and perfect operative skills are key points for a better prognosis.

Surgical treatment for iatrogenic biliary stricture with severe abdominal infection / 中华消化外科杂志

Biliary stricture after cholecystectomy poses difficult management problems to surgeons because of high and stable incidence.In contrast to malignant stricture,benign stricture requires durable repair.Repeated operations may not only increase the suffering of the patient,but also reduce the likelihood of a better outcome. A 56-year-old woman with biliary stricture after cholecystectomy who had undergone several operations in other hospitals was admitted to Chinese PLA General Hospital.Computed tomography (CT) scan showed a dilated biliary tree and localized the level of ductal obstruction in the hepatic hilar stricture.In addition,CT identified fluid collections in the left upper quadrant and no artery injury was detected. Ultrasound-guided percutaneous abdominal drainage was performed to control the abdominal infection. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography classified the injury as Bismuth Ⅲ.The patient with bile leakage and severe abdominal infection was treated with antibiotics before the final operation.On June 1,2012,the patient received Roux-en-Y hepaticojejunostomy.After operation,the patient recovered smoothly without severe complications,such as bile leakage,cholangitis and recurrent stricture.Liver function of the patient was back to normal and T tube drainage was pulled out at the end of 3 months of follow up.

Application of MR Urography in the Diagnosis of Iatrogenic Ureteral Injury / 实用放射学杂志

Objective To evaluate the diagnostic value of magnetic resonance urography(MRU)in patients with iatrogenic ureteral injuries.Methods MRU in 12 patients with iatrogenic ureteral injuries caused by gynecological and rectal operation were performed.Results MRU examinations were successfully done in all cases at once.The accurate rate in localized and qualitative diagnosis was all 100%.The injures of ureter in 12 cases were all located at lower segment of the ureter,of them,8 patients were purely obstruction,4 cases were obstruction with urinal leakage,all cases were accompanied by dilations of ureter and hydronephrosis.Conclusion MRU is helpful for the diagnosis of iatrogenic ureteral injury.